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By the 1890s, the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pyridine crystallizes in an orthorhombic crystal system with space group Pna2 and lattice parameters a = 1752 pm, b = 897 pm, c = 1135 pm, and 16 formula units per unit cell (measured at 153 K). For comparison, crystalline benzene is also orthorhombic, with space group Pbca, a = 729.2 pm, b = 947.1 pm, c = 674.2 pm (at... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A particularly common α-substitution reaction in the laboratory is the halogenation of aldehydes and ketones at their α positions by reaction Cl, Br or I in acidic solution. Bromine in acetic acid solvent is often used.
Remarkably, ketone halogenation also occurs in biological systems, particularly in marine alga, wher... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Both formulas are widely taught and used in modern times. Since both equations reference a single control volume location along the channel, neither address friction factor nor head loss directly, but the change in pressure head may be calculated by combining them with other formulas such as the Darcy–Weisbach equation... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dutch engineer Piet Bergveld studied the MOSFET and realized it could be adapted into a sensor for chemical and biological applications.
In 1970, Bergveld invented the ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET). He described the ISFET as "a special type of MOSFET with a gate at a certain distance". In the ISFET str... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
where M is the molecular weight.
The method uses a two-parameter equation to describe the temperature dependency of the dynamic viscosity. The authors state that the parameters are valid from the melting temperature up to 0.7 of the critical temperature (T < 0.7). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In cases where the diameter of a trapped particle is significantly smaller than the wavelength of light, the conditions for Rayleigh scattering are satisfied and the particle can be treated as a point dipole in an inhomogeneous electromagnetic field. The force applied on a single charge in an electromagnetic field is k... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The eddy dissipation model or the Magnussen model, based on the work of Magnussen and Hjertager, is a turbulent-chemistry reaction model. Most fuels are fast burning and the overall rate of reaction is controlled by turbulence mixing. In the non-premixed flames, turbulence slowly mixes the fuel and oxidizer into the re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ATP is one of four monomers required in the synthesis of RNA. The process is promoted by RNA polymerases. A similar process occurs in the formation of DNA, except that ATP is first converted to the deoxyribonucleotide dATP. Like many condensation reactions in nature, DNA replication and DNA transcription also consume ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Numerous experimental techniques have been developed to study particle
aggregation. Most frequently used are time-resolved optical techniques that are based on transmittance or scattering of light.
Light transmission. The variation of transmitted light through an aggregating suspension can be studied with a regular spe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Co-based superalloys depend on carbide precipitation and solid solution strengthening for mechanical properties. While these strengthening mechanisms are inferior to gamma prime (γ') precipitation strengthening, cobalt has a higher melting point than nickel and has superior hot corrosion resistance and thermal fatigue.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The single cell gel electrophoresis assay (SCGE, also known as comet assay) is an uncomplicated and sensitive technique for the detection of DNA damage at the level of the individual eukaryotic cell. It was first developed by Östling & Johansson in 1984 and later modified by Singh et al. in 1988. It has since increased... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
P-Chiral phosphines are organophosphorus compounds of the formula PRR′R″, where R, R′, R″ = H, alkyl, aryl, etc. They are a subset of chiral phosphines, a broader class of compounds where the stereogenic center can reside at sites other than phosphorus. P-chirality exploits the high barrier for inversion of phosphine... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) was an advocate of atomism in his 1612 Discourse on Floating Bodies (Redondi 1969). In The Assayer, Galileo offered a more complete physical system based on a corpuscular theory of matter, in which all phenomena—with the exception of sound—are produced by "matter in motion". | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Accelerated testing may induce reaction kinetics that is not applicable to the actual service environment of an adhesive, which could cause greater concern than is necessary for certain adhesives. High temperatures are often avoided because it frequently causes new reactions to occur. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
vaccine - vacuole - valence - valine - van der Waals force - van der Waals radius - vapor pressure - vapour pressure - vasoactive intestinal peptide - vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor - vasopressin - vasopressin receptor - venom - vertebrate photoreceptor - vesicle - vestibular system - vimentin - viral envelope ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Catalysts for the lower temperature WGS reaction are commonly based on copper or copper oxide loaded ceramic phases, While the most common supports include alumina or alumina with zinc oxide, other supports may include rare earth oxides, spinels or perovskites. A typical composition of a commercial LTS catalyst has be... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Except for very common sizes, liners are not usually stocked and must be made specifically for each project. CIPP requires bypass of the flow in the existing pipeline while the liner is being installed. The curing may take from one hour to 30 hours depending on pipe diameter and curing system (steam, water or uv) and m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Analogous to the process leading to novae, degenerate matter can also accumulate on the surface of a neutron star that is accreting gas from a close companion. If a sufficiently thick layer of hydrogen accumulates, ignition of runaway hydrogen fusion can then lead to an X-ray burst. As with novae, such bursts tend to r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nüchter et al. (2001) have shown a new approach to Fischer glycosidation. Employing a microwave oven equipped with refluxing apparatus in a rotor reactor with pressure bombs, Nüchter et al. (2001) were able to achieve 100% yield of α- and β-D-glucosides. This method can be performed on a multi-kilogram scale. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If the hull is designed to operate at speeds substantially lower than hull speed then it is possible to refine the hull shape along its length to reduce wave resistance at one speed. This is practical only where the block coefficient of the hull is not a significant issue. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Holthusen (1921) first quantified the oxygen effect finding 2.5 to 3.0-fold less hatching eggs of the nematode Ascaris in oxygenated compared to anoxic conditions, which was incorrectly assigned to changes in cell division. However, two years later, Petry (1923) first attributed oxygen tension as affecting ionizing rad... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The following table shows the characteristics of various HIV-1 bNAbs
In addition to targeting conserved epitopes, bNAbs are known to have long variable regions on their immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes and subclasses. When compared to non-bNAbs, sequence variability from the germline immunoglobulin isotype is 7 fold. This ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Wiggins was appointed a Fellow of the Royal Society Te Apārangi in 1991. She received a medal for her research from the Health Research Council of New Zealand.
In 2017 Wiggins was featured as one of the Royal Society Te Apārangi's 150 women in 150 words. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The low dielectric constant of COC, even at high frequency, has led to its use in certain antenna applications as well as capacitors requiring higher temperature resistance than polypropylene can provide. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Based on the special chemical properties of formed free radicals, ABTS assay has been used to determine the antioxidant capacity of food products. For example, polyphenol compounds, which widely exist in fruit, can quench free radicals inside human body, thus prevent oxidative damage by free radicals. The antioxidant p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* – edited by James Clerk Maxwell and revised by Joseph Larmor
* – edited by James Clerk Maxwell and revised by Joseph Larmor | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Magnetofection has been tested on a broad range of cell lines, hard-to-transfect and primary cells. Several optimized and efficient magnetic nanoparticle formulations have been specifically developed for several types of applications such as DNA, siRNA, and primary neuron transfection as well as viral applications.
Mag... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spinodal decomposition is a mechanism by which a single thermodynamic phase spontaneously separates into two phases (without nucleation). Decomposition occurs when there is no thermodynamic barrier to phase separation. As a result, phase separation via decomposition does not require the nucleation events resulting from... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hemolithin is the name given to a protein molecule isolated from two CV3 meteorites, Allende and Acfer-086. Its deuterium to hydrogen ratio is 26 times terrestrial which is consistent with it having formed in an interstellar molecular cloud, or later in the protoplanetary disk at the start of the Solar System 4.567 bil... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Usually, an enzyme molecule has only one active site, and the active site fits with one specific type of substrate. An active site contains a binding site that binds the substrate and orients it for catalysis. The orientation of the substrate and the close proximity between it and the active site is so important that i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An important technique for characterizing metal carbonyls is infrared spectroscopy. The C–O vibration, typically denoted ν, occurs at 2143 cm for carbon monoxide gas. The energies of the ν band for the metal carbonyls correlates with the strength of the carbon–oxygen bond, and inversely correlated with the strength of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first description of an approximately 6.4 kb long LINE-derived sequence was published by J. Adams et al. in 1980. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One important factor in gene delivery is developing altered cell tropisms to narrow or broaden rAAV-mediated gene delivery and to increase its efficiency in tissues. Specific properties like capsid conformation, cell targeting strategies can determine which cell types are affected and also the efficiency of the gene tr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As the name suggests, trishomoaromatics are defined as containing one additional methylene bridge compared to bishomoaromatics, therefore containing three of these homoconjugate bridges in total. Just like semibullvalene, there is still much debate as to the extent of the homoaromatic character of trishomoaromatics. Wh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The usual method of industrial production is the peroxide process, starting from the ketone, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide.
In the laboratory, azines are typically prepared by condensation of hydrazine with two equivalents of a carbonyl.
Azines are also produced when chalcone reacts with a hydrazone to produce 3,5-dip... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Deoxydehydration (DODH) is a chemical reaction for removing two adjacent hydroxyl groups in a vicinal diol to form an alkene. In contrast to hydrodeoxygenation which uses hydrogen as a reductant, deoxydehydration is able to use a variety of other reductants such as alcohols and organic phosphines. In research, the most... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Soil acidification is a common issue in long-term crop production which can be reduced by lime, organic amendments (e.g., straw and manure) and biochar application. In sugarcane, soybean and corn crops grown in acidic soils, lime application resulted in nutrient restoration, increase in soil pH, increase in root biomas... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lithotrophs participate in many geological processes, such as the formation of soil and the biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen, and other elements. Lithotrophs also associate with the modern-day issue of acid mine drainage. Lithotrophs may be present in a variety of environments, including deep terrestrial subs... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The formal naming of haloalkanes should follow IUPAC nomenclature, which put the halogen as a prefix to the alkane. For example, ethane with bromine becomes bromoethane, methane with four chlorine groups becomes tetrachloromethane. However, many of these compounds have already an established trivial name, which is endo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another use for affinity chromatography is the purification of specific proteins using a gel matrix that is unique to a specific protein. For example, the purification of E. coli β-galactosidase is accomplished by affinity chromatography using p-aminobenyl-1-thio-β-D-galactopyranosyl agarose as the affinity matrix. p-a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In biochemistry and pharmacology, the Hill equation refers to two closely related equations that reflect the binding of ligands to macromolecules, as a function of the ligand concentration. A ligand is "a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose" (ligand definition), and a macromo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Leslie E. Orgel, An Introduction to Transition-Metal Chemistry. The Ligand Field Theory, 1961
*Leslie E. Orgel, The Origins of Life: Molecules and Natural Selection, 1973
*Leslie E. Orgel and Stanley L. Miller, The Origins of Life on the Earth, 1974 | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
adopts an unusual “extreme cradle” structure, with D point group symmetry. It can be viewed as a derivative of a (hypothetical) eight-membered ring (or more simply a deformed eight-membered ring) of alternating sulfur and nitrogen atoms. The pairs of sulfur atoms across the ring are separated by 2.586 Å, resulting in a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Between 1978 and 1986, the Congress authorized the Department of Energy (DoE) and NASA to jointly investigate the concept. They organized the Satellite Power System Concept Development and Evaluation Program. The study remains the most extensive performed to date (budget $50 million). Several reports were published inv... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings was reported to be developing its own artificial photosynthesis research by using sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to "create the carbon building blocks from which resins, plastics and fibers can be synthesized." This was confirmed with the establishment of the KAITEKI Institute later tha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Past winners of the Martin Medal are:
* Robert Kennedy (2019)
* Jean-Luc Veuthey (2018)
* Andreas Manz (2017)
* Ian Wilson & Peter Myers (2016)
* Pavel Jandera (2015)
* Nobuo Tanaka (2014)
* Günther Bonn & Frantisek Svec (2013)
* Edward S. Yeung (2012)
* Peter J. Schoenmakers (2011)
* Peter Carr (2010)
* Wolfgang F. Li... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unidirectional spreading of mTEC-derived TRAs onto additional APCs via antigen transfer increases the probability of encounter between potential autoreactive T cell and its corresponding TRA and therefore enhances processes of central tolerance. Furthermore, antigen transfer enables TRA processing and presentation by d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Standards and handbooks stipulate a well-developed flow profile; velocities will be lower at the pipe wall than in the centre but not eccentric or jetting. Similarly the flow downstream of the plate must be unobstructed, otherwise the downstream pressure will be affected. To achieve this, the pipe must be acceptably ci... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DIC has largely replaced the older oblique illumination (OI) technique, which was available on reflected light microscopes prior to about 1975. In OI, the vertical illuminator is offset from perpendicular, producing shading effects that reveal height differences. This procedure reduces resolution and yields uneven illu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Forced degradation studies are used to identify reactions which may occur to degrade a processed product. Usually conducted before final formulation, forced degradation uses external stresses to rapidly screen material stabilities.
Longer-term storage tests are usually used to measure similar properties when final for... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Anhydrous aluminium chloride is a powerful Lewis acid, capable of forming Lewis acid-base adducts with even weak Lewis bases such as benzophenone and mesitylene. It forms tetrachloroaluminate () in the presence of chloride ions.
Aluminium chloride reacts with calcium and magnesium hydrides in tetrahydrofuran forming te... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A titration curve is a curve in graph the x-coordinate of which represents the volume of titrant added since the beginning of the titration, and the y-coordinate of which represents the concentration of the analyte at the corresponding stage of the titration (in an acid–base titration, the y-coordinate usually represen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Davies equation is an empirical extension of Debye–Hückel theory which can be used to calculate activity coefficients of electrolyte solutions at relatively high concentrations at 25 °C. The equation, originally published in 1938, was refined by fitting to experimental data. The final form of the equation gives the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many aquatic animals feed extensively on periphyton. The mbuna cichlids from Lake Malawi are particularly well known examples of fish adapted for feeding on periphyton. Examples include Labeotropheus trewavasae and Pseudotropheus zebra. They have scraper-like teeth that allow them to rasp the periphyton from rocks. In ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A supersonic airfoil is a cross-section geometry designed to generate lift efficiently at supersonic speeds. The need for such a design arises when an aircraft is required to operate consistently in the supersonic flight regime.
Supersonic airfoils generally have a thin section formed of either angled planes or opposed... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For iron rust to occur the metal has to be in contact with oxygen and water. The chemical reactions for this process are relatively complex and not all of them are completely understood. It is believed the causes are the following:
Electron transfer (reduction-oxidation)
:One area on the surface of the metal acts as th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* At the University of Technology in Xian, China, a rain garden was built to observe and study over four years. This study showed that over four years, there were 28 large storm events in Xian. Within these 28 storms, the rain garden was able to retain the rainfall from a majority of the storms. Only 5 of these storms ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The design of covalent drugs requires careful optimization of both the non-covalent binding affinity (which is reflected in K) and the reactivity of the electrophilic warhead (which is reflected in k).
The initial design of TCIs involves three key steps. First, bioinformatics analysis is used to identify a nucleophilic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The inductive effect can be explained with Bents rule. The inductive effect is the transmission of charge through covalent bonds and Bents rule provides a mechanism for such results via differences in hybridisation. In the table below, as the groups bonded to the central carbon become more electronegative, the central ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sea foam is formed under conditions that are similar to the formation of sea spray. One of the main distinctions from sea spray formation is the presence of higher concentrations of dissolved organic matter from macrophytes and phytoplankton. The dissolved organic matter in the surface water, which can be derived from ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The human CCR4-Not complex is composed of structural (non-catalytic) subunits and those that have exonuclease and E3 ligase activity. Some but not all of the human subunits are conserved in budding yeast. In yeast the complex has nine core subunits, comprising Ccr4 (carbon catabolite repression), Caf proteins (Ccr4 as... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Other software tools which help to model pharmacophores include:
*Molecular Operating Environment] (MOE) – by the Chemical Computing Group
*Phase – by Schrödinger
*Discovery Studio – by Accelrys
*SYBYL-X – by Tripos
*Pharao by [https://github.com/gertthijs/pharao/ Silicos-It][https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmgm.2008.04.003] | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consider the case of a nuclide that decays into another by some process (emission of other particles, like electron neutrinos and electrons e as in beta decay, are irrelevant in what follows). The decay of an unstable nucleus is entirely random in time so it is impossible to predict when a particular atom will deca... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The development of MBBR technology is attributed to Professor Hallvard Ødegaard and his colleagues at Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). This is traced back to the late 1970s to early 1980s. The first MBBR pilot plant was installed at NTNU in the early 1980s in which its success lead to the construc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Viral RNA modifications play important roles in interactions with the immune system of host cells. The mA modification of viral RNAs allows for the viruses to escape recognition by the retinoic acid inducible gene-I receptor (RIG-I), in the type 1 IFN response, a crucial pathway of innate immunity. 5' N-7methylguanison... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
OA was first used after World War II by the US railroad industry to monitor the health of locomotives. In 1946 the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad's research laboratory successfully detected diesel engine problems through wear metal analysis of used oils. A key factor in their success was the development of the spectrog... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tin oxide with antimony and arsenic oxides produce an opaque white glass (milk glass), first used in Venice to produce an imitation porcelain, very often then painted with enamels. Similarly, some smoked glasses may be based on dark-colored inclusions, but with ionic coloring it is also possible to produce dark colors ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PCBs are technically attractive because of their inertness, which includes their resistance to combustion. Nonetheless, they can be effectively destroyed by incineration at 1000 °C. When combusted at lower temperatures, they convert in part to more hazardous materials, including dibenzofurans and dibenzodioxins. When c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In this approach, an enantiomerically pure compound, the chiral selector, is added to the mobile phase and separation happens on a conventional achiral column. When a mixture of enantiomers is introduced into the chromatographic system, the individual enantiomers form transient diastereomeric complexes with the chira... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Professor Harald Christian Pederson founded the A/S Ila and Lilleby smelteverk melting facilities in the 1920s. He worked with a chemical process which later has been called the Pederson-2 process. It consists of melting ironmalm which gives ferrosilicon as a by-product. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fried became a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1971. He became a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1981. He received the Medicinal Chemistry Award in 1974 from the American Chemical Society. He also received the Alfred Burger Award in Medicinal Chemistry in 1996.
He also received the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1950, the US Public Health service began a comprehensive study of uranium miners, leading to the first publication of a statistical correlation between cancer and uranium mining, released in 1962. The federal government eventually regulated the standard amount of radon in mines, setting the level at 0.3 WL on Januar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In theoretical electrolysis of water, a voltage of only 1.23 V is required to split water into hydrogen and oxygen, The formation of an EDL increases this to its thermo-neutral voltage of 1.45 V. Minimising the EDL formed during pulse electrolysis is advantageous, as it can reduce the thermo-neutral voltage and the ene... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The short timescale of interconversion precludes the separation of conformational isomers in most cases. Atropisomers are conformational isomers which can be separated due to restricted rotation. The equilibrium between conformational isomers can be observed using a variety of spectroscopic techniques.
Protein folding ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Nucleobase analogues
**Fluorouracil (5FU), which inhibits thymidylate synthase
**Floxuridine (FUDR)
**6-azauracil (6-AU)
*Nucleoside analogues
**Cytarabine (Cytosine arabinoside)
**Gemcitabine
*Nucleotide analogues | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cannon started her academic career in 1974 at Stockholm University, where she held various positions, including a research associate at the Wenner-Grenn Institute from 1974 to 1980. Subsequently, she served as an associate professor from 1980 to 1983 and then as a professor of physiology from 1983 to 2013. Since 2013, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To broaden distribution of information on water and related subjects, AWWA publishes the periodicals Journal AWWA and Opflow. AWWA also publishes a variety of books, training manuals, standards, reports and videos for use by water professionals and others. The Association also hosts an annual conference and expositio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, dehalogenation is a set of chemical reactions that involve the cleavage of carbon-halogen bonds; as such, it is the inverse reaction of halogenation. Dehalogenations come in many varieties, including defluorination (removal of fluorine), dechlorination (removal of chlorine), debromination (removal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dynamically, or inelastically, scattered electrons provide several types of information about the sample as well. The brightness or intensity at a point on the detector depends on dynamic scattering, so all analysis involving the intensity must account for dynamic scattering. Some inelastically scattered electrons ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For SNP annotation, many kinds of genetic and genomic information are used. Based on the different features used by each annotation tool, SNP annotation methods may be split roughly into the following categories: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
CW occurs after the polymer chain has grown somewhat on the metal catalyst. The precursor is a 16 e complex with the general formula [ML(CH)(chain)]. The ethylene ligand (the monomer) dissociates to produce a highly unsaturated 14 e cation. This cation is stabilized by an agostic interaction. β-Hydride elimination t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to the "Green Infrastructure Master Plan" developed by Hawkins Partners, civil engineers use GIS to analyze the modeling of impervious surfaces with historical Nashville rainfall data within the CSS (combined sewer system) to find the current rates of runoff. GIS systems are able to help planning teams analyz... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Gibbs–Duhem equation is useful because it relates individual chemical potentials. For example, in a binary mixture, at constant temperature and pressure, the chemical potentials of the two participants A and B are related by
where is the number of moles of A and is the number of moles of B. Every instance of phas... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phillips began his career doing postdoctoral research at the University of Texas at Austin and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. He was appointed a lecturer in chemistry at the University of Southampton, rising to the status of Reader then becoming Wolfson Professor of Natural Philosophy, at the Royal Institution. I... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Depending on the field of literature being surveyed, one might encounter the same compound referred to with different chemical formulas. An example of the most common difference is XYZ versus XYZ, where the labels of the two transition metals X and Y in the compound are swapped. The traditional convention XYZ arises f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pathogens synthesize proteins that can serve as "recognizable" antigens; they may express the molecules on their surface or release them into the surroundings (body fluids). What makes these substances recognizable is that they bind very specifically and somewhat strongly to certain host proteins called antibodies. The... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For Couette flow, it is possible to make mathematical progress in the solution of the Orr–Sommerfeld equation. In this section, a demonstration of this method is given for the case of free-surface flow, that is, when the upper lid of the channel is replaced by a free surface. Note first of all that it is necessary to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alkylated diphenylamines function as antioxidants in lubricants, approved for use in machines, in which contact with food is not ruled out. Alkylated diphenylamines and other derivatives are used as anti-ozonants in the manufacture of rubber products, reflecting the antioxidant nature of aniline derivatives. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tehshik Peter Yoon (born 20 June 1975) is a Canadian-born chemist who studies the new reaction methods for organic synthesis with the use of catalysis. Yoon currently is a professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in the chemistry department. For his contributions to science, he has received numerous awards incl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Proton gradients in particular are important in many types of cells as a form of energy storage. The gradient is usually used to drive ATP synthase, flagellar rotation, or metabolite transport. This section will focus on three processes that help establish proton gradients in their respective cells: bacteriorhodopsin a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most photoluminescent events, in which a chemical substrate absorbs and then re-emits a photon of light, are fast, in the order of 10 nanoseconds. Light is absorbed and emitted at these fast time scales in cases where the energy of the photons involved matches the available energy states and allowed transitions of the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The School of Chemistry has a node of the Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science which is a research collaboration between the University of Melbourne, University of New South Wales, RMIT University, University of Sydney, and Monash University.
The Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science is focused on novel materials ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The majority of sperm donors who donate their sperm through a sperm bank receive some kind of payment, although this is rarely a significant amount. A review including 29 studies from nine countries came to the result that the amount of money actual donors received for their donation varied from $10 to €70 per donation... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
AGA and AGG were thought to have become mitochondrial stop codons early in vertebrate evolution. However, at least in humans it has now been shown that AGA and AGG sequences are not recognized as termination codons. A -1 mitoribosome frameshift occurs at the AGA and AGG codons predicted to terminate the CO1 and ND6 op... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For steelmaking, direct current (DC) arc furnaces are used, with a single electrode in the roof and the current return through a conductive bottom lining or conductive pins in the base. The advantage of DC is lower electrode consumption per ton of steel produced, since only one electrode is used, as well as less electr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In geological applications, detecting the presence of calcite or other forms of calcium carbonate in alkaline soils or during lithological analysis involves using dilute hydrochloric acid and observing effervescence. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Karen Dale Williams Morse is a inorganic chemist. She was president of Western Washington University from 1993 until 2008, and was named the Bowman Distinguished Professor in 2014. She is an elected fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In astrophysics, Chandrasekhar's white dwarf equation is an initial value ordinary differential equation introduced by the Indian American astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, in his study of the gravitational potential of completely degenerate white dwarf stars. The equation reads as
with initial conditions
wher... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bases (e.g. sodium bicarbonate) or acids (e.g. citric acid) are sometimes used as cutting agents. An individual base solution and acid solution can help determine if the substance contains an acid or base respectively, if an acid–base reaction will occur. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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