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Over 50 years ago, in a lab in France, Ephrussi, et al. discovered a non-Mendelian inherited factor that is essential to respiration in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. S. cerevisiae without this factor, known as the ρ-factor, is described by the development of small colonies when compared to the wild-type yeast. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first step to deriving the Grashof number is manipulating the volume expansion coefficient, as follows.
The in the equation above, which represents specific volume, is not the same as the in the subsequent sections of this derivation, which will represent a velocity. This partial relation of the volume expansio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nevado joined the University of Zurich as an Assistant Professor in 2007. Her research has concentrated on catalysis and the development of selective, sustainable approaches to develop new materials. In particular, Nevado is interested in new approaches to construct C–C and C–X bonds based on transition metal catalysts... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
All elements aside from argon, neon, and helium form fluorides by direct reaction with fluorine. Chlorine is slightly more selective, but still reacts with most metals and heavier nonmetals. Following the usual trend, bromine is less reactive and iodine least of all. Of the many reactions possible, illustrative is the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Composite iron/bronze cannons were far less common, but were produced in substantial numbers during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The resulting bronze-iron composite cannons were superior to iron or bronze cannons in many respects. They were lighter, stronger, longer lasting, and able to withstand more intensive explosi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Passive transport of ions across a membrane can take place by three main mechanisms: by ferrying, through defects in a disrupted membrane, or through a defined trajectory; these corresponds to ionophore, detergent, and ion channel transporters. While synthetic ion channel research attempts to prepare compounds that sh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The 5' UTR of eukaryotes is more complex than prokaryotes. It contains a Kozak consensus sequence (ACCAUGG). This sequence contains the initiation codon. The initiation codon is the start site of translation into protein. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Though polysaccharides are also biopolymers, it is not so common to talk of sequencing a polysaccharide, for several reasons. Although many polysaccharides are linear, many have branches. Many different units (individual monosaccharides) can be used, and bonded in different ways. However, the main theoretical reason is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Keplerates are cages that are similar to edge-transistive {Cu} MOFs with AX stoichiometry. In fact, they can be thought of as metal-organic polyhedra. These cages are quite different than the types previously discussed as they are much larger, and contain many cavities. Complexes with large diameters can be desirable a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The mechanism(s) of photoinhibition are under debate, several mechanisms have been suggested. Reactive oxygen species, especially singlet oxygen, have a role in the acceptor-side, singlet oxygen and low-light mechanisms. In the manganese mechanism and the donor side mechanism, reactive oxygen species do not play a dire... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Runoff is analyzed by using mathematical models in combination with various water quality sampling methods. Measurements can be made using continuous automated water quality analysis instruments targeted on pollutants such as specific organic or inorganic chemicals, pH, turbidity etc. or targeted on secondary indicator... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As studies of the consequences of ocean acidification for marine organisms and ecosystems expanded rapidly over the past decade, the methods employed to evaluate the effects of expected future changes in ocean chemistry have become more sophisticated. Initial studies frequently involved measurements of the survival or ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CFC-113 can be prepared from hexachloroethane and hydrofluoric acid:
This reaction may require catalysts such as antimony, chromium, iron and alumina at high temperatures.
Another synthesis method uses HF on tetrachloroethylene instead. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some physical constraints are usually incorporated in the calculations. For example, all the concentrations of free reactants and species must have positive values and association constants must have positive values.
With spectrophotometric data the calculated molar absorptivity (or emissivity) values should all be pos... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Targeted temperature management is used during open-heart surgery because it decreases the metabolic needs of the brain, heart, and other organs, reducing the risk of damage to them. The patient is given medication to prevent shivering. The body is then cooled to 25–32 °C (79–89 °F). The heart is stopped and an externa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a simple reaction such as the isomerization:
there are two reactions to consider, the forward reaction in which the species A is converted into B and the backward reaction in which B is converted into A. If both reactions are elementary reactions, then the rate of reaction is given by
where is the rate constant for... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to textbook knowledge, it is possible to transform a liquid continuously into a gas, without undergoing a phase transition, by heating and compressing strongly enough to go around the critical point. However, different criteria still allow to distinguish liquid-like and more gas-like states of a supercritical... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the more common cell-sorting systems makes use of flow cytometry through fluorescence imaging. In this method, a suspension of biologic cells is sorted into two or more containers, based upon specific fluorescent characteristics of each cell during an assisted flow. By using an electrical charge that the cell is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The GLODAPv1.1 climatology contains analysed fields of "present day" (1990s) dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), alkalinity, carbon-14 (C), CFC-11 and CFC-12. The fields consist of three-dimensional, objectively-analysed global grids at 1° horizontal resolution, interpolated onto 33 standardised vertical intervals from ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Similar to the development of flow at the entrance of the [http://альтернатив.рф/news/2017-12-29/raschet-konomicheskogo-ffekta-pri-primenenii-stekloplastikovykh- pipe], the flow velocity profile changes before the exit of a pipe. The exit length is much shorter than the entrance length, and is not significant at modera... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Proteins formed by the translation of the mRNA (messenger RNA, a coded information from DNA for protein synthesis) play a major role in regulating gene expression. To understand how they regulate gene expression it is necessary to identify DNA sequences that they interact with. Techniques have been developed to identif... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thioamides are also a class of drugs that are used to control thyrotoxicosis.
Thioamides have been incorporated into peptides as isosteres for the amide bond. Peptide modifications are analogues of the native peptide, which can reveal the structure-activity relationship (SAR). Analogues of peptides can also be used as... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Variations in iron isotopic composition have been observed in meteorite samples from other planetary bodies. The Moon has variations in iron isotopes of 0.4‰ per atomic mass unit. Mars has very small isotope fractionation of 0.001 ± 0.006‰ per atomic mass unit. Vesta has iron fractionations of 0.010 ± 0.010‰ per atomic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2021, a study proposed that L1 elements may be responsible for potential endogenisation of the SARS-CoV-2 genome in Huh7 mutant cancer cells, which would possibly explain why some patients test PCR positive for SARS-CoV-2 even after clearance of the virus. These results however have been criticized as not reproducib... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An example of a simple, well-studied sulfinic acid is phenylsulfinic acid. A commercially important sulfinic acid is thiourea dioxide, which is prepared by the oxidation of thiourea with hydrogen peroxide.
:(NH)CS + 2HO → (NH)(NH)CSOH + 2HO
Another commercially important sulfinic acid is hydroxymethyl sulfinic acid, wh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
At the continental shelf the reflection and transmission of the tidal wave can lead to the generation of internal tides on the pycnocline. The surface (i.e. barotropic) tide generates these internal tides where stratified waters are forced upwards over a sloping bottom topography. The internal tide extracts energy from... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Highlighting a few of the published works that have employed SRCD in their research studies best illustrates the power of this technique. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* For a polymer to exhibit the thermally induced shape-memory effect, it must have anchor points for temporary and permanent shape. These can be physical (chain entanglements, crystals) or chemical (chemical crosslinking, curing, vulcanization).
* This effect in polymers depends on entropic forces and not on martensiti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kinetic theory provides insight into the macroscopic properties of gases by considering their molecular composition and motion. Starting with the definitions of momentum and kinetic energy, one can use the conservation of momentum and geometric relationships of a cube to relate macroscopic system properties of temperat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By the turn of the 21st century, several factors gave rise to concerns about a shortage of primary care in the United States . From an aging generation of baby boomers to increasing numbers of physician retirees, it was projected that the United States would be short about 40,000-52,000 physicians by the 2020s. Further... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
1961: Eugène Schuëller Prize (ENSCP)
1971: prize of the Organic Chemistry Division of the French Chemical Society
1986: La Caze Prize of the French Academy of sciences and Berthelot Medal of the French Academy of sciences
1988: CNRS silver medal
1993: Corresponding member of the French Academy of sciences.
... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbon nanofoam is an allotrope of carbon discovered in 1997 by Andrei V. Rode and co-workers at the Australian National University in Canberra. It consists of a cluster-assembly of carbon atoms strung together in a loose three-dimensional web. The fractal-like bond structure consists of sp graphite-like clusters conne... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering defines its scope as covering significant developments relevant to chemical engineering. It includes disciplines such as applied chemistry and biology, physics, and engineering with a focus on the development of chemical products and processes. As of 2023, Jour... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
William Frohring was brought on as part of the team with Gerstenberger and Ruh, and eventually became chief chemist on the project. The group's formula was based on diluted skimmed milk, with lactose and potassium chloride added to reach the human milk level. Among their novel contributions was to use mixtures of fats ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry and physics, cohesion (), also called cohesive attraction or cohesive force, is the action or property of like molecules sticking together, being mutually attractive. It is an intrinsic property of a substance that is caused by the shape and structure of its molecules, which makes the distribution of surro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei, usually deuterium and tritium (hydrogen isotopes), combine to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles (neutrons or protons). The difference in mass between the reactants and products is manifested as either the release or absorpti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Zinc chloride is the name of inorganic chemical compounds with the formula ZnCl·nHO, with x ranging from 0 to 4.5, forming hydrates. Zinc chloride, anhydrous and its hydrates are colorless or white crystalline solids, and are highly soluble in water. Five hydrates of zinc chloride are known, as well as four forms of a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hemoproteins have diverse biological functions including the transportation of diatomic gases, chemical catalysis, diatomic gas detection, and electron transfer. The heme iron serves as a source or sink of electrons during electron transfer or redox chemistry. In peroxidase reactions, the porphyrin molecule also serves... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Natural agents − Different natural products and their extracts, such as onion, pineapple, lemon, and white wine, are known to inhibit or slow the browning of some products. Onion and its extract exhibit potent anti-browning properties by inhibiting the PPO activity. Pineapple juice have shown to possess anti-browning ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Let be the effective absorption cross-section be effective emission cross-sections at frequency , and let be the effective temperature of the medium. The McCumber relation is
where
is thermal steady-state ratio of populations; frequency is called "zero-line" frequency;
is the Planck constant and
is the Boltzma... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The US Government Standard Bathroom Malodor, said to be one of the worst-smelling substances, is quoted as having this composition: (Note that this substance is a concoction) | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alkylation reactions of chiral (S)-1-amino-2-methoxymethylpyrrolidine (SAMP) and (R)-1-amino-2-methoxymethylpyrrolidine (RAMP) hydrazones were developed by Dieter Enders and E.J. Corey. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although there are numerous benefits in using the SQT approach, drawbacks in its use have been identified. The major limitations include: lack of statistical criteria development within the framework, large database requirements, difficulties in chemical mixture application, and data interpretation can be laboratory in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Activity coefficients of electrolyte solutions may be calculated theoretically, using the Debye–Hückel equation or extensions such as the Davies equation, Pitzer equations or TCPC model. Specific ion interaction theory (SIT) may also be used.
For non-electrolyte solutions correlative methods such as UNIQUAC, NRTL, MOSC... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most notable effects of eutrophication are vegetal blooms, sometimes toxic, loss of biodiversity and anoxia, which can lead to the massive death of aquatic organisms.
Due to the hypoxic conditions present in dead zones, marine life within these areas tends to be scarce. Most fish and motile organisms tend to emigra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As a consequence of the Pauli exclusion principle, nuclei with an excess of protons or neutrons have a higher average energy per nucleon. Nuclei with a sufficient excess of neutrons have a greater energy than the combination of a free neutron and a nucleus with one less neutron, and therefore can decay by neutron emiss... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Campo de Cartagena has valuable remains of its ancient past. In the city of Cartagena can be seen numerous monuments, museums and archaeological remains.
An attempt was made during the First Spanish Republic, on July 12 of 1873 to establish a canton in the Cartagena area. The insurgency took the name Cantonal Revol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Excitotoxicity can occur from substances produced within the body (endogenous excitotoxins). Glutamate is a prime example of an excitotoxin in the brain, and it is also the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of mammals. During normal conditions, glutamate concentration can be increased up t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* It requires extra computation to produce and optimize a set of loops.
* The dimension of the equations to be solved is smaller but they are much less sparse. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dispersants can be used to dissipate oil slicks. They may rapidly disperse large amounts of certain oil types from the sea surface by transferring it into the water column. They will cause the oil slick to break up and form water-soluble micelles that are rapidly diluted. Then effectively spread throughout a larger vol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oil extraction is simply the removal of oil from the reservoir (oil pool). There are many methods on extracting the oil from the reservoirs for example; mechanical shaking, water-in-oil emulsion, and specialty chemicals called demulsifiers that separate the oil from water. Oil extraction is costly and often environment... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biomaterials are used in:
# Joint replacements
# Bone plates
# Intraocular lenses (IOLs) for eye surgery
# Bone cement
# Artificial ligaments and tendons
# Dental implants for tooth fixation
# Blood vessel prostheses
# Heart valves
# Skin repair devices (artificial tissue)
# Cochlear replacements
# Contact lenses
# Br... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bharat is the author or co-author of over 46 scientific publications. These include:
* Jan Böhning, Mnar Ghrayeb, Conrado Pedebos, Daniel K. Abbas, Syma Khalid, Liraz Chai & Tanmay A. M. Bharat (2022) [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-34700-z Donor-strand exchange drives assembly of the TasA scaffold in Bacil... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Robert Edward Corbett (13 June 1923 – 3 February 2018) was a New Zealand organic chemist. He is noted for his contribution to natural product chemistry through the isolation and structural elucidation of compounds from New Zealand native plants. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DiffractGUI allows for an automated analysis of diffraction patterns and high-resolution images of single crystal or limited number of crystallites. It is able to determine crystal orientation, index individual diffraction spots and measure interplanar angles and distances in picometric precision. The input image may... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are a large number of proteins yet to be identified that transport Mg. Even in the best studied eukaryote, yeast, Borrelly has reported a Mg/H exchanger without an associated protein, which is probably localised to the Golgi. At least one other major Mg transporter in yeast is still unaccounted for, the one affec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Z-factor is defined in terms of four parameters: the means () and standard deviations () of samples (s) and controls (c). Given these values (, , and , ), the Z-factor is defined as:
For assays of agonist/activation type, the control (c) data (, ) in the equation are substituted with the positive control (p) data ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If the aquifer has recharging boundary conditions a steady-state may be reached (or it may be used as an approximation in many cases), and the diffusion equation (above) simplifies to the Laplace equation.
This equation states that hydraulic head is a harmonic function, and has many analogs in other fields. The Laplace... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Waste from the front end of the nuclear fuel cycle is usually alpha-emitting waste from the extraction of uranium. It often contains radium and its decay products.
Uranium dioxide (UO) concentrate from mining is a thousand or so times as radioactive as the granite used in buildings. It is refined from yellowcake (UO), ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Jung sets out the central thesis of the book: that Alchemy draws upon a vast array of symbols, images and patterns drawn from the Collective Unconscious. Jung defends his exploration of the Psyche and Soul against various critics who have accused him of being both religious and anti-religious depending on their point o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gunpowder was used for hydraulic engineering in China by 1541. Gunpowder blasting followed by dredging of the detritus was a technique which Chen Mu employed to improve the Grand Canal at the waterway where it crossed the Yellow River. In Europe, gunpowder was used in the construction of the Canal du Midi in Southern F... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The name "photo-reflectance" or "photoreflectance" is shortened from the term "photo-modulated reflectance," which describes the use of an intensity modulated light beam to perturb the reflectance of a sample. The technique has also been referred to as "modulated photo-reflectance," "modulated optical reflectance," and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Due to the regulatory role during transcription of epigenetic modifications in genes, it is not surprising that changes in epigenetic markers, such as acetylation, can contribute to cancer development. HDACs expression and activity in tumor cells is very different from normal cells. The overexpression and increased act... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cryoprotectants operate by increasing the solute concentration in cells. However, in order to be biologically viable they must easily penetrate and must not be toxic to cells. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For two homogeneous layers of fluids, of mean thickness h below the interface and h′ above – under the action of gravity and bounded above and below by horizontal rigid walls – the dispersion relationship ω = Ω(k) for gravity waves is provided by:
where again ρ and ρ′ are the densities below and above the interface, wh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The efficiency of a heat engine relates how much useful work is output for a given amount of heat energy input.
From the laws of thermodynamics, after a completed cycle:
:and therefore
:where
: is the net work extracted from the engine in one cycle. (It is negative, in the IUPAC convention, since work is done by the en... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One important class of condensation polymers are polyamides. They arise from the reaction of carboxylic acid and an amine. Examples include nylons and proteins. When prepared from amino-carboxylic acids, e.g. amino acids, the stoichiometry of the polymerization includes co-formation of water:
:n HN-X-COH → [HN-X-C(O... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Supramolecular complexes are held together by hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic forces, van der Waals forces, π-π interactions, and electrostatic effects, all of which can be described as noncovalent bonding. Applications include molecular recognition, host–guest chemistry and anion sensors.
A typical application in molecu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Demand-controlled ventilation (DCV, also known as Demand Control Ventilation) makes it possible to maintain air quality while conserving energy. ASHRAE has determined that: "It is consistent with the ventilation rate procedure that demand control be permitted for use to reduce the total outdoor air supply during period... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The manufacture of asbestos products began on the site in 1879, and by 1970 the factory had an annual output of 2,250,000 yards of asbestos cloth and of asbestos yarn. The dangerous nature of asbestos fibres had first been suspected in 1898, when Factory Inspector Lucy Deane reported: "The evil effects of asbestos dus... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In retrosynthetic analysis, a synthon is a hypothetical unit within a target molecule that represents a potential starting reagent in the retroactive synthesis of that target molecule. The term was coined in 1967 by E. J. Corey. He noted in 1988 that the "word synthon has now come to be used to mean synthetic building ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most systems are asymmetric under time reversal, but there may be phenomena with symmetry. In classical mechanics, a velocity v reverses under the operation of T, but an acceleration does not. Therefore, one models dissipative phenomena through terms that are odd in v. However, delicate experiments in which known sourc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nanocrystalline metals can be produced by rapid solidification from the liquid using a process such as melt spinning. This often produces an amorphous metal, which can be transformed into an nanocrystalline metal by annealing above the crystallization temperature. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A standard method for the preparation of N-acylamino acids is the Schotten-Baumann reaction, in which oleoyl chloride (from oleic acid and, e.g. phosphorus trichloride) is added to an aqueous solution of N-methylglycine at pH 10 (kept constant by the addition of sodium hydroxide solution).
Fatty acid-free N-oleoylsarco... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Moroidin, a bicyclic octapeptide, has been isolated from Dendrocnide moroides (also called Laportea moroides) and Celosia argentea. The structure of moroidin was confirmed in 2004 by X-ray crystallography. It contains two unusual crosslinks, one between leucine and tryptophan and the other between tryptophan and histid... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Deviations from perfect absorption and perfect black body behavior lead to light losses. For selective emitters, any light emitted at wavelengths not matched to the bandgap energy of the photovoltaic may not be efficiently converted, reducing efficiency. In particular, emissions associated with phonon resonances are di... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In first order reactions, the rate of reaction will be proportional to the concentration of the reactant. Thus the concentration will decrease exponentially.
as time progresses until it reaches zero, and the half-life will be constant, independent of concentration.
The time for to decrease from to in a first-order ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In June 2020, the Cold Atom Laboratory experiment on board the International Space Station successfully created a BEC of rubidium atoms and observed them for over a second in free-fall. Although initially just a proof of function, early results showed that, in the microgravity environment of the ISS, about half of the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SWAT is a continuous time model that operates on a daily time step at basin scale. The objective of such a model is to predict the long-term impacts in large basins of management and also timing of agricultural practices within a year (i.e., crop rotations, planting and harvest dates, irrigation, fertilizer, and pestic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The disulfide anion is , or S−S. In disulfide, sulfur exists in the reduced state with oxidation number −1. Its electron configuration then resembles that of a chlorine atom. It thus tends to form a covalent bond with another S center to form group, similar to elemental chlorine existing as the diatomic Cl. Oxygen ma... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*[http://www.acadsoft.co.uk/scdbase/scdbase.htm IUPAC SC-Database] A comprehensive database of published data on equilibrium constants of metal complexes and ligands
*[https://www.nist.gov/ts/msd/srd/nist46.cfm NIST Standard Reference Database 46] : Critically selected stability constants of metal complexes
*[https://... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sauvagine is a neuropeptide from the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of peptides and is orthologous to the mammalian hormone, urocortin 1, and the teleost fish hormone, urotensin 1. It is 40 amino acids in length, and has the sequence XGPPISIDLSLELLRKMIEIEKQEKEKQQAANNRLLLDTI-NH2, with a pyrrolidone carboxyl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ChemPRO 100 Chemical Detection System is a handheld chemical detector for field detection and classification of Chemical Warfare Agents. If mail arrives with an unidentified substance, this hand held detector can be used to immediately identify the chemical.
Hardened Mobile Trace Explosive Particle tests for a wide ran... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Survey magnetometers can be divided into two basic types:
*Scalar magnetometers measure the total strength of the magnetic field to which they are subjected, but not its direction
*Vector magnetometers have the capability to measure the component of the magnetic field in a particular direction, relative to the spatial ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are different ways to derive the summation theorems. One is analytical and rigorous using a combination of linear algebra and calculus. The other is less rigorous, but more operational and intuitive. The latter derivation is shown here.
Consider the two-step pathway:
where and are fixed species so that the syst... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In optics, Lamberts cosine law says that the radiant intensity or luminous intensity observed from an ideal diffusely reflecting surface or ideal diffuse radiator is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle θ between the observers line of sight and the surface normal; . The law is also known as the cosine emiss... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electrochemistry, a branch of chemistry, went through several changes during its evolution from early principles related to magnets in the early 16th and 17th centuries, to complex theories involving conductivity, electric charge and mathematical methods. The term electrochemistry was used to describe electrical phenom... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reporter genes can be used to assay for the activity of a particular promoter in a cell or organism. In this case there is no separate "gene of interest"; the reporter gene is simply placed under the control of the target promoter and the reporter gene product's activity is quantitatively measured. The results are norm... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The catalytic properties of eukaryotic complex I are not simple. Two catalytically and structurally distinct forms exist in any given preparation of the enzyme: one is the fully competent, so-called “active” A-form and the other is the catalytically silent, dormant, “inactive”, D-form. After exposure of idle enzyme to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mesoscopic methods operate on length and time scales between the particle and continuum levels. For this reason, they combine elements of particle-based dynamics and continuum hydrodynamics.
An example is the lattice Boltzmann method, which models a fluid as a collection of fictitious particles that exist on a lattice.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In step-growth polymerization, in order to achieve a high degree of polymerization (and hence molecular weight), , a high fractional monomer conversion, p, is required, according to Carothers equation For example, a monomer conversion of p' = 99% would be required to achieve .
For chain-growth free radical polymerizat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Zn isotope ratios vary on small scales throughout the terrestrial biosphere. Zn is released into soils during mineral weathering, and isotopes of Zn fractionate upon interaction with mineral and organic components in the soil. In 5 soil profiles collected from Iceland (all derived from the same parent basalt), soil δZn... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
n-Butyllithium CHLi (abbreviated n-BuLi) is an organolithium reagent. It is widely used as a polymerization initiator in the production of elastomers such as polybutadiene or styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS). Also, it is broadly employed as a strong base (superbase) in the synthesis of organic compounds as in the pharma... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbonaceous chondrite fission xenon (CCF Xe), are a collection of different isotopes of xenon that were thought to have arisen from the decay of a superheavy element within the island of stability. Early studies proposed that the half life of the theoretical progenitor of CCF Xe to be on the order of 10 years. A later... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A number of formal [2+2+2] cycloadditions have been realized under Nb catalysis, including alkyne trimerizations and couplings of alkynes with alkenes or nitriles to form cyclohexadienes or pyridines, respectively. Typically a Nb(III) catalyst will form a Nb(V) metallocyclopropene with a terminal alkyne component and t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Calcium hydroxide is poorly soluble in water, with a retrograde solubility increasing from 0.66 g/L at 100 °C to 1.89 g/L at 0 °C. With a solubility product K of 5.02 at 25 °C, its dissociation in water is large enough that its solutions are basic according to the following dissolution reaction:
: Ca(OH) → Ca + 2 OH
At... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ScBSi has a tetragonal crystal structure with space group P422 (No. 92) or P422 and lattice constants of a, b = 1.03081(2) and c = 1.42589(3) nm; it is
isotypic to the α-AlB structure type. There are 28 atomic sites in the unit cell, which are assigned to 3 scandium atoms, 24 boron atoms and one silicon atom. Atomic co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Despite early successes such as the determination of the positions of hydrogen atoms in NHCl crystals by W. E. Laschkarew and I. D. Usykin in 1933, boric acid by John M. Cowley in 1953 and orthoboric acid by William Houlder Zachariasen in 1954, electron diffraction for many years was a qualitative technique used to che... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic compounds that have a high vapor pressure at room temperature. High vapor pressure correlates with a low boiling point, which relates to the number of the sample's molecules in the surrounding air, a trait known as volatility.
VOCs are responsible for the odor of scents and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Imaging of biophotons from leaves has been used as a method for assaying R gene responses. These genes and their associated proteins are responsible for pathogen recognition and activation of defense signaling networks leading to the hypersensitive response, which is one of the mechanisms of the resistance of plants to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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