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The growth and development of normal cells follow a cycle in a controlled and ordered manner. When they are damaged, they will die through a process called apoptosis. However, apoptosis is disrupted in cancer cells, allowing them to divide and grow uncontrollably, potentially invading other tissues or organs. They will... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are several parameters to consider for optimization of binding-induced electrochemical signal gain. The aptamer probe packing density, the nature of the self-assembling monolayer, and the ACV frequency are factors that affect detecting and measuring of signal. Two main factors are considered when fabricating the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A major challenge in bisulfite sequencing is the degradation of DNA that takes place concurrently with the conversion. The conditions necessary for complete conversion, such as long incubation times, elevated temperature, and high bisulfite concentration, can lead to the degradation of about 90% of the incubated DNA. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A study that utilized climate modeling to simulate the effects of predicted increases in water temperature and salinity as a result of climate change on C. finmarchicus of the eastern shelf of North America forecasts lower abundance of copepods. The decrease in favorable environmental conditions is expected to decrease... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It has been noted that radial distribution functions alone are insufficient to characterize structural information. Distinct point processes may possess identical or practically indistinguishable radial distribution functions, known as the degeneracy problem. In such cases, higher order correlation functions are needed... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, a color reaction or colour reaction is a chemical reaction that is used to transform colorless chemical compounds into colored derivatives which can be detected visually or with the aid of a colorimeter.
The concentration of a colorless solution cannot normally be determined with a colorimeter. The addit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This type of boundary condition is used where boundary values of pressure are known and the exact details of the flow distribution are unknown. This includes pressure inlet and outlet conditions mainly. Typical examples that utilize this boundary condition include buoyancy driven flows, internal flows with multiple out... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are three types of magnetic effects in electrochemistry:
* on electrolytes
* on mass transfer
* on metal deposition | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Catenation occurs most readily with carbon, which forms covalent bonds with other carbon atoms to form longer chains and structures. This is the reason for the presence of the vast number of organic compounds in nature. Carbon is most well known for its properties of catenation, with organic chemistry essentially being... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) is the combination of electrochemistry and quartz crystal microbalance, which was generated in the eighties. Typically, an EQCM device contains an electrochemical cells part and a QCM part. Two electrodes on both sides of the quartz crystal serve two purposes. Firstly,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A hexagonal phase of lyotropic liquid crystal is formed by some amphiphilic molecules when they are mixed with water or another polar solvent. In this phase, the amphiphile molecules are aggregated into cylindrical structures of indefinite length and these cylindrical aggregates are disposed on a hexagonal lattice, giv... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The study of materials at extreme conditions, high pressure and high temperature uses a wide array of techniques to achieve these conditions and probe the behavior of material while in the extreme environment. Percy Williams Bridgman, the great pioneer of high-pressure research during the first half of the 20th century... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1964 zidovudine (AZT) was synthesized by Horwitz at the Michigan Cancer Foundation. The 3´hydroxyl group in the deoxyribose ring of thymidine is replaced by an azido group which gives us zidovudine. The lack of the 3´hydroxyl group which provides the attachment point for the next nucleotide in the growing DNA chain ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The northern blot is for the detection of specific RNA sequences in complex samples. Northern blotting first separates samples by size via gel electrophoresis before they are transferred to a blotting matrix and detected with labeled RNA probes. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Theodore von Karman Medal, 1976
* Otto Laporte Award, 1977
* Worcester Reed Warner Medal, 1984
* Jean-Leonard-Marie Poiseuille Award, 1986
* Timoshenko Medal, 1991
* Lissner Award for Bioengineering, from ASME
* Borelli Medal, from ASB
* Landis Award, from Microcirculation Society
* Alza Award, from BMES
* Melville M... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fluorine is a relatively new element in human applications. In ancient times, only minor uses of fluorine-containing minerals existed. The industrial use of fluorite, fluorines source mineral, was first described by early scientist Georgius Agricola in the 16th century, in the context of smelting. The name "fluorite" (... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At the initial stage of his research activity (1911-1917), V. G. Khlopin was mainly concerned with problems related to inorganic and analytical chemistry. In 1913, together with L. A. Chugaev, he worked on the synthesis of complex compounds of platonitrite with dithioethers. Of his further works, especially important a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If a molecule contains two asymmetric centers, there are up to four possible configurations, and they cannot all be non-superposable mirror images of each other. The possibilities for different isomers continue to multiply as more stereocenters are added to a molecule. In general, the number of stereoisomers of a molec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The development of the Ferrier carbocyclization has been useful for the synthesis of numerous natural products that contain the carbocycle group. In 1991, Bender and co-workers reported a synthetic route to pure enantiomers of myo-inositol derivatives using this reaction. It has also been applied to the synthesis of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electrons are often removed from the electron transport chains to charge NADP with electrons, reducing it to NADPH. Like ATP synthase, ferredoxin-NADP reductase, the enzyme that reduces NADP, releases the NADPH it makes into the stroma, right where it is needed for the dark reactions.
Because NADP reduction removes ele... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
On the surface of cells, there are many proteins. Some proteins are involved in recognition, attachment, or transportation. The citrate-malate shuttle system consists of citrate shuttle and malate shuttle, which are carrier proteins. Carrier proteins are present on the cell surface. They transport different molecules a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Faraday concluded after several experiments on electric current in a non-spontaneous process that the mass of the products yielded on the electrodes was proportional to the value of current supplied to the cell, the length of time the current existed, and the molar mass of the substance analyzed. In other words, the am... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to the Poisson summation formula:
is a reciprocal lattice vector of the periodic potential and is the volume of its unit cell. By comparison of (3) and (4), we find that the Laue equation must be satisfied for scattering to occur:
(5) is a statement of the conservation of crystal momentum. Particles scatter... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cobalt(II) thiocyanate is an inorganic compound with the formula Co(SCN). The anhydrous compound is a coordination polymer with a layered structure. The trihydrate, Co(SCN)(HO), is a isothiocyanate complex used in the cobalt thiocyanate test (or Scott test) for detecting cocaine. The test has been responsible for wides... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MHD generators have difficult problems in regard to materials, both for the walls and the electrodes. Materials must not melt or corrode at very high temperatures. Exotic ceramics were developed for this purpose and must be selected to be compatible with the fuel and ionization seed. The exotic materials and the diffic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Those phenomena which involve the change in color of a chemical compound under an external stimulus fall under the generic term of chromisms. They take their individual names from the type of the external influence, which can be either chemical or physical, that is involved. Many of these phenomena are reversible. The ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As an undergraduate, Kowalski attended Millikin University, double majoring in chemistry and mathematics. He completed his PhD in chemistry at University of Washington in 1969 under researcher Tom Isenhour. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A fundamental assumption in this interpretation of the f-ratio is the spatial separation of primary production and nitrification. Indeed, in their original paper, Eppley & Peterson noted that: "To relate new production to export requires that nitrification in the euphotic zone be negligible." However, subsequent obse... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phosphorus-31 NMR spectroscopy is an analytical chemistry technique that uses nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to study chemical compounds that contain phosphorus. Phosphorus is commonly found in organic compounds and coordination complexes (as phosphines), making it useful to measure - NMR spectra routinely. Solution ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In syndiotactic or syntactic macromolecules the substituents have alternate positions along the chain. The macromolecule consists 100% of racemo diads. Syndiotactic polystyrene, made by metallocene catalysis polymerization, is crystalline with a melting point of 161 °C. Gutta percha is also an example for Syndiotactic ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A Levenspiel plot is a plot used in chemical reaction engineering to determine the required volume of a chemical reactor given experimental data on the chemical reaction taking place in it. It is named after the late chemical engineering professor Octave Levenspiel. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Restriction enzyme DNA assembly has cloning standards to minimize the change in cloning efficiency and the function of the plasmid, which can be caused by compatibility of the restriction sites on the insert and those on the vector.
Golden Gate assembly's cloning standards have two tiers. First-tier Golden Gate assembl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One researcher has documented that "Laudanum, as listed in the London Pharmacopoeia (1618), was a pill made from opium, saffron, castor, ambergris, musk and nutmeg". | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The symmetry factor (or barrier symmetry factor) is a coefficient similar to the transfer coefficient, but applicable only to single-step reactions.
The sum of anodic symmetry factor and cathodic symmetry factor is equal to one: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the case of a scale-invariant type of system (where a system of volume has exactly the same set of microstates as systems of volume ), then when the system expands new particles and energy will flow in from the reservoir to fill the new volume with a homogeneous extension of the original system.
The pressure, then... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
See below. Most stars, including the Sun, generate energy over most of their lives by fusing hydrogen into heavier elements; yet such fusion of light hydrogen (protium) has never been successful in the conditions attainable on Earth. Thus, all artificial fusion, including the hydrogen fusion in hydrogen bombs, requires... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is prepared by disulfonation of naphthalene with oleum:
:CH + 2 SO → CH(SOH)
Further sulfonation gives The 1,3,5-trisulfonic acid derivative. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
has an extended (chain or network) structure in which xenon and oxygen have coordination numbers of four and two respectively. The geometry at xenon is square planar, consistent with VSEPR theory for four ligands and two lone pairs (or AXE in the notation of VSEPR theory).
In addition, the existence of an XeO molecule ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metalworking generally is divided into three categories: forming, cutting, and joining. Most metal cutting is done by high speed steel tools or carbide tools. Each of these categories contains various processes.
Prior to most operations, the metal must be marked out and/or measured, depending on the desired finished p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Retention uniformity, or R, is a concept in thin layer chromatography. It is designed for the quantitative measurement of equal-spreading of the spots on the chromatographic plate and is one of the Chromatographic response functions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is worth reiterating that magma chambers are not usually static single entities. The typical magma chamber is formed from a series of injections of melt and magma, and most are also subject to some form of partial melt extraction.
Granite magmas are generally much more viscous than mafic magmas and are usually more ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A detailed and comprehensive literature review on the various aspects of sophorolipids production (e.g. producing micro-organisms, bio-synthetic pathway, effect of medium components and other fermentation conditions and downstream process of sophorolipids is available in the published work of Van Bogaert et al. This... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Intuitively, the slightly deformed eigenfunctions of the full Hamiltonian H are the in and out states. The are noninteracting states that resemble the in and out states in the infinite past and infinite future. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In an isotropic and linear medium, this polarization field P is proportional and parallel to the electric field E:
where χ is the electric susceptibility of the medium. The relation between D and E is thus:
where
is the dielectric constant of the medium. The value 1+χ is called the relative permittivity of the medium,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Retinitis pigmentosa is an inherited disease which leads to progressive night blindness and loss of peripheral vision as a result of photoreceptor cell death. Most people who suffer from RP are born with rod cells that are either dead or dysfunctional, so they are effectively blind at nighttime, since these are the cel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1954, charge-transfer salts derived from perylene with iodine or bromine were reported with resistivities as low as 8 ohm·cm. In 1973, it was discovered that a combination of tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) forms a strong charge-transfer complex referred to as TTF-TCNQ. The solid shows a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With the current methods, the instrumental error in the measured hairpin length is 1-1.5 nm. The length of a basepair, or 2 extended single-stranded nucleotides, is approximately 0.85 nm. Therefore, the resolution of the system is at a few nucleotides. The sources of noise arise from length-dependent Brownian motion... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plutonium silicide forms gray crystals of orthorhombic crystal system, space group Pnma, cell parameters: a = 0.7933 nm, b = 0.3847 nm, c = 0.5727 nm, Z = 4, TiSi type structure.
At a temperature of 72 K, plutonium silicide undergoes a ferromagnetic transition. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
C/EBP proteins interact with the CCAAT (cytosine-cytosine-adenosine-adenosine-thymidine) box motif, which is present in several gene promoters. They are characterized by a highly conserved basic-leucine zipper (bZIP) domain at the C-terminus. This domain is involved in dimerization and DNA binding, as are other transcr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The side effects of flutamide are sex-dependent. In men, a variety of side effects related to androgen deprivation may occur, the most common being gynecomastia and breast tenderness. Others include hot flashes, decreased muscle mass, decreased bone mass and an associated increased risk of fractures, depression, and se... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In sensory neurons, action potentials result from an external stimulus. However, some excitable cells require no such stimulus to fire: They spontaneously depolarize their axon hillock and fire action potentials at a regular rate, like an internal clock. The voltage traces of such cells are known as pacemaker potential... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sevoflurane is a greenhouse gas. The twenty-year global-warming potential, GWP(20), for sevoflurane is 349. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hexacoordinate phosphorus molecules involving nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur ligands provide examples of Lewis acid-Lewis base hexacoordination. For the two similar complexes shown below, the length of the C–P bond increases with decreasing length of the N–P bond; the strength of the C–P bond decreases ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
"Biological activity is a dominant force shaping the chemical structure and evolution of the earth surface environment. The presence of an oxygenated atmosphere-hydrosphere surrounding an otherwise highly reducing solid earth is the most striking consequence of the rise of life on earth. Biological evolution and the fu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Moroidin is one of several biologically active compounds isolated from the venom of Dendrocnide moroides, a member of the stinging nettle family. The plant stores its venom in silica hairs that break off when touched, delivering the toxins through the skin and inducing extreme pain. Moroidin also produces a similar pai... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, an acyl halide (also known as an acid halide) is a chemical compound derived from an oxoacid by replacing a hydroxyl group () with a halide group (, where X is a halogen).
If the acid is a carboxylic acid (), the compound contains a functional group, which consists of a carbonyl group () singly b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polyoxotechnetates form only in strongly acidic conditions, such as in pertechnetic acid| or trifluoromethanesulfonic acid solutions. The first empirically isolated polyoxotechnetate was the red . It contains both Tc(V) and Tc(VII) in ratio 4: 16 and is obtained as the hydronium salt by concentrating an solution. Cor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
At the moment of death, carbon uptake is ended. Considering that tissue that contained the bomb pulse C was rapidly diminishing with a rate of 4% per year, it has been possible to establish the time of death of two women in a court case by examining tissues with a rapid turnover. Another important application has been... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
American chemist Sherry Yennello has called him the "grandfather of superheavy elements". Oganessian is the author of three discoveries, a monograph, 11 inventions, and more than 300 scientific papers.
Oganessian has been considered worthy of a Nobel laureate in Chemistry, including by Alexander Sergeev, former head of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electron magnetic circular dichroism (EMCD) (also known as electron energy-loss magnetic chiral dichroism) is the EELS equivalent of XMCD.
The effect was first proposed in 2003 and experimentally confirmed in 2006 by the group of Prof. Peter Schattschneider at the Vienna University of Technology.
Similarly to XMCD, EMC... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Anomers are different in structure, and thus have different stabilizing and destabilizing effects from each other. The major contributors to the stability of a certain anomer are:
*The anomeric effect, which stabilizes the anomer that has an electron withdrawing group (typically an oxygen or nitrogen atom) in axial ori... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Guliye trained many other scientists. From 1951 to 1960 he was the Chair of Organic Chemistry in Baku State University. From 1960 to 1974, he chaired the department. In 1958, Guliyev was elected a correspondent member of Azerbaijan, and in 1959, academician of AS of Azerbaijan. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The boiling point elevation is a colligative property, which means that it is dependent on the presence of dissolved particles and their number, but not their identity. It is an effect of the dilution of the solvent in the presence of a solute. It is a phenomenon that happens for all solutes in all solutions, even in i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hattori and De Hoog, after considering the debate surrounding the cause of varying oxidation conditions in igneous rocks at shallow crustal levels, documented that highly oxidized conditions of rocks are an intrinsic character of the source magma in the mantle. They emphasized the capability of oxidized magmas to trans... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When the electrons in the atom are excited, for example by being heated, the additional energy pushes the electrons to higher energy orbitals. When the electrons fall back down and leave the excited state, energy is re-emitted in the form of a photon. The wavelength (or equivalently, frequency) of the photon is determi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ore to be treated is ground into particles (comminution). In the idealized case, the individual minerals are physically separated, a process known as full liberation. The particle sizes are typically in the range 2–500 micrometers in diameter. For froth flotation, an aqueous slurry of the ground ore is treated with... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The clinical significance of bilirubin glucuronide is involved in many conditions. Drugs that inhibit the activities of the components involved in bilirubin metabolism can give rise to accumulation of bilirubin in the blood. In comparison, conjugation of some drugs is also usually impaired if the liver cannot normally ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* NATO Research Award (postdoctoral fellowship, 01.1996–01.1997, The University of Cambridge, United Kingdom);
* [http://www.uic.unn.ru/new_grant/intas1.htm INTAS] grants (research visits, 08.1993 and 10.1994,The University of Cambridge, United Kingdom);
* [http://www.ifs.se/ ISF grants] (1998, research project, Taras ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rapamycin and rapalogs crosslink the immunophilin FK506 binding protein, tacrolimus or FKBP-12, through its methoxy group. The rapamycin-FKBP12 complex interferes with FRB domain of mTOR. Molecular interaction between FKBP12, mTOR, and rapamycin can last for about three days (72 hours). The inhibition of mTOR blocks th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1905, in an article entitled "Radiation through a foggy atmosphere", Arthur Schuster published a solution to the equation of radiative transfer, which describes the propagation of radiation through a medium, affected by absorption, emission, and scattering processes. His mathematics used a two flux approximation; i.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MiRNA expression profiles are altered in psychiatric conditions, including depression, anxiety, and PTSD. It has been demonstrated that miR-324-5p expression is altered in the brains of suicide victims with depression and in the amygdala, the fear center of the brain, in PTSD. MiRNAs are an underexplored potential biom... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hypothiocyanite occurs naturally in the antimicrobial immune system of the human respiratory tract in a redox reaction catalyzed by the enzyme lactoperoxidase. It has been researched extensively for its capabilities as an alternative antibiotic as it is harmless to human body cells while being cytotoxic to bacteria. Th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
REMS scans on femur and spine last 40 and 80 seconds, respectively, allowing the acquisition of several thousands of ultrasound signals related to the skeletal site under examination. The patented algorithm (see for more details) automatically processes these signals on the basis of their spectral features; each signal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After a cell has been depolarized, it undergoes one final change in internal charge. Following depolarization, the voltage-gated sodium ion channels that had been open while the cell was undergoing depolarization close again. The increased positive charge within the cell now causes the potassium channels to open. Potas... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The avalanche occurs in a gaseous medium that can be ionised (such as air). The electric field and the mean free path of the electron must allow free electrons to acquire an energy level (velocity) that can cause impact ionisation. If the electric field is too small, then the electrons do not acquire enough energy. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One distinct section of cell engineering involves the alteration and tuning of stem cells. Much of the recent research on stem cell therapies and treatments falls under the aforementioned cell engineering methods. Stem cells are unique in that they may differentiate into various other types of cells which may then be a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A native antigen is an antigen that is not yet processed by an APC to smaller parts. T cells cannot bind native antigens, but require that they be processed by APCs, whereas B cells can be activated by native ones. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The chemical redox reaction between potassium permanganate and glycerol is often used to demonstrate the powerful oxidizing property of potassium permanganate, especially in the presence of organic compounds such as glycerol. The exothermic (heat producing) reaction between potassium permanganate (KMnO), a strong oxidi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many calculational studies have been used to compare the feasibility of different proposed geometries. Using the quantum semi-empirical method of MINDO/3, researchers were not able to conclude which geometry of the 2-norbornyl cation was most energetically favorable. However, the classical structure was found to be the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the Goiânia accident of 1987, an improperly disposed of radiation therapy system from an abandoned clinic in Goiânia, Brazil, was removed, then cracked to be sold in junkyards. The glowing caesium salt was then to be sold to curious, unadvised buyers. This led to four confirmed deaths and several serious injuries fr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Two-hybrid screens are low-tech; they can be carried out in any lab without sophisticated equipment.
*Two-hybrid screens can provide an important first hint for the identification of interaction partners.
*The assay is scalable, which makes it possible to screen for interactions among many proteins. Furthermore, it ca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Arrhenius argued that for reactants to transform into products, they must first acquire a minimum amount of energy, called the activation energy E. At an absolute temperature T, the fraction of molecules that have a kinetic energy greater than E can be calculated from statistical mechanics. The concept of activation en... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mold health issues refer to the harmful health effects of molds ("moulds" in British English) and their mycotoxins. However, recent research has shown these adverse health effects are caused not exclusively by molds, but also other microbial agents and biotoxins associated with dampness, mold, and water-damaged buildin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In case of the fungus Neurospora crassa, the circadian clock is controlled by two light-sensitive domains, known as the white-collar-complex (WCC) and the LOV domain vivid (VVD-LOV). WCC is primarily responsible for the light-induced transcription on the control-gene frequency (FRQ) under day-light conditions, which dr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A pulsed field magnet is a strong electromagnet which is powered by a brief pulse of electric current through its windings rather than a continuous current, producing a brief but strong pulse of magnetic field. Pulsed field magnets are used in research in fields such as materials science to study the effect of strong ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Sm proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm by ribosomes translating Sm messenger RNA, just like any other protein. These are stored in the cytoplasm in the form of three partially assembled rings complexes all associated with the pICln protein. They are a 6S pentamer complex of SmD1, SmD2, SmF, SmE and SmG with ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The nuclear cross section of a nucleus is used to describe the probability that a nuclear reaction will occur. The concept of a nuclear cross section can be quantified physically in terms of "characteristic area" where a larger area means a larger probability of interaction. The standard unit for measuring a nuclear... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plasmids may also be used for gene transfer as a potential treatment in gene therapy so that it may express the protein that is lacking in the cells. Some forms of gene therapy require the insertion of therapeutic genes at pre-selected chromosomal target sites within the human genome. Plasmid vectors are one of many a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Shilov system is a classic example of catalytic C-H bond activation and oxidation which preferentially activates stronger C-H bonds over weaker C-H bonds for an overall partial oxidation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the A/B approach to cobyric acid, the Harvard A-D-component was coupled to the ETH B-C-component between rings D and C, and then closed to a corrin between rings A and B. Both these critical steps were accomplished by C,C-coupling via sulfide contraction, a new reaction type developed in the synthesis of the B-C-com... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pyridine is diamagnetic. Its critical parameters are: pressure 5.63 MPa, temperature 619 K and volume 248 cm·mol. In the temperature range 340–426 °C its vapor pressure p can be described with the Antoine equation
where T is temperature, A = 4.16272, B = 1371.358 K and C = −58.496 K. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tripotassium phosphate, also called tribasic potassium phosphate is a water-soluble salt with the chemical formula KPO(HO) (x = 0, 3, 7, 9). Tripotassium phosphate is basic. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Triptans are specific and selective agonists for the 5-HT receptors. Sumatriptan binds to 5-HT receptors, zolmitriptan, rizatriptan, naratriptan, almotriptan, and frovatriptan binds to 5-HT and eletriptan binds to 5-HT receptors. Triptans are believed to exert their effects through vasoconstriction, leading to reduced ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Energy expenditure is mainly a sum of internal heat produced and external work. The internal heat produced is, in turn, mainly a sum of basal metabolic rate (BMR) and the thermic effect of food. External work may be estimated by measuring the physical activity level (PAL). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One example of imbibition in nature is the absorption of water by hydrophilic colloids. Matrix potential contributes significantly to water in such substances. Dry seeds germinate in part by imbibition. Imbibition can also control circadian rhythms in Arabidopsis thaliana and (probably) other plants. The Amott test em... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rainwater can be highly radioactive due to high levels of radon and its decay progenies Bi and Pb; the concentrations of these radioisotopes can be high enough to seriously disrupt radiation monitoring at nuclear power plants. The highest levels of radon in rainwater occurs during thunderstorms, and it is hypothesized ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SQUIDs are a type of magnetometer used both as survey and as laboratory magnetometers. SQUID magnetometry is an extremely sensitive absolute magnetometry technique. However SQUIDs are noise sensitive, making them impractical as laboratory magnetometers in high DC magnetic fields, and in pulsed magnets. Commercial SQUID... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The chiral stationary phase, CSP, can interact differently with two enantiomers, by a process known as chiral recognition. Chiral recognition depends on various interactions such as hydrogen bonding, π-π interaction, dipole stacking, inclusion complexation, steric, hydrophobic and electrostatic interaction, charge-tran... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Industrial applications of alkene insertions include metal-catalyzed routes to polyethylene and polypropylene. Typically these conversions are catalyzed heterogeneously by titanium trichloride which are activated by aluminium alkyls. This technology is known as Ziegler–Natta catalysts. In these reactions, ethylene coor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the case catalytic or adsorbent systems where a metal species is dispersed upon a support (or carrier) material (often quasi-inert oxides, such as alumina or silica), it is possible for an adsorptive species to indirectly adsorb to the support surface under conditions where such adsorption is thermodynamically unfav... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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