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A proposed mechanism of ultrasensitivity, called allovalency, suggests that activity "derives from a high local concentration of interaction sites moving independently of each other"
Allovalency was first proposed when it was believed to occur in the pathway in which Sic1, is degraded in order for Cdk1-Clb (B-type cyc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PET scanning with the radiotracer [[Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F)|[F]fluorodeoxyglucose]] (FDG) is widely used in clinical oncology. FDG is a glucose analog that is taken up by glucose-using cells and phosphorylated by hexokinase (whose mitochondrial form is significantly elevated in rapidly growing malignant tumors). Metab... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hellers test is a chemical test that shows that strong acids cause the denaturation of precipitated proteins. Concentrated nitric acid is added to a protein solution from the side of the test tube to form two layers. A white ring appears between the two layers if the test is positive. Hellers test is commonly used to t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Again the geometry is widespread, particularly so for complexes where the metal has d or d configuration. Illustrative examples include tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (), nickel carbonyl (), and titanium tetrachloride (). Many complexes with incompletely filled d-shells are often tetrahedral, e.g. the tetrah... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
mTOR promotes the protein synthesis required for synaptic plasticity. Studies in cell cultures and hippocampal slices indicate that mTOR inhibition reduces long-term potentiation. mTOR activation can protect against certain neurodegeneration associated with certain disease conditions. On the other hand, promotion of au... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2016, some 90 organizations, representing over US$2.5 trillion of purchasing power, requested that their suppliers disclose information on how they are approaching climate and water risks and opportunities. Data was gathered from over 4,000 suppliers worldwide, who reported over US$12 billion worth of savings from e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Downs' process is an electrochemical method for the commercial preparation of metallic sodium, in which molten NaCl is electrolyzed in a special apparatus called the Downs cell. The Downs cell was invented in 1923 (patented: 1924) by the American chemist James Cloyd Downs (1885–1957). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fairings can be fitted to a structure to streamline the flow past the structure, such as on an aircraft wing.
Tall metal smokestacks or other tubular structures such as antenna masts or tethered cables can be fitted with an external corkscrew fin (a strake) to deliberately introduce turbulence, so the load is less vari... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the IUPAC Nomenclature system, ethers are named using the general formula "alkoxyalkane", for example CH–CH–O–CH is methoxyethane. If the ether is part of a more-complex molecule, it is described as an alkoxy substituent, so –OCH would be considered a "methoxy-" group. The simpler alkyl radical is written in front, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It has been studied in AIDS-related Kaposis sarcoma, West Nile virus, and to inactivate Staphylococcus aureus', and HIV-1. Phenothiazine dyes and light have been known to have virucidal properties for over 70 years. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In most laboratory situations, the difference in behaviour between a real gas and an ideal gas is dependent only on the pressure and the temperature, not on the presence of any other gases. At a given temperature, the "effective" pressure of a gas is given by its fugacity : this may be higher or lower than its mechani... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vaginal transplantation is procedure whereby donated or laboratory-grown vagina tissue is used to create a neovagina. It is most often used in women who have vaginal aplasia (the congenital absence of a vagina). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dynamic electrophoretic mobility is a parameter that determines intensity of electroacoustic phenomena, such as Colloid Vibration Current and Electric Sonic Amplitude in colloids. It is similar to electrophoretic mobility, but at high frequency, on a scale of megahertz. Usual electrophoretic mobility is the low frequen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biomedical Materials is a peer-reviewed medical journal that covers research on tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The editors-in-chief are Myron Spector (Harvard Medical School and VA Boston Healthcare System) and Joyce Wong (Boston University). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This puckering leads to a total of 38 distinct basic pyranose conformations: 2 chairs, 6 boats, 6 skew-boats, 12 half-chairs, and 12 envelopes.
These conformers can interconvert with one another; however, each form may have very different relative energy, so a significant barrier to interconversion may be present. The ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In some versions of the Schilling test, B can be given both with and without intrinsic factor at the same time, using different cobalt radioisotopes Co and Co, which have different radiation signatures, in order to differentiate the two forms of B. This is performed with the Dicopac kitset. This allows for only a singl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sclerotiorin is an antimicrobial Penicillium frequentans isolate. Sclerotiorin is an aldose reductase inhibitor (IC=0.4 μM) as well as a reversible lipoxygenase inhibitor (IC=4.2 μM). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Blue billy is a chemical or mineral deposit often encountered in contaminated land.
The name is a reference to its distinctive bright blue colour, which can make it immediately obvious in other mud or soil. Chemically it is a form of Prussian blue. Although several chemical industry processes could produce it, it is pa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The preferential alignment is a criterion of an orientation of a molecule or atom. The preferential alignment can be related to the formation of the crystal structure of an amorphous structure.
For a polymer material with liquid crystals, the liquid crystals are molecules shaped like rigid rods. Just as logs being floa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some POMs exhibit unusual magnetic properties, which has prompted visions of many applications. One example is storage devices called qubits. non-volatile (permanent) storage components, also known as flash memory devices. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Residue storage methods have changed substantially since the original plants were built. The practice in early years was to pump the slurry, at a concentration of about 20% solids, into lagoons or ponds sometimes created in former bauxite mines or depleted quarries. In other cases, impoundments were constructed with da... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Long intergenic Non-coding RNA (LincRNA) is defined as RNA transcripts that are longer than 200 nucleotides. These RNAs must not have open reading frames that encode proteins. The term “intergenic” refers to the identification of these transcripts from regions of the genome that do not contain protein-encoding genes. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bulat is a type of steel alloy known in Russia from medieval times; it was regularly mentioned in Russian legends as the material of choice for cold steel. The name булат is a Russian transliteration of the Persian word fulad, meaning steel. This type of steel was used by the armies of nomadic peoples. Bulat steel was ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A coating is a covering that is applied to the surface of an object, or substrate. The purpose of applying the coating may be decorative, functional, or both. Coatings may be applied as liquids, gases or solids e.g. powder coatings.
Paints and lacquers are coatings that mostly have dual uses, which are protecting the s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Examples of amphiphilic compounds are the salts of fatty acids, phospholipids. Many simple amphiphiles are used as detergents. A mixture of soap and water is an everyday example of a lyotropic liquid crystal.
Biological structures such as fibrous proteins showings relatively long and well-defined hydrophobic and hydrop... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ATSDR is starting a new registry for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (also known as ALS or Lou Gehrig's Disease). President George W. Bush signed the ALS Registry Act, which provided for establishment of the registry, on October 8, 2008. It is hoped that the registry will provide information on the prevalence... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In its earliest forms, most hardware was simple and hand-made – usually of readily available materials such as wood or leather. A patch of leather spanning between the stile and jamb and fastened with wooden pegs served to hinge a door or shutter. Hand-carved wooden hinges and pintles, slide bolts and lift-latches were... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some organic materials pass through intermediate states between solid and liquid; these states are called mesophases. Attention has been directed to mesophases because they enable display devices and have become commercially important through the so-called liquid-crystal technology. Phase diagrams are used to describe ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
He subsequently joined the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) in Cambridge to pursue post-doctoral research with Jan Löwe using cryo-EM to study proteins within bacterial cells. After his post-doctoral appointment concluded, he was recruited to the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford as a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are two principal classes of fatty acid synthases.
* Type I systems utilise a single large, multifunctional polypeptide and are common to both animals and fungi (although the structural arrangement of fungal and animal syntheses differ). A Type I fatty acid synthase system is also found in the CMN group of bacte... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2000, EPA drafted plans to phase out the use of MTBE nationwide over four years. Some states enacted MTBE prohibitions without waiting for federal restrictions. California banned MTBE as a gasoline additive in 2002. The State of New York banned the use of MTBE as a "fuel additive", effective in 2004. However, MTBE i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An electric field pointing from left to right, for example, tends to pull nuclei to the right and electrons to the left. In another way of viewing it, if an electronic state has its electron disproportionately to the left, its energy is lowered, while if it has the electron disproportionately to the right, its energy i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The National Science Foundation (NSF) funded Wiki project Open Wetware (OWW) provides a resource for reagent, project and laboratory notebook sharing.
A somewhat related NSF consortium Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center (SynBERC) constructs and distributes wetware. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
VOCs are also found in hospital and health care environments. In these settings, these chemicals are widely used for cleaning, disinfection, and hygiene of the different areas. Thus, health professionals such as nurses, doctors, sanitation staff, etc., may present with adverse health effects such as asthma; however, fu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consider a system of particles in a volume (for an average number density ) and at a temperature (let us also define ; is Boltzmann’s constant). The particle coordinates are , with . The potential energy due to the interaction between particles is and we do not consider the case of an externally applied field.
The... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It was discovered that bioluminescent snails are able to exercise a great deal of control over light emission, but the way in which they exercise control over it is still unknown. Phuphania have even been shown to be able to preserve their ability to produce light even after long periods of hibernation. It is currently... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Commercial-grade fuming nitric acid contains 98% and has a density of 1.50 g/cm. This grade is often used in the explosives industry. It is not as volatile nor as corrosive as the anhydrous acid and has the approximate concentration of 21.4 M.
Red fuming nitric acid, or RFNA, contains substantial quantities of dissolv... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since directing groups are ligands, their effectiveness correlates with their affinities for metals. Common functional groups such as ketones usually are only weak ligands and thus often are poor DGs. This problem is solved by the use of a transient directing group. Transient DGs reversibly convert weak DGs (e.g., ket... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The sodium diffuse series has wave numbers given by:
The sharp series has wave numbers given by:
when n tends to infinity the diffuse and sharp series end up with the same limit. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This category groups pages related to Internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) of RNA. IRESs are a nucleotide sequence that directs translation initiation in the middle of a messenger RNA (mRNA) as opposed to the usual process where initiation occurs at the five-prime end. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polymer degradation by galvanic action was first described in the technical literature in 1990 by Michael C. Faudree, an employee at General Dynamics, Fort Worth Division. The phenomenon has been referred to as the "Faudree Effect", and can possibly be used as a sustainable process to degrade non-recyclable thermoset p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Putative genes can be identified by scanning a genome for regions likely to encode proteins, based on characteristics such as long open reading frames, transcriptional initiation sequences, and polyadenylation sites. A sequence identified as a putative gene must be confirmed by further evidence, such as similarity to c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
E. coli is one of the most widely used expression hosts, and DNA is normally introduced in a plasmid expression vector. The techniques for overexpression in E. coli are well developed and work by increasing the number of copies of the gene or increasing the binding strength of the promoter region so assisting transcrip... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics the Borda–Carnot equation is an empirical description of the mechanical energy losses of the fluid due to a (sudden) flow expansion. It describes how the total head reduces due to the losses. This is in contrast with Bernoulli's principle for dissipationless flow (without irreversible losses), where t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to a recent investigation by Wong, Liang, Kwon, Bai, Alper and Gropman, TGGE can be utilized to examine the mitochondrial DNA of an individual. According to these authors, TGGE was utilized to determine two novel mutations in the mitochondrial genome: "A 21-year-old woman who has been suspected of mitochondr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The role of vitamin A in the visual cycle is specifically related to the retinal compound. Retinol is converted by the enzyme RPE65 within the retinal pigment epithelium into 11-cis-retinal. Within the eye, 11-cis-retinal is bound to the protein opsin to form rhodopsin in rod cells and iodopsin in cone cells. As light ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A particular use of a stepwise constant is in the determination of stability constant values outside the normal range for a given method. For example, EDTA complexes of many metals are outside the range for the potentiometric method. The stability constants for those complexes were determined by competition with a weak... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
β-Hematin crystals are made of dimers of hematin molecules that are, in turn, joined together by hydrogen bonds to form larger structures. In these dimers, an iron-oxygen coordinate bond links the central iron of one hematin to the oxygen of the carboxylate side-chain of the adjacent hematin. These reciprocal iron–oxyg... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are seemingly two independent formulations of the third law of thermodynamics both originally were stated by Walther Nernst. The first formulation is known as the Nernst heat theorem, and can be phrased as:
*The entropy of any pure substance in thermodynamic equilibrium approaches zero as the temperature approach... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are three major wind patterns that lead to Ekman suction or pumping. The first are wind patterns that are parallel to the coastline. Due to the Coriolis effect, surface water moves at a 90° angle to the wind current. If the wind moves in a direction causing the water to be pulled away from the coast then Ekman su... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As of 2020, YwIE is the only known active PAP in B.Subtilis, although Fuhrmann et al. (2013). identified a YwIE homolog in Drosophila, but its role in the specie is still unknown. In contrast, Suzuki et al. (2013) identified the presence of McsB in over 150 bacteria species | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Warm water corals are clearly in decline, with losses of 50% over the last 30–50 years due to multiple threats from ocean warming, ocean acidification, pollution and physical damage from activities such as fishing, and these pressures are expected to intensify.
The fluid in the internal compartments (the coelenteron) w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Organismic Interactions Department, headed by Regine Kahmann, is focused on the biology of phytopathogenic fungi and in particular the mechanisms that underlie morphological differentiation and communication of these fungi with their plant hosts. Furthermore, the department is focused on the mechanisms that enable ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The core principle behind microarrays is hybridization between two DNA strands, the property of complementary nucleic acid sequences to specifically pair with each other by forming hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs. A high number of complementary base pairs in a nucleotide sequence means tighte... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a typical double beta decay, two neutrons in the nucleus are converted to protons, and two electrons and two electron antineutrinos are emitted. The process can be thought as two simultaneous beta minus decays. In order for (double) beta decay to be possible, the final nucleus must have a larger binding energy than ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An S2 reaction occurs when a nucleophile displaces a leaving group residing on a molecule from the backside of the leaving group. This displacement or substitution results in the formation of a substitution product with inversion of stereochemical configuration. The nucleophile forms a bond with its lone pair as the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some assembly methods also make use of type IIs restriction endonucleases. These differ from other type II endonucleases as they cut several base pairs away from the recognition site. As a result, the overhang sequence can be modified to contain the desired sequence. This provides Type IIs assembly methods with two adv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Both anti-glycoprotein-210 (anti-gp210) and anti-nucleoporin 62 (anti-p62) antibodies are antibodies to components of the nuclear membrane and are found in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Each antibody is present in approximately 25–30% of PBC. The antigens of both antibodies are constituents of the nuclear membrane. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
"Litigation science" describes analysis or data developed or produced expressly for use in a trial versus those produced in the course of independent research. This distinction was made by the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals when evaluating the admissibility of experts.
This uses demonstrative evidence, which is evid... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Growth EPDs measure the amount of weight a given offspring will gain due to the parent's genetics.
Calving ease predicts the level of difficulty first time heifers will have during birth. These are determined by the percentage of unassisted births for that particular animal.
Birth weight measures how much above or belo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For Stokes waves under the action of gravity, the third-order dispersion relation is – according to Stokes's first definition of celerity:
This third-order dispersion relation is a direct consequence of avoiding secular terms, when inserting the second-order Stokes solution into the third-order equations (of the pertur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The decay of the positive muon into a positron and two neutrinos occurs via the weak interaction process after a mean lifetime of
τ = 2.197034(21) μs:
Parity violation in the weak interaction leads in this more complicated case (three body decay) to an anisotropic distribution of the positron emission with respect to t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The effective absolute limit of the range of the nuclear force (also known as residual strong force) is represented by halo nuclei such as lithium-11 or boron-14, in which dineutrons, or other collections of neutrons, orbit at distances of about (roughly similar to the radius of the nucleus of uranium-238). These nuc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In science, a process that is not reversible is called irreversible. This concept arises frequently in thermodynamics. All complex natural processes are irreversible, although a phase transition at the coexistence temperature (e.g. melting of ice cubes in water) is well approximated as reversible.
In thermodynamics, a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* ACE observations. The [http://www.ace.uwaterloo.ca/ Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment] (ACE) satellite, also known as SCISAT-1, is a Canadian satellite that makes measurements of the Earth's atmosphere and follows in heritage of ATMOS.
* Aura observations. [http://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Aura] flies in formation with the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Wilhelm Roentgen is credited with the discovery of radioactivity in 1895 with many others such as Antoine Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie, and Marie Curie following closely behind to further advance the field of radioactivity. John Lawrence, a physicist at The University of California Berkeley, first used nuclear medicin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The complex changes that the Schwann cell undergoes during the process of myelination of peripheral nerve fibers have been observed and studied by many. The initial envelopment of the axon occurs without interruption along the entire extent of the Schwann cell. This process is sequenced by the in-folding of the Schwa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The rate of carboxylation (V) is the rate that RuBisCO fixes CO to RuBP under substrate saturated conditions. A higher value of V corresponds to a higher rate of carboxylation. This rate of carboxylation can also be represented through its Michaelis-Menten constant K, with a higher value of K corresponding to a higher ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
FISH is a very general technique. The differences between the various FISH techniques are usually due to variations in the sequence and labeling of the probes; and how they are used in combination. Probes are divided into two generic categories: cellular and acellular. In fluorescent "in situ" hybridization refers to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Darcy friction factor for fully turbulent flow (Reynolds number greater than 4000) in rough conduits can be modeled by the Colebrook–White equation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Experimentally, it is hard to map the phase diagram of quark matter because it has been rather difficult to learn how to tune to high enough temperatures and density in the laboratory experiment using collisions of relativistic heavy ions as experimental tools. However, these collisions ultimately will provide informat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Azobenzenes are a class of photoswitchable molecules and are used in photopharmalogical applications for their reversible photoisomerization, as described in the previous section. An example of a photoswitchable molecule that uses azobenzene is phototrexate. Phototrexate is an inhibitor of human dihydrofolate reductase... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Potential of Mean Force of a system with N particles is by construction the potential that gives the average force over all the configurations of all the n+1...N particles acting on a particle j at any fixed configuration keeping fixed a set of particles 1...n
Above, is the averaged force, i.e. "mean force" on par... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Philip Joseph Kocienski (born 23 December 1946) is a British organic chemist. He is an Emeritus Professor at the University of Leeds. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chemotactic drug delivery systems are an emerging field of drug delivery that aims to apply the natural phenomenon of chemotaxis in guiding and delivering a drug to a specific tissue or cell within the body. Thus, similar to how organisms use chemotaxis, researchers have designed drug delivery systems to detect, maneuv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As a ligand, NS acts as a σ-donor and π-acceptor, forming metal-thionitrosyl complexes. Transition-metal thionitrosyl complexes have been prepared by the following procedures:
* Sulfur transfer to metal nitrido complexes
** Example: Reflux of (PhP)[OsNCl] and (PhP)NCS yields green-brown solid [PhP][Os(NS)(NCS)]
* Reac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Above the theoretical shear strength of the material, a type of defect-less flow can still occur, shearing the material. Dislocation motion through glide (any temperature) or dislocation creep (at high temperatures) is a typical mechanism found at high stresses in deformation maps. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When translating a polycistronic mRNA, a 70S ribosome ends translation at a stop codon. It is now shown that instead of immediately splitting into its two halves, the ribosome can "scan" forward until it hits another Shine–Dalgarno sequence and the downstream initiation codon, initiating another translation with the he... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The retromer complex has been shown to mediate retrieval of various transmembrane receptors, such as the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor, functional mammalian counterparts of Vps10 such as SORL1, and the Wnt receptor Wntless. Retromer is required for the recycling of Kex2p and DPAP-A, which also cycle ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An amagat is a practical unit of volumetric number density. Although it can be applied to any substance at any conditions, it is defined as the number of ideal gas molecules per unit volume at 1 atm (101.325 kPa) and 0 °C (273.15 K). It is named after Émile Amagat, who also has Amagat's law named after him. The abbrev... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The NV center has a ground-state triplet (A), an excited-state triplet (E) and two intermediate-state singlets (A and E). Both A and E contain m = ±1 spin states, in which the two electron spins are aligned (either up, such that m = +1 or down, such that m = -1), and an m = 0 spin state where the electron spins are ant... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In oceanography, the Richardson number has a more general form which takes stratification into account. It is a measure of relative importance of mechanical and density effects in the water column, as described by the Taylor–Goldstein equation, used to model Kelvin–Helmholtz instability which is driven by sheared flows... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Multi-substrate analogue inhibitors are high affinity selective inhibitors that can be prepared for enzymes that catalyse reactions with more than one substrate by capturing the binding energy of each of those substrate into one molecule. For example, in the formyl transfer reactions of purine biosynthesis, a potent Mu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Water movement is a significant means by which other materials, such as soil, gravel, boulders or pollutants, are transported from place to place. Initial input to receiving waters may arise from a point source discharge or a line source or area source, such as surface runoff. Since the 1960s rather complex mathematica... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The May 2014 IEEE Spectrum magazine carried a lengthy article "Its Always Sunny in Space" by Susumu Sasaki. The article stated, "Its been the subject of many previous studies and the stuff of sci-fi for decades, but space-based solar power could at last become a reality—and within 25 years, according to a proposal from... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bärnighausen studied Chemistry at Leipzig University and received his diploma after a diploma thesis with Leopold Wolf in 1955. In May 1958, he flew from East Germany to University of Freiburg, where he worked with Georg Brauer. He finished his doctorate in the group of Georg Brauer in 1959. In 1967, he received his ha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Anodizing can be carried out in phosphoric acid, usually as a surface preparation for adhesives. This is described in standard ASTM D3933. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.59 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H, aromatic), 7.22 (s, 1H, aromatic), 6.75 (d, J = 21.6 Hz, 1H, aromatic), 6.20 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H, aromatic), 4.74 (t, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H, CH), 3.28-3.15 (m, 2H, CH2), 1.87 (s, 1H, OH), 1.37 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.24 (s, 3H, CH3) ppm. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plasma was first identified in laboratory by Sir William Crookes. Crookes presented a lecture on what he called "radiant matter" to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, in Sheffield, on Friday, 22 August 1879.
Systematic studies of plasma began with the research of Irving Langmuir and his colleagues ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In biological research, the Van t Hoff plot is also called Van t Hoff analysis. It is most effective in determining the favored product in a reaction. It may obtain results different from direct calorimetry such as differential scanning calorimetry or isothermal titration calorimetry due to various effects other than e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some articles reported that rapamycin can inhibit mTORC1 so that the phosphorylation of GS (glycogen synthase) can be increased in skeletal muscle. This discovery represents a potential novel therapeutic approach for glycogen storage disease that involve glycogen accumulation in muscle. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For an electrode in a solution with a particular size and geometry, the reversible charge injection limit is the amount of charge that can move from the electrode to the surroundings without causing a chemical reaction that is irreversible. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The case of an ideal chain whose two ends are attached to fixed points will be considered in this sub-section. The vector joining these two points characterizes the macroscopic state (or macro-state) of the ideal chain. Each macro-state corresponds a certain number of micro-states, that we will call (micro-states are... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As previously mentioned 1,3BPG is a metabolic intermediate in the glycolytic pathway. It is created by the exergonic oxidation of the aldehyde in G3P. The result of this oxidation is the conversion of the aldehyde group into a carboxylic acid group which drives the formation of an acyl phosphate bond. This is incidenta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The two enantiomers of a molecule possess many of the same physical properties (e.g. melting point, boiling point, polarity etc.) and so behave identically to each other. As a result, they will migrate with an identical R in thin layer chromatography and have identical retention times in HPLC and GC. Their NMR and IR s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most common type of frameshifting is −1 frameshifting or programmed −1 ribosomal frameshifting (−1 PRF). Other, rarer types of frameshifting include +1 and −2 frameshifting. −1 and +1 frameshifting are believed to be controlled by different mechanisms, which are discussed below. Both mechanisms are kinetically driv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In inner-sphere ET, the two redox centers are covalently linked during the ET. This bridge can be permanent, in which case the electron transfer event is termed intramolecular electron transfer. More commonly, however, the covalent linkage is transitory, forming just prior to the ET and then disconnecting following th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The photochlorination of toluene is selective for the methyl group. Mono- to trichlorinated products are obtained. The most important of which is the mono-substituted benzyl chloride, which is hydrolyzed to benzyl alcohol. Benzyl chloride can also be converted via benzyl cyanide with subsequent hydrolysis into phenyla... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When an antigen-presenting cell interacts with a T cell receptor on T cells, there is an increase in the cytoplasmic level of calcium, which activates calcineurin by binding a regulatory subunit and activating calmodulin binding. Calcineurin induces transcription factors (NFATs) that are important in the transcription ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Drospirenone stimulates the proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro, an action that is independent of the classical PRs and is instead mediated via the progesterone receptor membrane component-1 (PGRMC1). Certain other progestins act similarly in this assay, whereas progesterone acts neutrally. It is unclea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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