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In general terms, the free energy change (ΔG) of a reaction determines whether a chemical change will take place, but kinetics describes how fast the reaction is. A reaction can be very exothermic and have a very positive entropy change but will not happen in practice if the reaction is too slow. If a reactant can prod... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Indoor tanning involves using a device that emits ultraviolet radiation to produce a cosmetic tan. Typically found in tanning salons, gyms, spas, hotels, and sporting facilities, and less often in private residences, the most common device is a horizontal tanning bed, also known as a sunbed or solarium. Vertical device... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In particle physics and nuclear physics, the branching fraction (or branching ratio) for a decay is the fraction of particles which decay by an individual decay mode or with respect to the total number of particles which decay. It applies to either the radioactive decay of atoms or the decay of elementary particles. It... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Calcium silicate hydrates (or C-S-H) are the main products of the hydration of Portland cement and are primarily responsible for the strength of cement-based materials. They are the main binding phase ("the glue") in most concrete. Only well defined and rare natural crystalline minerals can be abbreviated as CSH while ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The pathway bears resemblance to CAM; both act to concentrate around RuBisCO, thereby increasing its efficiency. CAM concentrates it temporally, providing during the day, and not at night, when respiration is the dominant reaction. plants, in contrast, concentrate spatially, with a RuBisCO reaction centre in a "bu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A double bond between two carbon atoms forces the remaining four bonds (if they are single) to lie on the same plane, perpendicular to the plane of the bond as defined by its π orbital. If the two bonds on each carbon connect to different atoms, two distinct conformations are possible, that differ from each other by a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
20β-Dihydroprogesterone (20β-DHP), also known as 20β-hydroxyprogesterone (20β-OHP), is an endogenous metabolite of progesterone which is formed by 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20β-HSD). It is a progestogen similarly to progesterone, with about 20 to 50% of the progestogenic activity of progesterone. It can be conv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tanning booths (also known as stand-up sunbeds) are vertical enclosures; the tanner stands during exposure, hanging onto straps or handrails, and is surrounded by tanning bulbs. In most models, the tanner closes a door, but there are open designs too. Some booths use the same electronics and lamps as tanning beds, but ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A photon absorbed by the manganese ions of the oxygen-evolving complex triggers inactivation of the oxygen-evolving complex. Further inhibition of the remaining electron transport reactions occurs like in the donor-side mechanism. The mechanism is supported by the action spectrum of photoinhibition. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
International Standard ISO 20560-1 Safety information for the content of piping systems and tanks — Part 1: Piping systems was intended to replace the variety of regulations and standards across countries and regions. Basic identification colours and warning symbols identify the pipe contents and any hazards.
Pipe mark... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
On selection as a remedy, implementation of SVE involves the following elements: system design, operation, optimization, performance assessment, and closure. Several guidance documents provide information on these implementation aspects. EPA and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) guidance documents establish an ov... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With the velocity vector expanded as and similarly the body force vector , we may write the vector equation explicitly,
We arrive at these equations by making the assumptions that and the density is a constant. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Protonation of basic sites in systems comprising a chromophore and a luminescent metal center leads the way for pH sensors. Some initially proposed systems were based on pyridine derivatives but these were not stable in water. More robust sensors have been proposed in which the core is a substituted macrocycle usually ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The original sequence is reconstructed from the reads using sequence assembly software. First, overlapping reads are collected into longer composite sequences known as contigs. Contigs can be linked together into scaffolds by following connections between mate pairs. The distance between contigs can be inferred from th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When the temperature of concrete exceeds 65 °C for too long a time at an early age, the crystallization of ettringite (AFt) does not occur because of its higher solubility at elevated temperature and the then less soluble mono-sulfate (AFm) is formed. After dissipation of the cement hydration heat, temperature goes bac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In general, radical cyclization to produce small rings is difficult. However, it is possible to trap the cyclized radical before re-opening. This process can be facilitated by fragmentation (see the three-membered case below) or by stabilization of the cyclized radical (see the four-membered case). Five- and six-member... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Agricultural chemistry encompases the science and technology of producing not only edible crops, but feedstocks for fuels ("biofuels") and materials. Ethanol fuel obtained by fermentation of sugars. Biodiesel is derived from fats, both animal- and plant-derived. Methane can be recovered from manure and other ag wast... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This chemical similarity can be exploited in cancer, where a protein may mutate into an "always on" (constitutively active) state. A mutation may occur to replace a tyrosine (which needs to be phosphorylated in order to activate the protein) with an aspartic acid (which would not need to be phosphorylated). In a labora... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Protein crystallization is governed by the same physics that governs the formation of inorganic crystals. For crystallization to occur spontaneously, the crystal state must be favored thermodynamically. This is described by Gibb's free energy (∆G), defined as ∆G = ∆H- T∆S, which captures how the energetics of a process... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photolysis is performed resulting in photoactivation of the TIVA tag in the target cell or cells. Specifically, uncaging of the TIVA tag is accomplished using a 405-nm laser while measuring FRET excited by 514 nm. During this process, the mRNA-capturing moiety is released and subsequently anneals to the poly(A) tail of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Galen was a philosopher, physician, pharmacist and prolific medical writer. He compiled an extensive record of the medical knowledge of his day and added his own observations. He wrote on the structure of organs, but not their uses; the pulse and its association with respiration; the arteries and the movement of blood;... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The acoustical property of the speed of sound through a foam is of interest when analyzing failures of hydraulic components. The analysis involves calculating total hydraulic cycles to fatigue failure. The speed of sound in a foam is determined by the mechanical properties of the gas creating the foam: oxygen, nitrogen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sepro designs and builds modular and mobile processing plants for a wide range of mineral applications. Complete plants can be assembled using Sepro manufactured equipment along with equipment from third-party vendors and sub-contractors.
Sepro Mobile Plants are designed to be easily re-locatable as they are mounted o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One example of controlling the environment to prevent or reduce corrosion is the practice of storing aircraft in deserts. These storage places are usually called aircraft boneyards. The climate is usually arid so this and other factors make it an ideal environment. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the medical field, microrobots that use swimming motions to move may make micromanipulations in unreachable environments.
The equation used for a blood vessel:
where,
: f = oscillation frequency of the microbot swimming motion
: D = blood vessel diameter
: V = unsteady viscoelastic flow
The Strouhal number is used ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Perstraction has been combined with the ABE (acetone butanol ethanol) fermentation for butanol production. Butanol is toxic to the fermentation, therefore perstraction can be applied to remove the butanol from the vicinity of the bacteria as soon as it is produced. Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) was combined with the A... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The development of VR started in 1957, after the Soviet Union obtained information about detection of high level of toxicity in phosphorylthiocholines (the same year Lars-Erik Tammelin published his first articles on fluorophosphorylcholines and phosphorylthiocholines in Acta Chemica Scandinavica) by a team from the So... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Polevskoy Copper Smelting Plant (), also known as Polevaya or Poleva, was one of the major metallurgical facilities located in Polevskoy, in Sverdlovsk Oblast of Russia. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Euhedral crystals have flat faces with sharp angles. The flat faces (also called facets) are oriented in a specific way relative to the underlying atomic arrangement of the crystal: They are planes of relatively low Miller index. This occurs because some surface orientations are more stable than others (lower surface e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Crams rule of asymmetric induction states In certain non-catalytic reactions that diastereomer will predominate, which could be formed by the approach of the entering group from the least hindered side when the rotational conformation of the C-C bond is such that the double bond is flanked by the two least bulky gr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Isopentenyl pyrophosphate converts to geranyl pyrophosphate, the precursor to tens of thousands of terpeness and terpenoids. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) results from transferring spin polarization from electrons to nuclei, thereby aligning the nuclear spins to the extent that electron spins are aligned. Note that the alignment of electron spins at a given magnetic field and temperature is described by the Boltzmann distribution under ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Jostel's TSH index can be calculated with
from equilibrium serum concentrations of thyrotropin (TSH), free T4 (FT4) and a correction coefficient derived from the logarithmic standard model (β = 0.1345).
An alternative standardised form (standardised TSH index or sTSHI) is calculated with.
as a z-transformed value incor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Immunofluorescence (IF) on ethanol-fixed neutrophils is used to detect ANCA, although formalin-fixed neutrophils may be used to help differentiate ANCA patterns. ANCA can be divided into four patterns when visualised by IF; cytoplasmic ANCA (c-ANCA), C-ANCA (atypical), perinuclear ANCA (p-ANCA) and atypical ANCA (a-ANC... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
AMGs may be integrated into cellular signaling pathways, influencing the transmission of signals related to energy status, nutrient availability, or stress. By modulating these signaling pathways, AMGs can indirectly regulate metabolic processes. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chloride inclusions (MgCl, NaCl, CaCl, …) are a special type of inclusion as they are liquid in liquid metal. When aluminium solidifies, they form spherical voids similar to hydrogen gas porosity but the void contains a chloride crystal formed when aluminium became colder. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These luxurious products were most often sold in important jewellery stores. Sometimes the retailer's paper labels survived the cleaning attempts of the last decades, and these labels are always a keen addition for any collector. They confirm that silver overlay porcelain and glass was sold all over Germany.
Friedrich ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When a liquid drop strikes the surface of a liquid reservoir, it will either float, bounce, coalesce with the reservoir, or splash. In the case of floating, a drop will float on the surface for several seconds. Cleanliness of the liquid surface is reportedly very important in the ability of drops to float. Drop bouncin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Flutamide, sold under the brand name Eulexin among others, is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) which is used primarily to treat prostate cancer. It is also used in the treatment of androgen-dependent conditions like acne, excessive hair growth, and high androgen levels in women. It is taken by mouth, usually three ti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thiourea is an essential reagent in the Kurnakov test used to differentiate cis- and trans- isomers of certain square planar platinum complexes. The reaction was discovered in 1893 by Russian chemist Nikolai Kurnakov and is still performed as an assay for compounds of this type. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The chemical structure of penicillin was first suggested by Abraham in 1942. Dorothy Hodgkin determined the correct chemical structure of penicillin using X-ray crystallography at Oxford in 1945. In 1945, the US Committee on Medical Research and the British Medical Research Council jointly published in Science a chemic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Born on 29 January 1917 as the fourth in a family of six children. Nyholms father, Eric Edward Nyholm (1878–1932) was a railway guard. Nyholms paternal grandfather, Erik Nyholm (1850–1887) was a coppersmith born in Nykarleby in the Swedish-speaking part of Finland, who migrated to Adelaide in 1873. Ronald Nyholm valu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are many physical separation processes similar to the belt filter press used for dewatering, including centrifuges, vacuum-disc filters, and the plate and frame filter press. When compared to other compression filters, belt filters use relatively lower pressures. Although centrifuges have lower moisture content, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The pressure cell is connected to a source of compressed gas (such as Argon, Helium or Nitrogen). A capillary is placed through a ferrule in the cap so that one end is in contact with the liquid in the tube or vial. The distal end of the capillary is fritted to retain the particles while packing. Pressure from the c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Balle, Campbell, Keenan and Flygare demonstrated that the FTMW technique can be applied within a "free space cell" comprising an evacuated chamber containing a Fabry-Perot cavity. This technique allows a sample to be probed only milliseconds after it undergoes rapid cooling to only a few kelvins in the throat of an exp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When pressure is applied on an incompressible fluid the velocity of the fluid will change. The fluid accelerates or decelerates depending on the relative direction of pressure with respect to the flow direction. This is because applying pressure on the fluid has caused momentum diffusion in that direction. Understandin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Of the 25 known isotopes of sulfur, four are stable. In order of their abundance, those isotopes are S (94.93%), S (4.29%), S (0.76%), and S (0.02%). The δS value refers to a measure of the ratio of the two most common stable sulfur isotopes, S:S, as measured in a sample against that same ratio as measured in a known r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the protonation of an enolate ion, the kinetic product is the enol and the thermodynamic product is a ketone or aldehyde. Carbonyl compounds and their enols interchange rapidly by proton transfers catalyzed by acids or bases, even in trace amounts, in this case mediated by the enolate or the proton source.
In the de... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Following the unanimous ratification of the 1987 Montreal Protocolin response to concerns about the role of concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in ozone layer-depletion in the stratospherea process was put into place to gradually phase out and replace CFC-13 and all the other CFCs. Research in the 1980s said t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nucleophiles add readily to the carbonyl group. In the product, the carbonyl carbon becomes sp-hybridized, being bonded to the nucleophile, and the oxygen center becomes protonated:
In many cases, a water molecule is removed after the addition takes place; in this case, the reaction is classed as an addition–eliminatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Theories of the structure of water involve three-dimensional networks of tetrahedra and chains and rings, linked via hydrogen bonding.
A polycatenated network, with rings formed from metal-templated hemispheres linked by hydrogen bonds, was reported in 2008.
In organic chemistry, hydrogen bonding is known to facilitate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The following Figure 9 summarizes the principle of interpretation of:
* Results measured by IRMS (isotopic deviation of δ C), which enables discrimination of plants according to their CO photosynthetic metabolism (C4 like can or maize versus C3 like beet, orange or grape)
* With results measured by SNIF-NMR ((D / H)I )... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Jameson Cell is a high-intensity froth flotation cell that was invented by Laureate Professor Graeme Jameson of the University of Newcastle (Australia) and developed in conjunction with Mount Isa Mines Limited ("MIM", a subsidiary of MIM Holdings Limited and now part of the Glencore group of companies). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, Stokes problem also known as Stokes second problem or sometimes referred to as Stokes boundary layer or Oscillating boundary layer is a problem of determining the flow created by an oscillating solid surface, named after Sir George Stokes. This is considered one of the simplest unsteady problems that... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Global shortages of technetium-99m emerged in the late 2000s because two aging nuclear reactors (NRU and HFR) that provided about two-thirds of the world's supply of molybdenum-99, which itself has a half-life of only 66 hours, were shut down repeatedly for extended maintenance periods. In May 2009 the Atomic Energy of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sewage treatment plants can have significant effects on the biotic status of receiving waters and can cause some water pollution, especially if the treatment process used is only basic. For example, for sewage treatment plants without nutrient removal, eutrophication of receiving water bodies can be a problem. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
HERVs are classified based on their homologies to animal retroviruses. Families belonging to Class I are similar in sequence to mammalian Gammaretroviruses (type C) and Epsilonretroviruses (Type E). Families belonging to Class II show homology to mammalian Betaretroviruses (Type B) and Deltaretroviruses (Type D). Fami... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Current living forms on Earth are essentially composed of four types of molecular entities: (i) nucleic acids, (ii) proteins, (iii) carbohydrates, and (iv) lipids. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) embody and express the genetic information and, together, constitute the genome and the apparatus for its expression (the genot... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Bioassays. Test organisms are exposed to an environment and their response is measured. Typical organisms used in bioassays are certain species of plants, bacteria, fish, water fleas (Daphnia), and frogs.
* Community assessments. Also called biosurveys. An entire community of organisms is sampled to see what types of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
By improving water quality, reducing air temperatures and pollution, green infrastructure provides many public health benefits. Cooler and cleaner air can help reduce heat related illnesses like exhaustion and heatstroke, as well as respiratory problems like asthma. Cleaner and healthier waterways also means less illne... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The idea for anti-Stokes cooling was first advanced by Pringsheim in 1929. While Doppler cooling lowers the translational temperature of a sample, anti-Stokes cooling decreases the vibrational or phonon excitation of a medium. This is accomplished by pumping a substance with a laser beam from a low-lying energy state... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After the petition was received, William Tilden, the President of the Chemical Society in 1905, led agreement from Council that the Petition should be acted upon and that the Society's byelaws should be modified to give qualified women all the privileges of fellows, except for the power to hold office or vote at meetin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Butyrate is produced by several fermentation processes performed by obligate anaerobic bacteria. This fermentation pathway was discovered by Louis Pasteur in 1861. Examples of butyrate-producing species of bacteria:
*Clostridium butyricum
*Clostridium kluyveri
*Clostridium pasteurianum
*Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
*Fu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During the 15th century, Leonardo da Vinci was one of the first to propose that mountain streams could result from the rise of water through small capillary cracks.
It is later, in the 17th century, that the theories about the origin of capillary action begin to appear. Jacques Rohault erroneously supposed that the ri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Protein adsorption refers to the adhesion of proteins to solid surfaces. This phenomenon is an important issue in the food processing industry, particularly in milk processing and wine and beer making. Excessive adsorption, or protein fouling, can lead to health and sanitation issues, as the adsorbed protein is very ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Corrin is a heterocyclic compound. Although not known to exist on its own, the molecule is of interest as the parent macrocycle related to the cofactor and chromophore in vitamin B. Its name reflects that it is the "core" of vitamin B (cobalamins). Compounds with a corrin core are known as "corrins".
There are two chi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2008 the group of Barry M. Trost of Stanford University published the shortest synthetic route to date. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1980, Mingos was award the Corday-Morgan Medal and Prize of the Royal Society of Chemistry. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1992. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Day was a pioneer of materials chemistry, seeking unusual physical properties in inorganic and metal–organic compounds and models to explain them. He played a major role in the development of mixed-valence chemistry, and has carried out important and elegant experimental and theoretical work on the spectra, magnetic pr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
High photon intensity experiments can involve multiphoton processes with the absorption of integer multiples of the photon energy. In experiments that involve a multiphoton resonance, the intermediate is often a low-lying Rydberg state, and the final state is often an ion. The initial state of the system, photon energy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
mA is not only found on mRNAs, various non-coding RNAs also contain this mark. For instance, XIST, the lncRNA that initiates X-inactivation, is enriched in mA. These mA are recognized and bound by the YTH domain protein YTHDC1. XIST mediated silencing of the X chromosome is negatively affected when XIST is not modified... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Formaldehyde can be determined in electroless copper plating solutions by the addition of an excess of sodium sulfite solution and titrating the liberated hydroxyl ion with standard acid.
: HC=O + HSO + HO → [HO-CH-SO] + OH | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In working skeletal muscles and the brain, Phosphocreatine is stored as a readily available high-energy phosphate supply, and the enzyme creatine phosphokinase transfers a phosphate from phosphocreatine to ADP to produce ATP. Then the ATP releases giving chemical energy. This is sometimes erroneously considered to be s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first heat-shrinkable sleeves were introduced as polyethylene pipeline coatings started to replace bituminous or tape coatings in the oil and gas industry. At the time, the processing for polyethylene to make the sleeve backing was new technology and the adhesives used in sleeves were much the same as those used on... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dynamic recrystallization is the process of removing the internal strain that remains in grains during deformation. This happens by the reorganization of a material with a change in grain size, shape, and orientation within the same mineral. When recrystallization occurs after deformation has come to an end and particu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To dissipate the thermal load of main turbine exhaust steam, condensate from gland steam condenser, and condensate from Low Pressure Heater by providing a continuous supply of cooling water to the main condenser thereby leading to condensation.
The consumption of cooling water by inland power stations is estimated to r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Otto studied chemistry at the University of Groningen and in 1994, he received his Master's degree, focusing on physical organic chemistry and biochemistry, with the distinction cum laude. In 1998, he obtained his PhD, again with the distinction cum laude, from his supervisor Prof. Jan B.F.N. Engberts for his thesis en... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
BLOSUM matrices are also used as a scoring matrix when comparing DNA sequences or protein sequences to judge the quality of the alignment. This form of scoring system is utilized by a wide range of alignment software including BLAST. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Suppose the extent of the fluid domain be with representing a free surface. Then the solution as shown by Chia-Shun Yih in 1968 is given by
where | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nitric acid is the inorganic compound with the formula . It is a highly corrosive mineral acid. The compound is colorless, but samples tend to acquire a yellow cast over time due to decomposition into oxides of nitrogen. Most commercially available nitric acid has a concentration of 68% in water. When the solution cont... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An anti-graffiti coating is a coating that prevents graffiti paint from bonding to surfaces.
Cleaning graffiti off buildings costs billions of dollars annually . Many cities have started anti-graffiti programs but vandalism is still a problem. Companies across the globe are attempting to develop coatings to prevent van... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Excitatory amino acids (EAA) will activate post-synaptic cells. inhibitory amino acids (IAA) depress the activity of post-synaptic cells. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This experiment demonstrates the properties of acids, bases, pH indicators, and the properties of carbon dioxide. First, a large amount of universal indicator is added to water to facilitate the visual detection of changes in the solution's pH. Then, a few drops of ammonia (NH) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is mixed into ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, a pseudorotation is a set of intramolecular movements of attached groups (i.e., ligands) on a highly symmetric molecule, leading to a molecule indistinguishable from the initial one. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) defines a pseudorotation as a "stereoisomerization resulting ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfur in natural materials can vary widely in isotopic composition: compilations of the δS values of natural sulfur-containing materials include values ranging from −55‰ to 135‰ VCDT. The ranges of δS values vary across sulfur-containing materials: for example, the sulfur in animal tissue ranges from ~ −10 to +20‰ VCD... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Naturally occurring strontium is nonradioactive and nontoxic at levels normally found in the environment, but Sr is a radiation hazard. Sr undergoes β decay with a half-life of 28.79 years and a decay energy of 0.546 MeV distributed to an electron, an antineutrino, and the yttrium isotope Y, which in turn undergoes β d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The technique was developed in 1983 by Kary Mullis, PCR is now a common and important technique used in medical and biological research labs for a variety of applications.
PCR, or Polymerase Chain Reaction, is a widely used molecular biology technique to amplify a specific DNA sequence.
Amplification is achieved by a s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first crystalline sponges developed by Makoto Fujita is [(Co(NCS))(TPT)], which is an infinitely extensive framework of Co octahedral complex. Each octahedral complex is composed of six Co(NCS) vertexes and four 2,4,6-tris(4-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPT) ligands. Besides the basic octahedral cavity (ML), there are ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A micellar cubic phase is a lyotropic liquid crystal phase formed when the concentration of micelles dispersed in a solvent (usually water) is sufficiently high that they are forced to pack into a structure having a long-ranged positional (translational) order. For example, spherical micelles a cubic packing of a body-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electroslag remelting (ESR), also known as electro-flux remelting, is a process of remelting and refining steel and other alloys for mission-critical applications in aircraft, thermal power stations, nuclear power plants, military technology and others.
The electroslag remelting (ESR) process is used to remelt and refi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The final conversion of the common corrinoid intermediate 2 (fig. 6) from the two approaches into the target cobyric acid required the introduction of the two missing methyl groups at the meso positions of the corrin chromophore between rings A/B and C/D, as well as the conversion of all peripheral carboxyl functions i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Myogenin has been shown to interact with:
* MDFI,
* POLR2C,
* Serum response factor
* Sp1 transcription factor, and
* TCF3. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Green infrastructure programs managed by EPA and partner organizations are intended to improve water quality generally through more extensive management of stormwater runoff. The practices are expected to reduce stress on traditional water drainage infrastructure--storm sewers and combined sewers—which are typically ex... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermometric titrimetry is particularly suited to the determination of a range of analytes where a precipitate is formed by reaction with the titrant. In some cases, an alternative to traditional potentiometric titration practice can be offered. In other cases, reaction chemistries may be employed for which there is no... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, the capped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry describes the shape of compounds where seven atoms or groups of atoms or ligands are arranged around a central atom defining the vertices of an augmented triangular prism. This shape has C symmetry and is one of the three common shapes for heptacoordinate t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Isotopic analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance allows the user to quantify with great precision the differences of isotopic contents on each site of a molecule and thus to measure the specific natural isotope fractionation for each site of this molecule. The SNIF-NMR analytical method was developed to detect the (over... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Almost two decades later, René Just Haüy introduced wooden crystal models to illustrate the two-dimensional drawings in the atlas volume of his "Traité de Minéralogie" (1801). For the production of crystal models, wood appeared to be much more convenient than clay. Especially pear wood permitted getting smooth faces, s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The appropriate halocarbyne precursors of choice can be reacted with organolithium reagents to afford the respective lithiocarbyne derivate by virtue of lithium/halogen exchange. This species can serve as a lynchpin for subsequent carbide linkage with an additional metal complex. Phosphine-based analogues were first in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In order to define and characterize a biosynthetic gene cluster, all the putative genes within said cluster must first be identified and their functions must be characterized. This can be performed by complementation and knock out experiments. In the process of characterizing putative genes, the genome under study beco... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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