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Carbon dioxide affects the curve in two ways. First, CO accumulation causes carbamino compounds to be generated through chemical interactions, which bind to hemoglobin forming carbaminohemoglobin. CO is considered an Allosteric regulation as the inhibition happens not at the binding site of hemoglobin. Second, it influ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The conjugation of 1,3-butadiene was first evaluated by Kistiakowsky, a conjugative contribution of 3.5 kcal/mol was found based on the energetic comparison of hydrogenation between conjugated species and unconjugated analogues. Rogers who used the method first applied by Kistiakowsky, reported that the conjugation sta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Phage-ligand technology is a technology to detect, bind and remove bacteria and bacterial toxins by using highly specific bacteriophage derived proteins. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metabolic networks can be used to detect comorbidity patterns in diseased patients. Certain diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, can be present in the same individual concurrently, sometimes one disease being a significant risk factor for the other disease. The disease phenotypes themselves are normally the conseque... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nanoparticles can also be formed using radiation chemistry. Radiolysis from gamma rays can create strongly active free radicals in solution. This relatively simple technique uses a minimum number of chemicals. These including water, a soluble metallic salt, a radical scavenger (often a secondary alcohol), and a surfact... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chiral purity is a measure of the purity of a chiral drug. Other synonyms employed include enantiomeric excess, enantiomer purity, enantiomeric purity, and optical purity. Optical purity is an obsolete term since today most of the chiral purity measurements are done using chromatographic techniques (not based on optica... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a polymer used in many applications including non-stick coatings, beauty products, and lubricants. PTFE is a hydrophobic molecule composed of carbon and fluorine. Carbon-fluorine bonds cause PTFE to be a low-friction material, conducive in high temperature environments and resistant to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Lauritzen–Hoffman plot (right) models the three different regimes when (logG) + U*/k(T-T) is plotted against (TΔT). It can be used to describe the rate at which secondary nucleation competes with lateral addition at the growth front among the different temperatures. This theory can be used to help understand the pr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Trabectedin, sold under the brand name Yondelis, is an antitumor chemotherapy medication for the treatment of advanced soft-tissue sarcoma and ovarian cancer.
The most common adverse reactions include nausea, fatigue, vomiting, constipation, decreased appetite, diarrhea, peripheral edema, dyspnea, and headache.
It is s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The simplest form of a blast wave has been described and termed the Friedlander waveform. It occurs when a high explosive detonates in a free field, that is, with no surfaces nearby with which it can interact.
Blast waves have properties predicted by the physics of waves. For example, they can diffract through a narrow... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Acidogenesis is the second stage in the four stages of anaerobic digestion:
* Hydrolysis: A chemical reaction where particulates are solubilized and large polymers converted into simpler monomers;
* Acidogenesis: A biological reaction where simple monomers are converted into volatile fatty acids;
* Acetogenesis: A biol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are several ways to retrieve the lost phases. The phase problem must be solved in x-ray crystallography, neutron crystallography, and electron crystallography.
Not all of the methods of phase retrieval work with every wavelength (x-ray, neutron, and electron) used in crystallography. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Active sensors are sensing devices which contain active components; usually this solution allows for a more precise measurement with respect to passive components.
In fact, a passive receiving antenna collects energy from the electromagnetic field being measured and makes it available at a RF cable connector. This sign... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Flutamide has been used in case reports to decrease the frequency of spontaneous orgasms, for instance in men with post-orgasmic illness syndrome. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because of the cumbersome nature of expressing certain dimensionless quantities per SI guidelines, the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) in 1999 proposed the adoption of the special name "uno" (symbol: U) to represent the number 1 in dimensionless quantities. In 2004, a report to the International... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The gas analyzers directly measure concentrations of multiple gas species using mid-infrared laser absorption spectroscopy with QCLs as light sources. This allows for highly specific and accurate gas detection along with maximum measurement sensitivity. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The structure of β-rhombohedral boron is complicated by the presence of partial occupancies and vacancies. The idealized unit cell, has been shown to be electron-deficient and hence metallic according to theoretical studies, but β-boron is a semiconductor. Application of the Jemmis rule shows that the partial occup... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A key feature of this interface is to produce top quality EI spectra from compounds dissolved in a liquid phase. In this case, quality is intended as a measure of the degree of success in a virtual comparison with thousands of spectra stored in the electronic libraries. Identification capability in real-world applicati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, a departure function is defined for any thermodynamic property as the difference between the property as computed for an ideal gas and the property of the species as it exists in the real world, for a specified temperature T and pressure P. Common departure functions include those for enthalpy, entr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Federation of the European Biochemical Societies (FEBS) is an international scientific society promoting activities in biochemistry, molecular biology and related research areas in Europe and neighbouring regions. It was founded in 1964 and includes over 35,000 members across 39 Constituent Societies. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a hemiaminal (also carbinolamine) is a functional group or type of chemical compound that has a hydroxyl group and an amine attached to the same carbon atom: . R can be hydrogen or an alkyl group. Hemiaminals are intermediates in imine formation from an amine and a carbonyl by alkylimino-de-oxo-bi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are just 230 different ways of arranging objects in regular three-dimensional arrays. In molecular crystallography, these arrangements are called space groups. However, only 65 of these arrangements are accessible to chiral objects or chiral molecules. The remaining 165 space groups contain either a center of sym... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Compliance constants are the elements of an inverted Hessian matrix. The calculation of compliance constants provides an alternative description of chemical bonds in comparison with the widely used force constants explicitly ruling out the dependency on the coordinate system. They provide the unique description of the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Materials such as starch, cellulose, wood, sugar and biomass are used as a substitute for fossil fuel resources to produce bioplastics; this makes the production of bioplastics a more sustainable activity compared to conventional plastic production. The environmental impact of bioplastics is often debated, as there are... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Early models to explain the origin of the index of refraction treated an electron in an atomic system classically according to the model of Paul Drude and Hendrik Lorentz. The theory was developed to attempt to provide an origin for the wavelength-dependent refractive index n of a material. In this model, incident elec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is assumed that the Beer–Lambert law applies.
where is the optical path length, is a molar absorbance at unit path length and is a concentration. More than one of the species may contribute to the absorbance. In principle absorbance may be measured at one wavelength only, but in present-day practice it is common ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Conformational isomers exist in a dynamic equilibrium, where the relative free energies of isomers determines the population of each isomer and the energy barrier of rotation determines the rate of interconversion between isomers:
where K is the equilibrium constant, ΔG° is the difference in standard free energy betwe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, electron counting is a formalism for assigning a number of valence electrons to individual atoms in a molecule. It is used for classifying compounds and for explaining or predicting their electronic structure and bonding. Many rules in chemistry rely on electron-counting:
*Octet rule is used with Lewis ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Geneticist Dean Hamer has suggested that a particular allele of the SLC18A2 gene correlates with spirituality using data from a smoking survey, which included questions intended to measure "self-transcendence". Hamer performed the spirituality study on the side, independently of the National Cancer Institute smoking st... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for zinc in 2001. The current EARs for zinc for women and men ages 14 and up is 6.8 and 9.4 mg/day, respectively. The RDAs are 8 and 11 mg/day. RDAs are higher than EARs so as to identify amounts... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The same approach that produces an ionization event can be used to access the dense manifold of near-threshold Rydberg states with laser experiments. These experiments often involve a laser operating at one wavelength to access the intermediate Rydberg state and a second wavelength laser to access the near-threshold Ry... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dissociation mechanism of chlorophenol red is similar to that of phenolphthalein meaning it can be used as a color indicator. The dissociation of hydroxyl and hydrogen atoms creates the dissociate scheme of chlorophenol red to change color from yellow to red. The pH properties of chlorophenol red are used to select... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydrogels also possess a degree of flexibility very similar to natural tissue due to their significant water content. As responsive "smart materials", hydrogels can encapsulate chemical systems which upon stimulation by external factors such as a change of pH may cause specific compounds such as glucose to be liberated... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Signal transduction is a mechanism in which the cell responds to a signal from the environment by activating several proteins and enzymes that will give a response to the signal.
Feedback mechanism might involve negative and positive feedbacks. In the negative feedback, the pathway is inhibited and the result of the tr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermodynamic potentials are functions that characterize the equilibrium state of a substance. An example is the Gibbs free energy , which is a function of pressure and temperature. Knowing any one thermodynamic potential is sufficient to compute all equilibrium properties of a substance, often simply by taking deriva... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The history of metallurgy in the Urals stands out to historians and economists as a separate stage in the history of Russian industry and covers the period from the 4th millennium BC to the present day. The emergence of the mining district is connected with the history of Ural metallurgy. The geography of the Ural meta... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nutrients dissolved in seawater are essential for the survival of marine life. Nitrogen and phosphorus are particularly important. They are regarded as limiting nutrients in many marine environments, because primary producers, like algae and marine plants, cannot grow without them. They are critical for stimulating pri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chlorosulfuric acid is a tetrahedral molecule. The formula is more descriptively written SO(OH)Cl, but HSOCl is traditional. It is an intermediate, chemically and conceptually, between sulfuryl chloride (SOCl) and sulfuric acid (HSO). The compound is rarely obtained pure. Upon standing with excess sulfur trioxide, it ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the main applications of static light scattering for molecular mass determination is in the field of macromolecules, such as proteins and polymers, as it is possible to measure the molecular mass of proteins without any assumption about their shape. Static light scattering is usually combined with other particle... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Calculating rates of VO and/or VCO requires knowledge of the flow rates into and out of the chamber, plus fractional concentrations of the gas mixtures into and out of the animal chamber. In general, metabolic rates are calculated from steady-state conditions (i.e., animal's metabolic rate is assumed to be constant). ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Planktonic copepods are important to global ecology and the carbon cycle. They are usually the dominant members of the zooplankton, and are major food organisms for small fish such as the dragonet, banded killifish, Alaska pollock, and other crustaceans such as krill in the ocean and in fresh water. Some scientists say... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Glucose is mainly metabolized by a very important ten-step pathway called glycolysis, the net result of which is to break down one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. This also produces a net two molecules of ATP, the energy currency of cells, along with two reducing equivalents of converting NAD (nicot... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lake Okeechobee is an ideal habitat for cyanobacteria because its shallow, sunny, and laden with nutrients from Floridas agriculture. The Okeechobee Waterway connects the lake to the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico through the St. Lucie River and the Caloosahatchee respectively. This means that harmful algal bloo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, molecularity is the number of molecules that come together to react in an elementary (single-step) reaction and is equal to the sum of stoichiometric coefficients of reactants in the elementary reaction with effective collision (sufficient energy) and correct orientation.
Depending on how many molecules c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SCORE is especially used as detection method in bio- and chemosensors. It is a label-free technique like Reflectometric interference spectroscopy (RIfS), Bio-layer Interferometry (BLI) and Surface plasmon resonance (SPR), which allows time-resolved observation of binding events on the sensor surface without the use of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The majority of benzylic functionalization reactions of tricarbonyl(arene)chromium complexes proceed by mechanisms analogous to those followed by the free arenes. The aromatic ring and benzylic position are activated towards solvolysis, deprotonation, and nucleophilic attack (at the ortho and para positions of the aren... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ATR systems offer flue gas cleanup and emissions performance that meet or exceed the strictest clean air laws in the United States and the European Union. Emissions from an ATR plant contain fewer metals, dioxins and conventional pollutants than other EfW approaches.
ATR systems increase a facility’s "diversion rate" –... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first total synthesis of carpanone was the biomimetic approach published by Chapman et al. in 1971. The required desmethylcarpacin (2-allylsesamol), shown below as the starting molecule in the scheme, is acquired in two high-yield steps involving three transformations:
* allylation of the phenolic anion generated ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The leukotriene (LT) receptors are G protein-coupled receptors that bind and are activated by the leukotrienes. They include the following proteins:
* Leukotriene B4 receptors (BLTRs) – bind to and are activated by LTB4:
** BLT (Leukotriene B receptor 1) –
** BLT (Leukotriene B receptor 2) –
* Cysteinyl leukotriene... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In certain enzymatic processes, redox non-innocent cofactors provide redox equivalents to complement the redox properties of metalloenzymes. Of course, most redox reactions in nature involve innocent systems, e.g. [[ferrodoxin|[4Fe-4S] clusters]]. The additional redox equivalents provided by redox non-innocent ligands ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An artificial metalloenzyme (ArM) is a metalloprotein made in the laboratory which cannot be found in the nature and can catalyze certain desired chemical reactions. Despite fitting into classical enzyme categories, ArMs also have potential in chemical reactivity like catalyzing Suzuki coupling, metathesis and so on, w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ATP consists of an adenine attached by the 9-nitrogen atom to the 1′ carbon atom of a sugar (ribose), which in turn is attached at the 5' carbon atom of the sugar to a triphosphate group. In its many reactions related to metabolism, the adenine and sugar groups remain unchanged, but the triphosphate is converted to di-... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Peptidoglycan or murein is a unique large macromolecule, a polysaccharide, consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like peptidoglycan layer (sacculus) that surrounds the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. The sugar component consists of alternating residues of β-(1,4) linked N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The maximum wave steepness, for periodic and propagating deep-water waves, is , so the wave height is about one-seventh () of the wavelength λ. And surface gravity waves of this maximum height have a sharp wave crest – with an angle of 120° (in the fluid domain) – also for finite depth, as shown by Stokes in 1880.
An ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With radioligand therapy, there is always the risk of damage to non-cancerous surrounding tissues along with radioisotope toxicity which is always a challenge in determining how to administer and create the radioligand. Furthermore, the radioligand vial is only viable for a limited time and under specific conditions wh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TIChE was established to force the chemical engineering professional certificate isolated from the industrial engineering. The conference in 1990 was the first effort to establish the organization by the cooperation of Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemical Technology, Chulalongkorn University, a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metabolic regulation achieves a balance between the rate of input of a substrate and the rate that it is degraded or converted, and thus maintains steady state. The rate of metabolic flow, or flux, is variable and subject to metabolic demands. However, in a metabolic pathway, steady state is maintained by balancing the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After protein amino acid sequences have been translated from nucleic acid chains, they can be edited by appropriate enzymes. Although this is a form of protein affecting protein sequence, not explicitly covered by the central dogma, there are not many clear examples where the associated concepts of the two fields have ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Specific speed N, is used to characterize turbomachinery speed. Common commercial and industrial practices use dimensioned versions which are of equal utility. Specific speed is most commonly used in pump applications to define the suction specific speed [http://nptel.ac.in/courses/112104117/chapter_1/1_7.html]—a quasi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many of the islands along the Azerbaijani coast retain great geopolitical and economic importance for demarcation-line oil fields relying on their national status. Bulla Island, Pirallahı Island, and Nargin, which is still used as a former Soviet base and is the largest island in the Baku bay, hold oil reserves.
The co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Through negative feedback inhibition, the end-products UTP and UDP prevent the enzyme CAD from catalyzing the reaction in animals. Conversely, PRPP and ATP act as positive effectors that enhance the enzyme's activity. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the case that the fluid is irrotational, that is , we can then write and thus write our equations of motion as
The second equation tells us that
And the use of this equation in the continuity equation tells us that
This simplifies to
Thus the velocity potential obeys the wave equation in the limit of small disturb... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Huang Weiyuan (; December 15, 1921 – November 17, 2015) was a Chinese organic chemist and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He served as President of the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry and President of the Chinese Chemical Society. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Still another type of photochemical reaction is the di--methane rearrangement. Two further early examples were the rearrangement of 1,1,5,5-tetraphenyl-3,3-dimethyl-1,4-pentadiene (the "Mariano" molecule) and the rearrangement of barrelene to semibullvalene. We note that, in contrast to the cyclohexadienone reactions w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pitting corrosion, or pitting, is a form of extremely localized corrosion that leads to the random creation of small holes in metal. The driving power for pitting corrosion is the depassivation of a small area, which becomes anodic (oxidation reaction) while an unknown but potentially vast area becomes cathodic (reduct... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To give a simple illustration of physisorption, we can first consider an adsorbed hydrogen atom in front of a perfect conductor, as shown in Fig. 1. A nucleus with positive charge is located at R = (0, 0, Z), and the position coordinate of its electron, r = (x, y, z) is given with respect to the nucleus. The adsorpti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the solvent extraction a mixture of an extractant in a diluent is used to extract a metal from one phase to another. In solvent extraction this mixture is often referred to as the "organic" because the main constituent (diluent) is some type of oil.
The PLS (pregnant leach solution) is mixed to emulsification with ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Creating a genetically modified organism (GMO) is a multi-step process. Genetic engineers must isolate the gene they wish to insert into the host organism. This gene can be taken from a cell or artificially synthesized. If the chosen gene or the donor organism's genome has been well studied it may already be accessible... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The internal elements of a valve are collectively referred to as a valve's trim. According to API Standards 600, "Steel Gate Valve-Flanged and Butt-welding Ends, Bolted Bonnets", the trim consists of stem, seating surface in the body, gate seating surface, bushing or a deposited weld for the backseat and stem hole guid... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In biology, energy homeostasis, or the homeostatic control of energy balance, is a biological process that involves the coordinated homeostatic regulation of food intake (energy inflow) and energy expenditure (energy outflow). The human brain, particularly the hypothalamus, plays a central role in regulating energy hom... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Early mining operations often did not take adequate steps to make tailings areas environmentally safe after closure. Modern mines, particularly those in jurisdictions with well-developed mining regulations and those operated by responsible mining companies, often include the rehabilitation and proper closure of tailing... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When combining a passive daytime radiative cooling system with thermal insulation and evaporative cooling, one study found a 300% increase in ambient cooling power when compared to a stand-alone radiative cooling surface, which could extend the shelf life of food by 40% in humid climates and 200% in desert climates wit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pauling's rules are five rules published by Linus Pauling in 1929 for predicting and rationalizing the crystal structures of ionic compounds. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
New technology has been developed to wind rubber and reinforcement layers on the (cylindrical or bellows-shaped) mandrel automatically using industrial robots instead of manual wrapping. This is fast and accurate and provides repeatable high quality. Another aspect of using industrial robots for the production of rubbe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Quantum photoelectrochemistry is the investigation of the quantum mechanical nature of photoelectrochemistry, the subfield of study within physical chemistry concerned with the interaction of light with electrochemical systems, typically through the application of quantum chemical calculations. Quantum photoelectrochem... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* In Chesapeake Shores, the O'Brien family lives in a small town in the Bay, not far from Baltimore.
* In MeatEater by Steven Rinella, Season 8, Episode 3-4 "Ghosts of the Chesapeake" features the Chesapeake Bay eastern shore. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
C/EBPβ and δ are transiently induced during the early stages of adipocyte differentiation (adipogenesis), while C/EBPα is upregulated during the terminal stages of adipogenesis. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that each plays an important role in this process. For example, Murine Embryonic Fibroblasts (M... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polychlorinated biphenyls have been discovered in organisms living in the Mariana trench in the Pacific Ocean. Levels were as high as 1,900 nanograms per gram of amphipod tissue in the organisms analyzed. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The refrigeration capacity of a refrigeration system is the product of the evaporators enthalpy rise and the evaporators mass flow rate. The measured capacity of refrigeration is often dimensioned in the unit of kW or BTU/h. Domestic and commercial refrigerators may be rated in kJ/s, or Btu/h of cooling. For commercial... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first reported steps towards the discovery of the shape-memory effect were taken in the 1930s. According to Otsuka and Wayman, Arne Ölander discovered the pseudoelastic behavior of the Au-Cd alloy in 1932. Greninger and Mooradian (1938) observed the formation and disappearance of a martensitic phase by decreasing a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some provitamins are:
* "Provitamin A" is a name for β-carotene, which has only about 1/6 the biological activity of retinol (vitamin A); the body uses an enzyme to convert β-carotene to retinol. In other contexts, both β-carotene and retinol are simply considered to be different forms (vitamers) of vitamin A.
* "Provi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Following the catastrophic failure of the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant in Japan that resulted from the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, and the subsequent widespread public opposition against nuclear power, high energy, lower emission (HELE) coal power plants were increasingly favored by the Shinzō Abe-led govern... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Willard was born on June 3, 1881, in Erie, Pennsylvania. His family relocated to Union City, Michigan, in 1883 and he spent the rest of his early life there. His father and later his high school teachers encouraged his interest in chemistry, which he pursued as an undergraduate at the University of Michigan. He receive... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sputtering (in particular radio-frequency magnetron sputtering) has been applied to the fabrication of LAGP thin-films starting from a LAGP target. Depending on the temperature of the substrate during the deposition, LAGP can be deposited in the cold sputtering or hot sputtering configuration.
The film stoichiometry an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Small quantities of hydrogen present inside certain metallic materials make the latter brittle and susceptible to sub-critical crack growth under stress. Hydrogen embrittlement may occur as a side effect of electroplating processes.
Delayed failure is the fracture of a component under stress after an elapsed time, is a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When people think of DNA analysis, they often think about television shows like NCIS or CSI, which portray DNA samples coming into a lab and being instantly analyzed, followed by the pulling up of a picture of the suspect within minutes. However, the reality is quite different, and perfect DNA samples are often not co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Copper-clad steel (CCS), also known as copper-covered steel or the trademarked name Copperweld is a bi-metallic product, mainly used in the wire industry that combines the high mechanical strength of steel with the conductivity and corrosion resistance of copper.
It is mainly used for grounding purposes, line tracing t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chlorodifluoromethane or difluoromonochloromethane is a hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC). This colorless gas is better known as HCFC-22, or R-22, or . It was commonly used as a propellant and refrigerant. These applications were phased out under the Montreal Protocol in developed countries in 2020 due to the compound'... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Glass disease is caused by an inherent fault in the chemical composition of the original glass formula.
Glass contains three types of components: network formers establish basic structure, network stabilizers make glass strong and water resistant, and flux lowers the melting point at which the glass can be formed.
Co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the fall of 1785, Scheele began to suffer from symptoms described as kidney disease. In early 1786, he also contracted a disease of the skin, which, combined with his kidney problems, so enfeebled him that he could foresee an early death. With that in mind, he married the widow of his predecessor, Pohl, two days bef... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The R/S system is an important nomenclature system for denoting enantiomers. This approach labels each chiral center R or S according to a system by which its substituents are each assigned a priority, according to the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules (CIP), based on atomic number. When the center is oriented so that ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There is no simple relationship between the scattering cross section and the physical size of the particles, as the scattering cross section depends on the wavelength of radiation used. This can be seen when looking at a halo surrounding the Moon on a decently foggy evening: Red light photons experience a larger cross ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) occurs when the starting material racemate is able to epimerize easily, resulting in an essentially racemic starting material mix at all points during the reaction. Then, the enantiomer with the lower barrier to activation can form in, theoretically, up to 100% yield. This is in contras... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mutations that prevent the expression of Rab27 (knock out mutations) cause the hypopigmentation and immunodeficiency disorder known as type II Griscelli syndrome, while a decrease in Rab27 prenylation is thought to be involved in choroideremia.
The symptoms of type II Griscelli syndrome have shown that Rab27 is involve... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Büchner–Curtius–Schlotterbeck reaction can be used to facilitate one carbon ring expansions when the substrate ketone is cyclic. For instance, the reaction of cyclopentanone with diazomethane forms cyclohexanone (shown below). The Büchner ring expansion reactions utilizing diazoalkanes have proven to be synthetica... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After oral administration, peak serum concentration is reached after 12 hours, and up to 99% of the drug is bound to plasma proteins. The majority of ibuprofen is metabolized and eliminated within 24 hours in the urine; however, 1% of the unchanged drug is removed through biliary excretion. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unlike other bioaerosols, bacteria are able to complete full reproductive cycles within the days or weeks that they survive in the atmosphere, making them a major component of the air biota ecosystem. These reproductive cycles support a currently unproven theory that bacteria bioaerosols form communities in an atmosphe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tritium was released to the atmosphere during atmospheric testing of nuclear bombs. Radioactive decay of tritium produces the noble gas helium-3. Comparing the ratio of tritium to helium-3 (H/He) allows estimation of the age of recent ground waters. A small amount of tritium is also produced naturally by cosmic ray sp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Simeon Chituru Achinewhu (born 15 August, 1946) is a Nigerian food and nutrition biochemist, scholar and university administrator who served as the past president-general of Ogbakor Ikwerre Socio-cultural Organisation Worldwide. He was vice–chancellor of River State University (formerly Rivers State University of Scien... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although details have not surfaced, it appears that the University of Utah forced the 23 March 1989 Fleischmann and Pons announcement to establish priority over the discovery and its patents before the joint publication with Jones. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) announced on 12 April 1989 that it had a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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