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Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds. The basic organic chemistry reaction types are addition reactions, elimination reactions, substitution reactions, pericyclic reactions, rearrangement reactions, photochemical reactions and redox reactions. In organic synthesis, organic reactions are ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because BIK1 is a possible regulator of the FLS2-BAK1 complex, it is speculated that in vitro, BAK1 phosphorylates BIK1, which then phosphorylates both FLS2 and BAK1. However, in vivo, BIK1 is not phosphorylated until about 5-10 minutes after the addition of FS2, and the peak phosphorylation occurs just after the phos... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Adil E. Shamoo (born August 1, 1941) is an Iraqi biochemist with an interest in biomedical ethics and foreign policy. He is currently a professor at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Maryland. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Light enters the eye, passes through the optical media, then the inner neural layers of the retina before finally reaching the photoreceptor cells in the outer layer of the retina. The light may be absorbed by a chromophore bound to an opsin, which photoisomerizes the chromophore, initiating both the visual cycle, whic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After amplifying and then concentrating the target analyte, the samples are labeled with a fluorescent dye using an antibody for specificity and then finally loaded into a microcapillary tube. This tube is placed in a specially constructed apparatus so it is totally surrounded by optical fibers to capture all light emi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The volatility of the tetrachloride and tetraiodide complexes of Ti(IV) is exploited in the purification of titanium by the Kroll and van Arkel–de Boer processes, respectively.
Metal halides act as Lewis acids. Ferric and aluminium chlorides are catalysts for the Friedel-Crafts reaction, but due to their low cost, they... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
"Methylmercury" is a shorthand for the hypothetical "methylmercury cation", sometimes written methylmercury(1+) cation or methylmercury(II) cation. This functional group is composed of a methyl group bonded to an atom of mercury. Its chemical formula is (sometimes written as ).The Methylmercury compound has an overall... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Frank Newman Speller Award is an annual award for significant contributions to corrosion engineering and is administered by NACE International. (The organization was previously known as the National Association of Corrosion Engineers.) The award is named in honor of Frank Newman Speller, a Canadian-born American me... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sulfur is found in oxidation states ranging from +6 in Sulfate| to −2 in sulfides. Thus, elemental sulfur can either give or receive electrons depending on its environment. On the anoxic early Earth, most sulfur was present in minerals such as pyrite (FeS). Over Earth history, the amount of mobile sulfur increased thro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Classical transport models a plasma in a magnetic field as a large number of particles traveling in helical paths around a line of force. In typical reactor designs, the lines are roughly parallel, so particles orbiting adjacent lines may collide and scatter. This results in a random walk process which eventually leads... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Tsuji–Wilkinson decarbonylation reaction is a method for the decarbonylation of aldehydes and some acyl chlorides. The reaction name recognizes Jirō Tsuji, whose team first reported the use of Wilkinson's catalyst (RhCl(PPh)) for these reactions:
:RC(O)X + RhCl(PPh) → RX + RhCl(CO)(PPh) + PPh
Although decarbonylati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An estimated 160 TBq (about 250 kg) of technetium-99 was released into the environment up to 1994 by atmospheric nuclear tests. The amount of technetium-99 from civilian nuclear power released into the environment up to 1986 is estimated to be on the order of 1000 TBq (about 1600 kg), primarily by outdated methods of n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mesoscopic heat engines are nanoscale devices that may serve the goal of processing heat fluxes and perform useful work at small scales. Potential applications include e.g. electric cooling devices. In such mesoscopic heat engines, work per cycle of operation fluctuates due to thermal noise. There is exact equality tha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the major potential applications of aluminum-based nanogalvanic alloys is hydrogen production for fuel cells. Due to their high energy efficiency, non-toxic nature, and transportation ease, the alloy powders have also been considered as an alternative energy source for batteries (when coupled with fuel cells) du... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RiPPs consist of any peptides (i.e. molecular weight below 10 kDa) that are ribosomally-produced and undergo some degree of enzymatic post-translational modification. This combination of peptide translation and modification is referred to as "post-ribosomal peptide synthesis" (PRPS) in analogy with nonribosomal peptide... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to metallurgist Jack Harris, "Oxidation is usually accompanied by a net expansion so that when it occurs in a confined space stresses are generated in the metal component itself or in any surrounding medium such as stone or cement. So much energy is released by oxidation that the stresses generated are of suf... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An electrocatalyst is a catalyst that participates in electrochemical reactions. Electrocatalysts are a specific form of catalysts that function at electrode surfaces or, most commonly, may be the electrode surface itself. An electrocatalyst can be heterogeneous such as a platinized electrode. Homogeneous electrocat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A (by no means exhaustive) selection of models of biological systems involving multi-state molecules and using some of the tools discussed here is give in the table below. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP, as reflected by the large number of proteins in the inner membrane for this task. This is done by oxidizing the major products of glucose: pyruvate, and NADH, which are produced in the cytosol. This type of cellular respiration, known as aerobic respiration... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation of energy with chemical reactions or with a physical change of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics. The primary objective of chemical thermodynamics is determining the spontaneity of a given transformation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Illustrative of their alkylating activity are reactions with potassium iodide in acetone, chloroacetone reacts faster than 1-chloropropane by a factor of 36,000. Halo ketones react with phosphites in the Perkow reaction.
The halo group can be removed in reductive dehalogenation of halo ketones. α-Halo ketones can also ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A 2018 Cochrane review found that it produced moderate improvement in sleep onset and maintenance. The authors suggest that where preferred non-pharmacological treatment strategies have been exhausted, eszopiclone provides an efficient treatment for insomnia. In 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration asked that the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mercury is a toxic heavy metal, and as such it is important to be able to detect it in biological systems. Sensors include:
*Mercury Sensors (MS), a family of sensors that comprise complexes of fluorescein and napthofluorescein. The MS1 probe increases its emission upon binding of Hg(II), while maintaining great affini... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Relatively little is known about isotopic fractionation of zinc by biological processes, but several studies have elucidated that Zn isotopes fractionate during surface adsorption, intracellular uptake processes and speciation. Many organisms, including certain species of fish, plants and marine phytoplankton, have bot... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In order to study gas phase interstellar chemistry, it is convenient to distinguish two types of interstellar clouds: diffuse clouds, with T=30-100 K, and n=10–1000 cm, and dense clouds with T=10-30K and density n=-. Ion chemical routes in both dense and diffuse clouds have been established for some works (Hartquist 19... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are two types of neuraminidase inhibitors commonly available for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza infections: Zanamivir and Oseltamivir. They interfere with the release of progeny virions from infected host cells, prevent infection process of new host cells and stop spread of infection in respiratory tract ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The recovery of benthic communities is primarily dependent upon the length and severity of hypoxic conditions inside the hypoxic zone. Less severe conditions and temporary depletion of oxygen allow rapid recovery of benthic communities in the area due to reestablishment by benthic larvae from adjacent areas, with longe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metals in their native state are those found in nature as free elements (chemically uncombined). They are usually attached to or mixed with varying amounts of undesired material (gangue), and require only physical separation to produce usable metal.
Most metallic ores in the Earth's crust require chemical processing to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The synthesis of the all-important dipeptide-like side chain involves alkylation of the tert-butyl ester of -alanine (2) with ethyl 2-bromo-4-phenylbutanoate (1); the presominane of the desired isomer is attributable to asymmetric induction from the adjacent chiral center. Reaction of the product with hydrogen chloride... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A statue of Hans Christian Ørsted was installed in the Ørsted Park in 1880. A commemorative plaque is located above the gate on the building in where he lived and worked.
In 1885, a statue of Ørsted was installed in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History.
Ørsted's likeness has appeared twice on Danish banknot... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are anthropogenic compounds that have been released into the atmosphere since the 1930s in various applications such as in air-conditioning, refrigeration, blowing agents in foams, insulations and packing materials, propellants in aerosol cans, and as solvents. The entry of CFCs into the oce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Streng was among the first women to receive a degree in mining engineering from Donetsk Mining Institute. She was born in the Russia Empire. During World War II she fled the Soviet Union with her husband and son. The family settled in West Germany for several years, then emigrated to the United States in 1950. Lucia St... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chaos theory and fluid dynamics, chaotic mixing is a process
by which flow tracers develop into complex fractals under the action
of a fluid flow.
The flow is characterized by an exponential growth of fluid filaments.
Even very simple flows, such as the blinking vortex,
or finitely resolved wind fields can generate ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The magnetic field induces a sine wave in a rotating coil. The amplitude of the signal is proportional to the strength of the field, provided it is uniform, and to the sine of the angle between the rotation axis of the coil and the field lines. This type of magnetometer is obsolete. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DNA microarray studies done on different fish species exposed to low-oxygen conditions have shown that at the genetic level fish respond to hypoxia by changing the expression of genes involved in oxygen transport, ATP production, and protein synthesis. In the liver of mudsuckers exposed to hypoxia there were changes in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Levan was first discovered through research on nattō, a traditional Japanese dish. Natto was known as a "superfood" which promoted health and longevity in Japan during the late 1800s. In 1881, Edmund Oscar von Lippmann first discovered "lävulan" (levan) as the remaining gum from molasses in sugar beet production. Later... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The most common boundary that comes upon in confined fluid flow problems is the wall of the conduit. The appropriate requirement is called the no-slip boundary condition, wherein the normal component of velocity is fixed at zero, and the tangential component is set equal to the velocity of the wall. It may run counter ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Normality is defined as the number of gram or mole equivalents of solute present in one litre of solution. The SI unit of normality is equivalents per litre (Eq/L).
where is normality, is the mass of solute in grams, is the equivalent weight of solute, and is the volume of the entire solution in litres. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electrophilic additions can be affected with a wide variety of organometallic reagents. Organosilanes offer the advantage of greater robustness to a wide array of reaction conditions than allyl compounds of more electropositive metals, and do not spontaneously undergo allylic rearrangement or epimerization. Additionall... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a viable alternative to H MRI. The sensitivity issues can be overcome by using soft nanoparticles. Application include pH-, temperature-, enzyme-, metal ion- and redox responsive- contrast agents. They can also be used for long-term cell labelling. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Each member company is entitled to put one representative on the board of directors. The Board then elects an executive committee that directs the detailed business through the President and the Secretary of the company. The president is elected by the board of directors.
A Technical Advisory Committee, which also has ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Another route to is the Raschig process: aqueous ammonium nitrite is reduced by Bisulfite| and Sulfur dioxide| at 0 °C to yield a hydroxylamido-N,N-disulfonate anion:
This anion is then hydrolyzed to give hydroxylammonium sulfate :
Solid can be collected by treatment with liquid ammonia. Ammonium sulfate, , a side-pr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Laying a firehose up a stairwell takes time, and this time is saved by having fixed hose outlets already in place. There is also a tendency for heavy wet hoses to slide downward when placed on an incline (such as the incline seen in a stairwell), whereas standpipes do not move. The use of standpipes keeps stairwells cl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For a simple overview of the development of ARBs, see figure 3.
Because of saralasin, the first Ang II antagonist, and the development of the first ACE inhibitor captopril, it was generally acknowledged that Ang II receptor antagonists might be promising as effective antihypertensive agents.
Saralasin was developed in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An allomone is any chemical substance released by an individual of one species that affects the behavior of a member of another species to the benefit of the originator but not the receiver. Production of allomones is a common form of defense, such as by plant species against insect herbivores or prey species against p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many plants or plant parts contain chemicals from the naturally colored anthocyanin family of compounds. They are red in acidic solutions and blue in basic. Anthocyanins can be extracted with water or other solvents from a multitude of colored plants and plant parts, including from leaves (red cabbage); flowers (gerani... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The retinoblastoma protein is involved in the growth and development of mammalian hair cells of the cochlea, and appears to be related to the cells' inability to regenerate. Embryonic hair cells require pRb, among other important proteins, to exit the cell-cycle and stop dividing, which allows maturation of the auditor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*The main criticism applied to the yeast two-hybrid screen of protein–protein interactions are the possibility of a high number of false positive (and false negative) identifications. The exact rate of false positive results is not known, but earlier estimates were as high as 70%. This also, partly, explains the often ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The concentration entrance length describes the length needed for the concentration profile in a flow to be fully developed. The concentration entrance length can be determined by relating it to the hydrodynamic entrance length with the Schmidt number or by experimental techniques. The Schmidt number describes the rati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The FDA approved Phase I clinical trials on thalassemia major patients in the US for 10 participants in July. The study was expected to continue until 2015.
In July 2012, the European Medicines Agency recommended approval of a gene therapy treatment for the first time in either Europe or the United States. The treatmen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Any two state system can be modeled as a two-level atom. This leads to many systems being described as an "Artificial Atom". For instance a superconducting loop which can create a magnetic flux passing through it can act as an artificial atom as the current can induce a magnetic flux in either direction through the loo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the first case, two solid plates are placed in a solution of rigid spherical macromolecules. If the distance between two plates, , is smaller than the diameter of solute molecules, , then no solute can enter between the plates. This results in pure solvent existing between the plates. The difference in concentratio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The annealing temperature has a dramatic influence on the rate of recrystallization which is reflected in the above equations. However, for a given temperature there are several additional factors that will influence the rate.
The rate of recrystallization is heavily influenced by the amount of deformation and, to a le... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Faradaic efficiency of a cell design is usually measured through bulk electrolysis where a known quantity of reagent is stoichiometrically converted to product, as measured by the current passed. This result is then compared to the observed quantity of product measured through another analytical method. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RNA-targeting small molecules represent a class of small molecules, organic compounds with traditional drug properties (e.g., Lipinski's rule of five) that can bind to RNA secondary or tertiary structures and alter translation patterns, localization, and degradation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A pressure exchanger transfers pressure energy from a high pressure fluid stream to a low pressure fluid stream. Many industrial processes operate at elevated pressures and have high pressure waste streams. One way of providing a high pressure fluid to such a process is to transfer the waste pressure to a low pressure ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Classical thermodynamics is the description of the states of thermodynamic systems at near-equilibrium, that uses macroscopic, measurable properties. It is used to model exchanges of energy, work and heat based on the laws of thermodynamics. The qualifier classical reflects the fact that it represents the first level o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
OCP was first described in 1981 by Holt and Krogmann who isolated it from the unicellular cyanobacterium Arthrospira maxima, although its function would remain obscure until 2006. The crystal structure of the OCP was reported in 2003. At the same time the protein was shown to be an effective quencher of singlet oxygen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Minigenes were first described as the somatic assembly of DNA segments and consisted of DNA regions known to encode the protein and the flanking regions required to express the protein. The term was first used in a paper in 1977 to describe the cloning of two minigenes that were designed to express a peptide.
RNA splic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gay-Lussac's law states that:
Therefore,
* , or
* , or
:where P is the pressure, T is the absolute temperature, and k is another proportionality constant. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ligands containing atomic chirality centers such asymmetric carbon, which usually do not have C-symmetry, remain important in catalysis. Examples include cinchona alkaloids and certain phosphoramidites. P-chiral monophosphines have also been investigated. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Climate change is likely to increase the frequency, intensity and duration of cyanobacterial blooms in many eutrophic lakes, reservoirs and estuaries. Bloom-forming cyanobacteria produce a variety of neurotoxins, hepatotoxins and dermatoxins, which can be fatal to birds and mammals (including waterfowl, cattle and dogs... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cefalexin is a β-lactam antibiotic of the cephalosporin family. It is bactericidal and acts by inhibiting synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall. As cefalexin closely resembles d-alanyl-d-alanine, an amino acid ending on the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall, it is able to irreversibly bind... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The term operando first appeared in catalytic literature in 2002. It was coined by Miguel A. Bañares, who sought to name the methodology in a way that captured the idea of observing a functional material — in this case a catalyst — under actual working, i.e. device operation, conditions. The first international congres... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A major limitation of classical omic studies is the isolation of only one level of biological complexity. For example, transcriptomic studies may provide information at the transcript level, but many different entities contribute to the biological state of the sample (genomic variants, post-translational modifications,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1772, the chemist Joseph Priestley carried out a series of experiments relating to the gases involved in respiration and combustion. In his first experiment, he lit a candle and placed it under an upturned jar. After a short period of time, the candle burned out. He carried out a similar experiment with a mouse in t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A material's flash point is a metric of how easy it is to ignite the vapor of the material as it evaporates into the atmosphere. It is defined as the lowest material temperature required for fuel oils in the materials to begin to give off flammable vapors in the quantity high enough to support a flash of fire when igni... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Whether a process can occur spontaneously depends not only on the enthalpy change but also on the entropy change () and absolute temperature . If a process is a spontaneous process at a certain temperature, the products have a lower Gibbs free energy than the reactants (an exergonic process), even if the enthalpy of t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A supersolid is a special quantum state of matter where particles form a rigid, spatially ordered structure, but also flow with zero viscosity. This is in contradiction to the intuition that flow, and in particular superfluid flow with zero viscosity, is a property exclusive to the fluid state, e.g., superconducting el... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Other experiments carried out in the physics of plasmas have also highlighted the emergence of Peregrine solitons in other fields ruled by the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
OCO-3 is constructed from spare equipment from the OCO-2 mission. Thus its physical characteristics are similar, but with some adaptations. A 2-axis pointing mirror was added, which will allow targeting of cities and other areas on order of for area mapping (also called "snapshot mode"). A resolution context camera w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Achinewhu married Eunice Achinewhu (nee Eunice Nyema Otto) in 1972 and they have four children.
He is a reverend canon of the Church of Nigeria Anglican Communion. He is a crown of peace, justice of peace, and the national president of Peace Builders Association (Council of Ambassadors for Peace and Unification) | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As the Sverdrup balance argues, subtropical ocean gyres have a weak equatorward flow and subpolar ocean gyres have a weak poleward flow over most of their area. However, there must be some return flow that goes against the Sverdrup transport in order to preserve mass balance. In this respect, the Sverdrup solution is i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The FASN gene has been investigated as a possible oncogene. FAS is upregulated in breast and gastric cancers, as well as being an indicator of poor prognosis, and so may be worthwhile as a chemotherapeutic target. FAS inhibitors are therefore an active area of drug discovery research.
FAS may also be involved in the pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Hamiltonian formulation can be derived from Luke's Lagrangian description by using Leibniz integral rule on the integral of :
with the value of the velocity potential at the free surface, and the Hamiltonian density — sum of the kinetic and potential energy density — and related to the Hamiltonian as:
The Hamilto... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lute (from Latin Lutum, meaning mud, clay etc.) was a substance used to seal and affix apparatus employed in chemistry and alchemy, and to protect component vessels against heat damage by fire; it was also used to line furnaces. Lutation was thus the act of "cementing vessels with lute".
In pottery, luting is a techni... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The bacterial flagellar motor has been proposed to follow a dissipative allosteric model, where ultrasensitivity comes as a combination of protein binding affinity and energy contributions from the proton motive force (see Flagellar motors and chemotaxis below). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The P element has found wide use in Drosophila research as a mutagen. The mutagenesis system typically uses an autonomous but immobile element, and a mobile nonautonomous element. Flies from subsequent generations can then be screened by phenotype or PCR. Naturally-occurring P elements contain coding sequence for the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A transposable element (TE, transposon, or jumping gene) is a nucleic acid sequence in DNA that can change its position within a genome, sometimes creating or reversing mutations and altering the cells genetic identity and genome size. Transposition often results in duplication of the same genetic material. In the huma... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For modeling of the glass flow in a glass melting furnace the finite element method is applied commercially, based on data or models for viscosity, density, thermal conductivity, heat capacity, absorption spectra, and other relevant properties of the glass melt. The finite element method may also be applied to glass fo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There have been a number of reported procedures which take advantage of a chemical reagent/catalyst to perform racemization of the starting material and an enzyme to selectively react with one enantiomer, called chemoenzymatic dynamic kinetic resolutions. PSL-C was utilized along with a ruthenium catalyst (for racemiza... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cellular metabolism is represented by a large number of metabolic reactions involving the conversion of the carbon source (usually glucose) into the building blocks needed for macromolecular biosynthesis. These reactions form metabolic networks within cells. These networks can then be used to study metabolism within ce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alliance Medical and Siemens Healthcare are the only producers in the United Kingdom. A dose of FDG in England costs about £130. In Northern Ireland, where there is a single supplier, doses cost up to £450. IBA Molecular North America and Zevacor Molecular, both of which are owned by Illinois Health and Science (IBAM ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The retromer complex is highly conserved: homologs have been found in C. elegans, mouse and human. The retromer complex consists of 5 proteins in yeast: Vps35p, Vps26p, Vps29p, Vps17p, Vps5p. The mammalian retromer consists of Vps26, Vps29, Vps35, SNX1 and SNX2, and possibly SNX5 and SNX6. It is proposed to act in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Recently, photoredox catalysis has been applied to biocatalysis, enabling unique, previously inaccessible transformations. Photoredox chemistry relies upon light to generate free radical intermediates. These radical intermediates are achiral thus racemic mixtures of product are obtained when no external chiral environm... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Contact angle, the angle at which a liquid droplet meets at a solid surface, is another way to characterize polymer surfaces. Contact angle (θ) is a measure of the wetting ability of the liquid on a solid surface. Generally, due to low surface energy, liquids will not wet polymer surfaces and the contact angle will be ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
All family members are capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of PIP, a phosphatidylinositol at the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane into the two second messengers, inositol trisphosphate (IP) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
The chemical reaction may be expressed as:
:1-phosphatidyl-1-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + HO -my... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The detector used in a spectroradiometer is determined by the wavelength over which the light is being measured, as well as the required dynamic range and sensitivity of the measurements. Basic spectroradiometer detector technologies generally fall into one of three groups: photoemissive detectors (e.g. photomultiplier... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Edward Frankland first reported the compound in 1848 from zinc and ethyl iodide, the first organozinc compound discovered. He improved the synthesis by using diethyl mercury as starting material. The contemporary synthesis consists of the reaction of a 1:1 mixture of ethyl iodide and ethyl bromide with a zinc-copper co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2019, Stephan and co-workers at the University of Toronto reported the first examples of di-vinyl-substituted diphosphenes via a ring opening/dimerization process from kinetically unstable 2H-phosphirenes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* [http://www.math.ucsb.edu/~atzberg/SIB_Codes/index.html Stochastic Immersed Boundary Methods in 3D, P. Atzberger, UCSB]
* [http://www.math.nyu.edu/~griffith/IBAMR/ Immersed Boundary Method for Adaptive Meshes in 3D, B. Griffith, NYU.]
* [http://www.math.utah.edu/IBIS/ Immersed Boundary Method for Uniform Meshes in 2D... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Paternò–Büchi reaction, named after Emanuele Paternò and George Büchi, who established its basic utility and form, is a photochemical reaction, specifically a 2+2 photocycloaddition, which forms four-membered oxetane rings from an excited carbonyl and reacting with an alkene.
With substrates benzaldehyde and 2-met... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the 2017 Queens Birthday Honours, Brooker was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to science. Later that year, she won the Hector Medal from the Royal Society of New Zealand. Also in 2017, Brooker was selected as one of the Royal Society Te Apārangis "150 women in 150 words", celebrati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Imiquimod (cardinally used in dermatology) is a TLR7 agonist, and its successor resiquimod, is a TLR7 and TLR8 agonist. Recently, resiquimod has been explored as an agent for cancer immunotherapy, acting through stimulation of tumor-associated macrophages.
Several TLR ligands are in clinical development or being tested... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If the heat flux of a boiling system is higher than the critical heat flux (CHF) of the system, the bulk fluid may boil, or in some cases, regions of the bulk fluid may boil where the fluid travels in small channels. Thus large bubbles form, sometimes blocking the passage of the fluid. This results in a departure from ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Salt hydrates (MN·nHO)
*Advantages
** High volumetric latent heat storage capacity
** Availability and low cost
** Sharp melting point
** High thermal conductivity
** High heat of fusion
** Non-flammable
** Sustainability
* Disadvantages
** Difficult to prevent incongruent melting and phase separation upon cycling, whi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hormone producing cells are found in the endocrine glands, such as the thyroid gland, ovaries, and testes. Hormonal signaling involves the following steps:
# Biosynthesis of a particular hormone in a particular tissue.
# Storage and secretion of the hormone.
# Transport of the hormone to the target cell(s).
# Recogniti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Мир-Бабаев М.Ф. Научный подвиг гения (к 100-летию со дня рождения Ю.Г. Мамедалиева) – «Consulting & Business», 2005, No.8, с.8–12.
* Mir-Babayev M.F. The role of Azerbaijan in the World's oil industry – “Oil-Industry History” (USA), 2011, v. 12, no. 1, p. 109–123.
* Mir-Babayev M.F. Formula of Victory (Yusif Mamedali... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The hydroboration reaction is a useful reaction to functionalize alkenes to alcohols. In the reaction the trimethylsilyl (TMS) group fulfill 2 roles in directing the stereoselectivity of the reaction. First, the bulky size of TMS helped the molecule to preferably adopt a conformation where the TMS is not close to the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ChemMedChem is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering medicinal chemistry. It is published by Wiley-VCH on behalf of Chemistry Europe. In addition to original research in the form of full papers and shorter communications, the journal contains review-type articles (reviews, minireviews, patent reviews, es... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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