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Diamines form a wide range of coordination complexes. They typically form 5- and 6-membered chelate rings. Examples of the former include ethylenediamine and 2,2′-bipyridine. Six-membered chelate rings are formed by 1,3-diaminopropane. The bite angle in such complexes is usually near 90°. Longer chain diamines, which a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organometallic species, metal complexes with the formulae LMCRR' are often described as carbene complexes. Such species do not however react like free carbenes and are rarely generated from carbene precursors, except for the persistent carbenes. The transition metal carbene complexes can be classified according to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Understanding and measuring the absorption of electromagnetic radiation has a variety of applications.
* In radio propagation, it is represented in non-line-of-sight propagation. For example, see computation of radio wave attenuation in the atmosphere used in satellite link design.
* In meteorology and climatology, glo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
At terminal (or settling) velocity, the excess force due to the difference between the weight and buoyancy of the sphere (both caused by gravity) is given by:
where (in SI units):
* is the mass density of the sphere [kg/m]
* is the mass density of the fluid [kg/m]
* is the gravitational acceleration [m/s]
Requiring th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although there are many nonlinear optical phenomena, only multiphoton absorption is capable of injecting into the media the significant energy required to electronically excite molecular species and cause chemical reactions. Two-photon absorption is the strongest multiphoton absorbance by far, but still it is a very we... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If is a vector field and is a vector representing the differential length of a small element of a defined curve, the contribution of that differential length to circulation is :
Here, is the angle between the vectors and .
The circulation of a vector field around a closed curve is the line integral:
In a conserv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ivar Karl Ugi (9 September 1930 in Saaremaa, Estonia – 29 September 2005 in Munich) was an Estonian-born German chemist who made major contributions to organic chemistry. He is known for the research on multicomponent reactions, yielding the Ugi reaction. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vitamin D overdose causes hypercalcemia, which is a strong indication of vitamin D toxicity – this can be noted with an increase in urination and thirst. If hypercalcemia is not treated, it results in excess deposits of calcium in soft tissues and organs such as the kidneys, liver, and heart, resulting in pain and orga... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pesticides may exhibit toxic effects on humans and other non-target species, the severity of which depends on the frequency and magnitude of exposure. Toxicity also depends on the rate of absorption, distribution within the body, metabolism, and elimination of compounds from the body. Commonly used pesticides like orga... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photosensitizers absorb light (hν) and transfer the energy from the incident light into another nearby molecule either directly or by a chemical reaction. Upon absorbing photons of radiation from incident light, photosensitizers transform into an excited singlet state. The single electron in the excited singlet state ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This is a table of surface tension values for some interfaces at the indicated temperatures. Note that the SI units millinewtons per meter (mN·m) are equivalent to the cgs units dynes per centimetre (dyn·cm). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Baculovirus-infected insect cells (Sf9, Sf21, High Five strains) or mammalian cells (HeLa, HEK 293) allow production of glycosylated or membrane proteins that cannot be produced using fungal or bacterial systems. It is useful for production of proteins in high quantity. Genes are not expressed continuously because infe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It can be shown that the radial distribution function is related to the two-particle potential of mean force by:
In the dilute limit, the potential of mean force is the exact pair potential under which the equilibrium point configuration has a given . | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Culliford, Bryan J., The Examination and Typing of Bloodstains in the Crime Laboratory, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971.
* Gaensslen, Robert E., Sourcebook in Forensic Serology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983.
* Kirk, Paul L., Crime Invest... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The elasticities for a reversible uni-uni enzyme catalyzed reaction was previously given by:
An interesting result can be obtained by evaluating the sum . This can be shown to equal:
Two extremes can be considered. At high saturation (), the right-hand term tends to zero so that:
That is the absolute magnitudes of the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For free atoms, electron configurations have been determined by atomic spectroscopy. Lists of atomic energy levels and their electron configurations have been published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for both neutral and ionized atoms.
For neutral atoms of all elements, the ground-state el... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A biosignature must be able to dominate over all other processes that may produce similar physical, spectral, and chemical features. When investigating a potential biosignature, scientists must carefully consider all other possible origins of the biosignature in question. Many forms of life are known to mimic geochemic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In general, cells are cultivated in unlabeled or stable (non-radioactive) isotope labeled media. For example, the medium can contain glucose labeled with six carbon-13 atoms (C) instead of the normal carbon-12 (C). Cells growing in this medium, will, depending on model organism, incorporate the heavy glucose into all o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Coupled substitution is the geological process by which two elements simultaneous substitute into a crystal in order to maintain overall electrical neutrality and keep the charge constant. In forming a solid solution series, ionic size is more important than ionic charge, as this can be compensated for elsewhere in the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Typically, the rearrangement is carried out just after the formation of the divinylcyclopropane, in the same pot. Heating is sometimes necessary, particularly for trans substrates, which must undergo epimerization prior to rearrangement. With enough energy to surmount activation barriers, however, the isomerization is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although an attenuation mechanism that involves translation while transcription is ongoing, like to the mechanism for the trp operon (and some other amino acid biosynthetic operons), would not work in eukaryotes, there is evidence for attenuation in Eukaryotes. Research conducted on microRNA processing provides evidenc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lichens may be long-lived, with some considered to be among the oldest living organisms. Lifespan is difficult to measure because what defines the "same" individual lichen is not precise. Lichens grow by vegetatively breaking off a piece, which may or may not be defined as the "same" lichen, and two lichens can merge, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The World Uranium Hearing was held in Salzburg, Austria in September 1992.Anti-nuclear speakers from all continents, including indigenous speakers and scientists, testified to the health and environmental problems of uranium mining and processing, nuclear power, nuclear weapons, nuclear tests, and radioactive waste dis... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The health effects of radon are harmful, and include an increased chance of lung cancer. Radon is a radioactive, colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, which has been studied by a number of scientific and medical bodies for its effects on health. A naturally-occurring gas formed as a decay product of radium, radon i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organometallic chemistry, a transition metal indenyl complex is a coordination compound that contains one or more indenyl ligands. The indenyl ligand is formally the anion derived from deprotonation of indene. The η-indenyl ligand is related to the ηcyclopentadienyl anion (Cp), thus indenyl analogues of many cyclop... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Investigations of planktonic foraminiferal population indicate that tropical species attain their largest test sizes in tropical waters, and polar species reach maximum sizes in polar waters. Species living in subtropical and subpolar waters decrease in test size with both increasing and decreasing temperature.
The pro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reducing the species and its related precursors with sodium or potassium have given dimeric magnesium(I) compounds such as [{(Priso)Mg}] and other compounds with substituted versions of β-diketiminato. These compounds, with a general formula of [{(ArNacnac)Mg}]. However, as the size of the substituent on Nacnac decreas... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
More generally, in a non-isotropic Newtonian fluid, the coefficient that relates internal friction stresses to the spatial derivatives of the velocity field is replaced by a nine-element viscous stress tensor .
There is general formula for friction force in a liquid: The vector differential of friction force is equal ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The addition of hydrogen and an amino group (NR) using reagents other than the amine HNR is known as a "formal hydroamination" reaction. Although the advantages of atom economy and/or ready available of the nitrogen source are diminished as a result, the greater thermodynamic driving force, as well as ability to tune ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photosynthesis is the primary process by which carbon moves from the atmosphere into living things. In photosynthetic pathways is absorbed slightly more easily than , which in turn is more easily absorbed than . The differential uptake of the three carbon isotopes leads to / and / ratios in plants that differ from the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Like many organolithium reagents, lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide can form aggregates in solution. The extent of aggregation depends on the solvent. In coordinating solvents, such as ethers and amines, the monomer and dimer are prevalent. In the monomeric and dimeric state, one or two solvent molecules bind to lithium... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A body of icy or rocky material in outer space may, if it can build and retain sufficient heat, develop a differentiated interior and alter its surface through volcanic or tectonic activity. The length of time through which a planetary body can maintain surface-altering activity depends on how well it retains heat, and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although usually the anion of the mineralizer is most active in dissolving the nutrient material, the cation also exerts an influence in some cases. The mineralizer can interact with impurities on the surface of the crystal and increase the growth rate. For example, the growth rate for sapphire (AlO) and zincite (ZnO) ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Purple bacteria is a type of photosynthetic organism with a light harvesting complex consisting of two pigment protein complexes referred to as LH1 and LH2. Within the photosynthetic membrane, these two complexes differ in terms of their arrangement. The LH1 complexes surrounds the reaction centre, while the LH2 comple... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
NANOG is a transcription factor in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and is thought to be a key factor in maintaining pluripotency. NANOG is thought to function in concert with other factors such as POU5F1 (Oct-4) and SOX2 to establish ESC identity. These cells offer an important area of study because of their ability to mai... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Schuster was recruited to New York University by Kurt Mislow, who was also interested in photochemistry, and joined the faculty there in late 1961 in what was at the time the University Heights, Bronx campus. He remained at NYU for his entire academic career. Schuster received tenure in 1968 and spent the 1968–69 acade... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Layering graphene on top of gold has been shown to improve SPR sensor performance. Its high electrical conductivity increases the sensitivity of detection. The large surface area of graphene also facilitates the immobilization of biomolecules while its low refractive index minimizes its interference. Enhancing SPR sens... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The water molecule is an asymmetric top, that is, it has three independent moments of inertia. Rotation about the 2-fold symmetry axis is illustrated at the left. Because of the low symmetry of the molecule, a large number of transitions can be observed in the far infrared region of the spectrum. Measurements of microw... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Soil that is well aggregated has a range of pore sizes. Each pore size plays a role in soil's physical functioning. Large pores drain rapidly and are needed for good air exchange during wet periods, preventing oxygen deficiency that can drown plants and increase pest problems. Oxygen-deficient wet soils increase denitr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As early as 1913, James was involved in searching for element 61, the last of the rare earth elements. At least seven times, investigators believed that they had identified element 61. Charles James and B. Smith Hopkins from the University of Illinois both sought it. In 1926, himself close to publishing on the subject... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
: For Newton number, see also Kissing number in the sphere packing problem.
The power number N (also known as Newton number) is a commonly used dimensionless number relating the resistance force to the inertia force.
The power-number has different specifications according to the field of application. E.g., for stirrer... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the study of heat transfer, critical heat flux (CHF) is the heat flux at which boiling ceases to be an effective form of transferring heat from a solid surface to a liquid. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The journal is abstracted and indexed in BIOSIS, Chemical Abstracts, Current Contents/Life Sciences, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Scopus. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If alkali builds up due to ion exchange, and remains on the surface of the glass, the decay process will accelerate. The presence of sodium or potassium ions in the alkali build up will increase the pH on the surface of the glass, causing it to become basic. This will dissolve silica from the glass as well as releasing... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A recently growing way to analyze T-RFLP profiles is use multivariate statistical methods to interpret the T-RFLP data. Usually the methods applied are those commonly used in ecology and especially in the study of biodiversity. Among them ordinations and cluster analysis are the most widely used.
In order to perform mu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The types of anomalous diffusion given above allows one to measure the type, but how does anomalous diffusion arise? There are many possible ways to mathematically define a stochastic process which then has the right kind of power law. Some models are given here.
These are long range correlations between the signals co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Measuring the size of a protein molecule is useful as an overall quality indicator, since misfolding, unfolding, oligomerization, aggregation or degradation can all affect size.
The literature specifically demonstrates the use of MDS in sizing protein-nanobody complexes, monitoring the formation of α-synuclein amyloid ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are several consequences the formation of a transcription factory has on nuclear and genomic structures. It has been proposed that the factories are responsible for nuclear organisation; they have been suggested to promote chromatin loop formation by two potential mechanisms:
The first mechanism suggests that loo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
FuseNet is the umbrella organization and single voice for the training and education of the next generation fusion engineers and scientists. FuseNet is recognized as such by the European Commission. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Peptides are ancient signaling systems that are found in almost all animals on Earth. Genome sequencing reveals evidence of neuropeptide genes in Cnidaria, Ctenophora, and Placozoa, some of oldest living animals with nervous systems or neural-like tissues. Recent studies also show genomic evidence of neuropeptide proce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
M13 phage - m7G(5')pppN diphosphatase - malformation - maltose-transporting ATPase - manganese-transporting ATPase - mannose-6-phosphate 6-reductase - mapping - marker - melanoma - melting - menaquinol oxidase (H+-transporting) - Johann Mendel - Mendelian inheritance - message - messenger RNA - metaphase - methylphenyl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the United States, the Corning Museum of Glass in New York is the preeminent institute for glass research through the conservation department and library. The conservation department advises on the best practices of displaying, mounting, lighting, storing, and handling glass objects. Additionally, the museum regular... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An under-expanded jet is one that manifests when the pressure at downstream conditions (at the end of a nozzle or orifice) is greater that the pressure of the environment where the gas is being released in. It is said to be under-expanded since the gas will expand, trying to reach the same pressure of its surroundings.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mass concentration depends on the variation of the volume of the solution due mainly to thermal expansion. On small intervals of temperature the dependence is :
where is the mass concentration at a reference temperature, is the thermal expansion coefficient of the mixture. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chlorine and bromine reversibly intercalate into graphite. Iodine does not. Fluorine reacts irreversibly. In the case of bromine, the following stoichiometries are known: for n = 8, 12, 14, 16, 20, and 28.
Because it forms irreversibly, carbon monofluoride is often not classified as an intercalation compound. It has t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The lysophosphatidic acid receptors (LPARs) are a group of G protein-coupled receptors for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) that include:
* Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPAR1; formerly known as EDG2, GPR26)
* Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 2 (LPAR2; formerly known as EDG4)
* Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 3 (LPAR3; for... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The most commonly studied system to date is the system, consisting of a proton bound with a ion. The system was first observed in 2000 by a group at the University of Waterloo in Canada.
The formation of the ion can be understood classically; as the single electron in a hydrogen atom cannot fully shield the positiv... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In eukaryotic cells the structure of the chromatin complex of DNA is folded in a way that functionally mimics the supercoiled state characteristic of prokaryotic DNA, so although the enhancer DNA may be far from the gene in a linear way, it is spatially close to the promoter and gene. This allows it to interact with th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The thylakoid lumen is a continuous aqueous phase enclosed by the thylakoid membrane. It plays an important role for photophosphorylation during photosynthesis. During the light-dependent reaction, protons are pumped across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen making it acidic down to pH 4. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Space groups in 2 dimensions are the 17 wallpaper groups which have been known for several centuries, though the proof that the list was complete was only given in 1891, after the much more difficult classification of space groups had largely been completed.
In 1879 the German mathematician Leonhard Sohncke listed the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The amount of negative charge from deprotonation of clay hydroxy groups or organic matter depends on the pH of the surrounding solution. Increasing the pH (i.e. decreasing the concentration of H cations) increases this variable charge, and therefore also increases the cation-exchange capacity. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cannabinoidergic, or cannabinergic, means "working on the endocannabinoid neurotransmitters". As with terms such as dopaminergic and serotonergic, related proteins and cellular components involved endocannabinoid signaling, such as the cannabinoid (CB) receptor, as well as exogenous compounds, such as phytocannabinoid... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
On 14 November 1889 Demarçay married Jeanne Berard (1865–1933) at the Temple du St. Esprit, Paris, in a Protestant wedding. His granddaughter, Joseph de Carayon Talpayrac, was alive in Paris in 2003.
Eugène-Anatole Demarçay died 5 March 1903, at his home at 80 Boulevard Malesherbes, Paris. His brother Jean became exec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Restriction endonucleases, also known as restriction enzymes are enzymes that cleave the sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA at specific nucleotides sequences that are usually four to six nucleotides long. Studies performed by Horton and colleagues have shown that the mechanism by which these enzymes cleave the DNA inv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sodium is a metal where humans have discovered a great deal of its total roles in the body as well as being one of the only two alkali metals that play a major role in the bodily functions. It plays an important role in maintenance of the cell membrane potential and the electrochemical gradient in the body via the sodi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Boric acid reacts with alcohols to form borate esters, where R is alkyl or aryl. The reaction is typically driven by a dehydrating agent, such as concentrated sulfuric acid:
: + 3 ROH → + 3 | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The EFI's primary deliverable is development and dissemination of an integrated sequence/structure strategy for functional assignment. The EFI now offers access to two high-throughput docking tools, a web tool for comparing protein sequences within entire protein families, and a web tool for composing a genome context... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* 1982 Ledlie Prize, Harvard University
* 1988 Wallace P. Rowe Award, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
* 1990 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize (with Don Wiley and Michael Rossmann), Columbia University
* 1990 Harvey Lecturer, The Harvey Society, New York
* 1995 George Ledlie Prize, Harvard University
* 1... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The conventional source of "electrophilic fluorine", i.e. the equivalent to the superelectrophile F, is gaseous fluorine, which requires specialised equipment for manipulation. Selectfluor reagent is a salt, the use of which requires only routine procedures. Like F, the salt delivers the equivalent of F. It is mainl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Planetary scientists often classify volatiles with exceptionally low melting points, such as hydrogen and helium, as gases, whereas those volatiles with melting points above about 100 K (–173 °C, –280 °F) are referred to as ices. The terms "gas" and "ice" in this context can apply to compounds that may be solids, liqui... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As an abstract graph, the Laves graph can be constructed as the maximal abelian covering graph of the complete graph . Being an abelian covering graph of means that the vertices of the Laves graph can be four-colored such that each vertex has neighbors of the other three colors and so that there are color-preserving s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It has been shown that the fundamental thermodynamic relation together with the following three postulates
is sufficient to build the theory of statistical mechanics without the equal a priori probability postulate.
For example, in order to derive the Boltzmann distribution, we assume the probability density of microst... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The computation of pair-wise interactions between atoms, which is a prerequisite for the operation of many virtual screening programs, scales by , N is the number of atoms in the system. Due to the quadratic scaling, the computational costs increase quickly. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Microcystins—or cyanoginosins—are a class of toxins produced by certain freshwater cyanobacteria, commonly known as blue-green algae. Over 250 different microcystins have been discovered so far, of which microcystin-LR is the most common. Chemically they are cyclic heptapeptides produced through nonribosomal peptide sy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Translated into Chinese and Japanese.
* Translated into Chinese.
* Translated into Chinese.
* Translated into Chinese | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cancer is not just one disease but a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth and metastasis of such cells to other body parts. There are also several types of cancers, each with its own distinctive characteristics and stages that may require different treatment or targeted drug delivery approaches. Yet, even t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alternative splicing was first observed in 1977. The adenovirus produces five primary transcripts early in its infectious cycle, prior to viral DNA replication, and an additional one later, after DNA replication begins. The early primary transcripts continue to be produced after DNA replication begins. The additional p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This reaction accounts for around half of the transformation of wustite FeO into iron, and removes 30% of the total oxygen supplied, mainly in the form of iron oxide FeO. This mode of wustite reduction is highly endothermic, whereas the reduction of iron oxides by CO is slightly exothermic (+155.15 kJ/mol vs. -17.45 kJ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
1,1'-Carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) is an organic compound with the molecular formula (CHN)CO. It is a white crystalline solid. It is often used for the coupling of amino acids for peptide synthesis and as a reagent in organic synthesis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Until recently, clinical uses for aquasomes were primarily for targeted drug delivery of general treatment drugs. Additional applications have been since explored, including delivery of antigen, insulin, hemoglobin, and vaccines. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In mixtures of substances, the bubble point is the saturated liquid temperature, whereas the saturated vapor temperature is called the dew point. Because the bubble and dew lines of a zeotropic mixture's temperature-composition diagram do not intersect, a zeotropic mixture in its liquid phase has a different fraction o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metabolic wastes or excrements are substances left over from metabolic processes (such as cellular respiration) which cannot be used by the organism (they are surplus or toxic), and must therefore be excreted. This includes nitrogen compounds, water, CO, phosphates, sulphates, etc. Animals treat these compounds as excr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Amoxicillin is used in the treatment of a number of infections, including acute otitis media, streptococcal pharyngitis, pneumonia, skin infections, urinary tract infections, Salmonella infections, Lyme disease, and chlamydia infections. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, mesoionic carbenes (MICs) are a type of reactive intermediate that are related to N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs); thus, MICs are also referred to as abnormal N-heterocyclic carbenes (aNHCs) or remote N-heterocyclic carbenes (rNHCs). Unlike simple NHCs, the canonical resonance structures of these carbenes ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Anaerobic wastewater treatment processes (for example UASB, EGSB) are also widely applied in the treatment of industrial wastewaters and biological sludge. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dehydrogenation of amine-boranes or dehydrocoupling of amine-boranes is a chemical process in main group and organometallic chemistry wherein dihydrogen is released by the coupling of two or more amine-borane adducts. This process is of due to the potential of using amine-boranes for hydrogen storage. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The theory of Daniel Bernoulli was opposed also by Jean le Rond dAlembert. When generalizing the theory of pendulums of Jacob Bernoulli he discovered a principle of dynamics so simple and general that it reduced the laws of the motions of bodies to that of their equilibrium. He applied this principle to the motion of f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some fisheye lenses use a stereographic projection to capture a wide-angle view. Compared to more traditional fisheye lenses which use an equal-area projection, areas close to the edge retain their shape, and straight lines are less curved. However, stereographic fisheye lenses are typically more expensive to manufactu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, the desulfonation reaction is the hydrolysis of sulfonic acids:
:RCHSOH + HO → RCH + HSO
The reaction applied to aryl and naphthylsulfonic acids. It is the reverse of sulfonation. The temperature of desulfonation correlates with the ease of the sulfonation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Elizabeth River estuary is used for commercial and military use and is one of the most commonly used ports on the East Coast of the USA. From 2015-2019, 11 different conditions were measured in various areas of the Elizabeth River. Throughout the river, there were consistently high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, mixed waste (MW) is a waste type defined as follows; "MW contains both hazardous waste (as defined by RCRA and its amendments) and radioactive waste (as defined by AEA and its amendments). It is jointly regulated by NRC or NRCs Agreement States and EPA or ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One common pair fluorophores for biological use is a cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) – yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) pair. Both are color variants of green fluorescent protein (GFP). Labeling with organic fluorescent dyes requires purification, chemical modification, and intracellular injection of a host protein. GFP... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid and molecular dynamics, the Batchelor scale, determined by George Batchelor (1959), describes the size of a droplet of fluid that will diffuse in the same time it takes the energy in an eddy of size to dissipate. The Batchelor scale can be determined by:
where:
* is the Kolmogorov length scale.
* is the Sc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Enzymes and receptors are often activated or inhibited by endogenous protein, but can be also inhibited by endogenous or exogenous small molecule inhibitors or activators, which can bind to the active site or on the allosteric site.
An example is the teratogen and carcinogen phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, which is a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In this assay the genome is digested by DpnI, which cuts only methylated GATCs. Double-stranded adapters with a known sequence are then ligated to the ends generated by DpnI. Ligation products are then digested by DpnII. This enzyme cuts non-methylated GATCs, ensuring that only fragments flanked by consecutive methylat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Kharasch addition is an organic reaction and a metal-catalysed free radical addition of CXCl compounds (X = Cl, Br, H) to alkenes. The reaction is used to append trichloromethyl or dichloromethyl groups to terminal alkenes. The method has attracted considerable interest, but it is of limited value because of narr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
P (systematically araBp) is a promoter found in bacteria and especially as part of plasmids used in laboratory studies. The promoter is a part of the arabinose operon whose name derives from the genes it regulates transcription of: araB, araA, and araD. In E. coli, the P promoter is adjacent to the P promoter (system... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are four commonly used types of applications for nitinol:
; Free recovery
: Nitinol is deformed at a low temperature, remains deformed, and then is heated to recover its original shape through the shape memory effect.
; Constrained recovery
: Similar to free recovery, except that recovery is rigidly prevented an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There have been some reports of algae operating a biochemical CCM: shuttling metabolites within single cells to concentrate in one area. This process is not fully understood. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This spot test may be performed by wetting the thallus with K followed immediately by C. The initial application of K breaks down (via hydrolysis) ester bonds in depsides and depsidones. If a phenolic hydroxyl group is released that is meta to another hydroxyl, then a red to orange colour is produced as C is applied. A... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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