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Photoacoustic spectroscopy is the measurement of the effect of absorbed electromagnetic energy (particularly of light) on matter by means of acoustic detection. The discovery of the photoacoustic effect dates to 1880 when Alexander Graham Bell showed that thin discs emitted sound when exposed to a beam of sunlight that... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Q-vectors can be determined wholly with: geopotential height () and temperature on a constant pressure surface. Q-vectors always point in the direction of ascending air. For an idealized cyclone and anticyclone in the Northern Hemisphere (where ), cyclones have Q-vectors which point parallel to the thermal wind and ant... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2006, American Elements discovered new technology allowing for the casting of seamless iridium rings for use in spacecraft and satellites. In 2016, the company utilized the same technology to introduce a line of iridium wedding bands marketed under the trademark Smithson Tennant. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermophysical properties - [http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/TTHB/2/R410a-eng.html Properties of refrigerant R410a] | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Organic scintillators are aromatic hydrocarbon compounds which contain benzene ring structures interlinked in various ways. Their luminescence typically decays within a few nanoseconds.
Some organic scintillators are pure crystals. The most common types are anthracene (, decay time ≈30 ns), stilbene (, 4.5 ns decay tim... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ferenc Szabadváry (1 September 1923 – 21 May 2006) was a Hungarian chemist and historian. From 1971 he was director at the Hungarian National Museum for Science and Technology.
In 1960 he published a history of analytical chemistry in Hungarian. A translation was made by Gyula Svehla in 1966, first published with Perga... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
LDH is involved in tumor initiation and metabolism. Cancer cells rely on increased glycolysis resulting in increased lactate production in addition to aerobic respiration in the mitochondria, even under oxygen-sufficient conditions (a process known as the Warburg effect). This state of fermentative glycolysis is cata... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Secondary electrons are also the main means of viewing images in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The range of secondary electrons depends on the energy. Plotting the inelastic mean free path as a function of energy often shows characteristics of the "universal curve" familiar to electron spectroscopists and su... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1989–2013, 1,236 publications of the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute were assessed. The institute technique for enrichment of ilmenite with titanium dioxide has been evaluated externally. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Van den Bergh reaction is a chemical reaction used to measure bilirubin levels in blood. More specifically, it determines the amount of conjugated bilirubin in the blood. The reaction produces azobilirubin.
Principle: bilirubin reacts with diazotised sulphanilic acid to produce purple coloured azobilirubin. This reacti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Malate dehydrogenase () (MDH) is an enzyme that reversibly catalyzes the oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate using the reduction of NAD to NADH. This reaction is part of many metabolic pathways, including the citric acid cycle. Other malate dehydrogenases, which have other EC numbers and catalyze other reactions oxidiz... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alkanediazonium ions, otherwise rarely encountered in organic chemistry, are implicated as the causative agents in the carcinogens. Specifically, nitrosamines are thought to undergo metabolic activation to produce alkanediazonium species. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Denmarks first full-scale wind-Hydrogen energy plant and testing facility, the Lolland Hydrogen Community, began operation in May 2007. It is also the European Unions first full-scale Hydrogen Community Demonstration facility for residential Fuel Cell Combined Heat and Power (CHP).
Phase 3 of the project that ran until... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
However, according to the authors of the paper entitled, “Method for optimizing design and rehabilitation of water distribution systems”, “the least capacity is not a desirable solution to a sustainable water supply network in a long term, due to the uncertainty of the future demand”. It is preferable to provide extra ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For water waves on an incompressible fluid and irrotational flow in the plane, the boundary conditions at the free surface elevation are:
where:
* is the horizontal flow velocity component: ,
* is the vertical flow velocity component: ,
* is the acceleration by gravity.
Now the Boussinesq approximation for the veloci... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A mixture of copper and iron sulfides referred to as matte is treated in converters to oxidize iron in the first stage, and oxidize copper in the second stage. In the first stage oxygen enriched air is blown through the tuyeres to partially convert metal sulfides to oxides:
:FeS + O → FeO + SO
:CuS + O → CuO + SO
Since... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lyophilized drugs are stored in vials, cartridges, dual chamber syringes, and prefilled mixing systems.
Lyophilization, or freeze drying, is a process that removes water from a liquid drug creating a solid powder, or cake. The lyophilized product is stable for extended periods of time and could allow storage at higher ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tensile testings were performed on nanocomposite hydrogels to measure the stress and strain it experiences when elongated under room temperature. The results show that this material can be stretched up to 1000% of its original length. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* [https://archive.org/details/theorysound00raylgoog The Theory of Sound vol. I] (London : Macmillan, 1877, 1894) (alternative link: [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k951307 Bibliothèque Nationale de France] OR (Cambridge: University Press, reissued 2011, )
* [https://archive.org/details/theorysound05raylgoog The ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PUREX (plutonium uranium reduction extraction) is a chemical method used to purify fuel for nuclear reactors or nuclear weapons. PUREX is the de facto standard aqueous nuclear reprocessing method for the recovery of uranium and plutonium from used nuclear fuel (spent nuclear fuel, or irradiated nuclear fuel). It is ba... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electron transfer reactions are central to myriad processes and properties in soils, and redox potential, quantified as Eh (platinum electrode potential (voltage) relative to the standard hydrogen electrode) or pe (analogous to pH as -log electron activity), is a master variable, along with pH, that controls and is gov... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Biochemical Society, London
*American Chemical Society
*Grandmaster, United Grand Masonic Lodge of Queensland | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cisplatin is administered intravenously as short-term infusion in normal saline for treatment of solid and haematological malignancies. It is used to treat various types of cancers, including sarcomas, some carcinomas (e.g., small cell lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and ovarian cancer), lymph... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Small RNA sequencing (Small RNA-Seq) is a type of RNA sequencing based on the use of NGS technologies that allows to isolate and get information about noncoding RNA molecules in order to evaluate and discover new forms of small RNA and to predict their possible functions. By using this technique, it is possible to disc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Eukaryotic ribosomes are known to bind to transcripts in a mechanism unlike the one involving the 5' cap, at a sequence called the internal ribosome entry site. This process is not dependent on the full set of translation initiation factors (although this depends on the specific IRES) and is commonly found in the trans... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The following Radiological protection instruments can be used to detect and measure ionizing radiation:
*Ionization chambers
*Gaseous ionization detectors
*Geiger counters
*Photodetectors
*Scintillation counters
*Semiconductor detectors
category:Radiation protection | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The metallothermic reduction of anhydrous rare-earth fluorides to rare-earth metals is also referred to as the Ames process.
The study of rare earths was also advanced during World War II: Synthetic plutonium was believed to be rare-earth-like, it was assumed that knowledge of rare earths would assist in planning for ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With Lewis acid catalysts like ferric chloride or aluminium chloride, acyl chlorides participate in Friedel-Crafts acylations, to give aryl ketones:
Because of the harsh conditions and the reactivity of the intermediates, this otherwise quite useful reaction tends to be messy, as well as environmentally unfriendly. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Quantity of heat transferred can be measured by calorimetry, or determined through calculations based on other quantities.
Calorimetry is the empirical basis of the idea of quantity of heat transferred in a process. The transferred heat is measured by changes in a body of known properties, for example, temperature rise... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The specific gas constant of a gas or a mixture of gases (R) is given by the molar gas constant divided by the molar mass (M) of the gas or mixture:
Just as the molar gas constant can be related to the Boltzmann constant, so can the specific gas constant by dividing the Boltzmann constant by the molecular mass of the g... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Bibliography of atmospheric dispersion modeling
*AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors
*Atmospheric dispersion modeling
*Roadway air dispersion modeling
*Useful conversions and formulas for air dispersion modeling
*List of atmospheric dispersion models
*Yamartino method
* Air pollution forecasting | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
His greatest contribution to the development of Islamic philosophy was his efforts to make Greek thought both accessible and acceptable to a Muslim audience. Al-Kindi carried out this mission from the House of Wisdom (Bayt al-Hikma), an institute of translation and learning patronized by the Abbasid Caliphs, in Baghdad... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the visible and near-ultraviolet regions, the hexacyanoferrate(III) ion (Fe(CN)) exhibits three strong absorptions at 24500, 32700, and 40500 cm, which have been ascribed to ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT) transitions. They all have lower energy than the lowest-energy intense band for the Fe(II) complex Fe(CN... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If irradiated with select projectile nuclei at kinetic energies E, target solid thin-film chemical elements can undergo a nuclear reaction under resonance conditions for a sharply defined resonance energy. The reaction product is usually a nucleus in an excited state which immediately decays, emitting ionizing radiatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
POMs are employed as commercial catalysts for oxidation of organic compounds.
Efforts continue to extend this theme. POM-based aerobic oxidations have been promoted as alternatives to chlorine-based wood pulp bleaching processes, a method of decontaminating water, and a method to catalytically produce formic acid from ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A foam is considered open-celled if at least two of its facets are holes rather than walls. In this case the entirety of the load on the foam is on the cross-beams that make up the edges of the cell. If no more than one of the walls of the cell are holes, the foam is considered closed-celled in nature. For most synt... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many sulfonic acids are prepared by hydrolysis of sulfonyl halides and related precursors. Thus, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid is prepared by hydrolysis of the sulfonyl fluoride, which in turn is generated by the electrofluorination of octanesulfonic acid. Similarly the sulfonyl chloride derived from polyethylene is hy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Doubly labeled water may be administered by injection, or orally (the usual route in humans). Since the isotopes will be diluted in body water, there is no need to administer them in a state of high isotopic purity, no need to employ water in which all or even most atoms are heavy atoms, or even to begin with water whi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Questions could arise as to why the technique of encapsulation of cells is even required when therapeutic products could just be injected at the site. An important reason for this is that the encapsulated cells would provide a source of sustained continuous release of therapeutic products for longer durations at the si... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Phosphate (Pho) regulon is a regulatory mechanism used for the conservation and management of inorganic phosphate within the cell. It was first discovered in Escherichia coli as an operating system for the bacterial strain, and was later identified in other species. The Pho system is composed of various components ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The evolution of the RTI follows four main stages. In the first stage, the perturbation amplitudes are small when compared to their wavelengths, the equations of motion can be linearized, resulting in exponential instability growth. In the early portion of this stage, a sinusoidal initial perturbation retains its sin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Friedrich Deusch used the impressed mark "Deusch 1000 / 1000" on the early items. This mark was punched directly into the silver. Very often one may also find a red three-digit number on the bottom of the porcelain or glass which indicates this early production. Later, it was replaced by a red stamp which shows a coffe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chain polymerization products are widely used in many aspects of life, including electronic devices, food packaging, catalyst carriers, medical materials, etc. At present, the world's highest yielding polymers such as polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), etc. can be obtained by chain polymer... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Three roll bending of tubes and open profiles can also be performed with simpler machines, often semi-automatic and non CNC controlled, able to feed the tube into the bending zone by friction. These machines have often a vertical layout, i.e. the three rolls lie on a vertical plane. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A critical parameter affecting the performance of proton exchange membranes is the water content. Water is typically supplied to the fuel cell by humidifying the gas feed stream. The level of hydration within the proton exchange membrane is vital to its performance: if the hydration level is too low, the polymers exhi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DOC is a basic nutrient, supporting growth of microorganisms and plays an important role in the global carbon cycle through the microbial loop. In some organisms (stages) that do not feed in the traditional sense, dissolved matter may be the only external food source. Moreover, DOC is an indicator of organic loadings i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hemoglycin is a completely abiotic molecule that forms in molecular clouds going on to protoplanetary disks, way before biochemistry on exoplanets like Earth begins. Hemoglycin via its glycine could seed an exoplanet (one able to support early biochemistry) but its main function appears to be the accretion of matter vi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Natural antisense short interfering RNA (natsiRNA) is a type of siRNA. They are endogenous RNA regulators which are between 21 and 24 nucleotides in length, and are generated from complementary mRNA transcripts which are further processed into siRNA.
natsiRNA has been implicated in several developmental and response me... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbon can be produced in stars at least as massive as the Sun by fusion of three helium-4 nuclei: He + He + He --> C. This is the triple alpha process.
In stars as massive as the Sun, carbon 12 is also converted to carbon 13 and then onto nitrogen 14 by fusion with protons. C + H --> C + e. C + H --> N. In more massiv... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CCL7 was first characterized from osteosarcoma supernatant. CCL7 consists of 99 amino acids, which contains 23-amino acid signal peptide. The mature protein about 76 amino acids is secreted after cleavage of the signal peptide. In contrast to most chemokines, CCL7 exists in a general monomeric form, differing from the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since RuBisCO is often rate-limiting for photosynthesis in plants, it may be possible to improve photosynthetic efficiency by modifying RuBisCO genes in plants to increase catalytic activity and/or decrease oxygenation rates. This could improve sequestration of and be a strategy to increase crop yields. Approaches und... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Not all of the generated power of a plant is necessarily delivered into a distribution system. Power plants typically also use some of the power themselves, in which case the generation output is classified into gross generation, and net generation.
Gross generation or gross electric output is the total amount of elect... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The iodolactonization reaction includes a number of nuances that affect product formation including regioselectivity, ring size preference, and thermodynamic and kinetic control. In terms of regioselectivity, iodolactonization preferentially occurs at the most hindered carbon atom adjacent to the iodonium cation. This ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For Möbius systems there is an odd number of plus-minus sign inversions in the basis set in proceeding around the cycle. A circle mnemonic was advanced which provides the MO energies of the system; this was the counterpart of the Frost–Musulin mnemonic for ordinary Hückel systems. It was concluded that 4n electrons is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The environmental bacterium and opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses quorum sensing to coordinate the formation of biofilm, swarming motility, exopolysaccharide production, virulence, and cell aggregation. These bacteria can grow within a host without harming it until they reach a threshold concentration.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A city with miles of dark hot pavement absorbs and radiates heat into the surrounding atmosphere at a greater rate than a natural landscapes do. This is urban heat island effect causing an increase in air temperatures. The EPA estimates that the average air temperature of a city with one million people or more can be ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first commercial production of MSA, developed in the 1940s by Standard Oil of Indiana, was based on oxidation of dimethylsulfide by from air. Although inexpensive, this process suffered from a poor product quality and explosion hazards.
In 1967, the Pennwalt Corporation (USA) developed a different process for dim... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Trapped bubbles of air and water within fossil amber can be analyzed to provide direct evidence of the climate conditions existing when the resin or tree sap formed. The analysis of these trapped air bubbles provides a record of atmosphere composition going back 140 million years. The data indicate that the oxygen cont... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a fluid, the only non-zero stiffness is to volumetric deformation (a fluid does not sustain shear forces).
Hence the speed of sound in a fluid is given by
where is the bulk modulus of the fluid. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stagnation pressure is the static pressure a gas retains when brought to rest isentropically from Mach number M.
or, assuming an isentropic process, the stagnation pressure can be calculated from the ratio of stagnation temperature to static temperature:
where:
: is the stagnation pressure
: is the static pressure
: is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This technique measures a concentration change of proteins in bulk solution before and after adsorption, Δc. Any protein concentration change is attributed to the adsorbed layer, Γ.
Γ = Δc V/A
where:
*V = total volume of protein solution
*A = Total area available for adsorption
This method also requires a high surface ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The POCIS sampler consists of an array of sampling disks mounted on a support rod. Each disk consists of a solid sorbent sandwiched between two polyethersoulfone (PES) microporous membranes which are then compressed between two stainless steel rings which expose a sampling area. A standard POCIS disk consists of a samp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A series heating cable is made of a run of high-resistance wire, insulated and often enclosed in a protective jacket. It is powered at a specific voltage and the resistance heat of the wire creates heat. The downside of these types of heaters is that if they are crossed over themselves they can overheat and burn out, t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cyanopyrrolidines have two key interactions to the DPP-4 complex:
1. Nitrile in the position of the scissile bond of the peptidic substrate that is important for high potency. The nitrile group forms reversible covalent bonds with the catalytically active serine hydroxyl (Ser630), i.e. cyanopyrrolidines are competitive... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Desmodium also enhances soil quality by increasing soil organic matter, nitrogen content, and soil biodiversity, as well as conserving moisture, moderating soil temperature and preventing erosion. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
External fields are the most common directors of self-assembly. Electric and magnetic fields allow induced interactions to align the particles. The fields take advantage of the polarizability of the nanoparticle and its functional groups. When these field-induced interactions overcome random Brownian motion, particles ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The enzymes that make and use NAD and NADH are important in both pharmacology and the research into future treatments for disease. Drug design and drug development exploits NAD in three ways: as a direct target of drugs, by designing enzyme inhibitors or activators based on its structure that change the activity of NAD... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In mammals, progesterone, like all other steroid hormones, is synthesized from pregnenolone, which itself is derived from cholesterol.
Cholesterol undergoes double oxidation to produce 22R-hydroxycholesterol and then 20α,22R-dihydroxycholesterol. This vicinal diol is then further oxidized with loss of the side chain st... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluid films, such as soap films, are commonly encountered in everyday experience. A soap film can be formed by dipping a closed contour wire into a soapy solution as in the figure on the right. Alternatively, a catenoid can be formed by dipping two rings in the soapy solution and subsequently separating them while main... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Integrating traditional and modern methods is a useful way to process albumin.
There are three main steps that combine Cohn fractionation with chromatography: 1) factors I, II, and III are removed via cold ethanol fractionation, 2) Sepharose fast flow ion exchange and sepharose fast flow chromatography procedures are r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a mixture of gases, each constituent gas has a partial pressure which is the notional pressure of that constituent gas as if it alone occupied the entire volume of the original mixture at the same temperature. The total pressure of an ideal gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Slippery sequences can potentially make the reading ribosome "slip" and skip a number of nucleotides (usually only 1) and read a completely different frame thereafter. In programmed −1 ribosomal frameshifting, the slippery sequence fits a X_XXY_YYH motif, where XXX is any three identical nucleotides (though some except... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For allowed decays, the net orbital angular momentum is zero, hence only spin quantum numbers are considered.
The electron and antineutrino are fermions, spin-1/2 objects, therefore they may couple to total (parallel) or (anti-parallel).
For forbidden decays, orbital angular momentum must also be taken into considera... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bioluminescence has only been observed in three classes of mollusks: Cephalopoda, Gastropoda, and Bivalvia. Bioluminescence is widely spread among cephalopods, but much rarer among the other classes of mollusk. Most species of biolumenescent mollusk that have been discovered are found in the ocean with the exception of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) is a method for determining the kinetics of diffusion through tissue or cells. It is capable of quantifying the two-dimensional lateral diffusion of a molecularly thin film containing fluorescently labeled probes, or to examine single cells. This technique is very usefu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A quantum jump is the abrupt transition of a quantum system (atom, molecule, atomic nucleus) from one quantum state to another, from one energy level to another. When the system absorbs energy, there is a transition to a higher energy level (excitation); when the system loses energy, there is a transition to a lower en... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Scleroderma, also known as systemic sclerosis, is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterised by hardening (sclero) of the skin (derma) that affects internal organs in its more severe forms. mTOR plays a role in fibrotic diseases and autoimmunity, and blockade of the mTORC pathway is under investigation as a tr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Before the 2019 redefinition of the SI base units, the mole was defined as the amount of substance of a system that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12 (the most common isotope of carbon).
The term gram-molecule was formerly used to mean one mole of molecules, and gram-atom ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The filtrate cakes that are thin and fragile are usually the end products of this discharge lie. The materials are capable of changing phases, from solid to liquid, due to instability and disturbance. Two rollers guide the strings back to drum surface and at the same time separation of the filtrate cake occurs as they ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Jordi Folch Pi (March 25, 1911October 3, 1979) was a Spanish biochemist at Harvard University (McLean Hospital) who was recognized universally as one of the founders of the field of structural chemistry of complex lipids and as a leader in the development of Neurochemistry , as a distinct discipline within the Neurosci... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
More than 371 drugs approved by the FDA between the years of 1951 and 2020 contain either a phenol or a phenolic ether (a phenol with an alkyl), with nearly every class of small molecule drugs being represented, and natural products making up a large portion of this list. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
# The saturation pressure at the maximum temperature of the cycle should not be excessive. Very high pressures lead to mechanical stress problems, and therefore, unnecessarily expensive components may be required.
# The saturation pressure at the minimum temperature of the cycle (i.e. the condensing pressure) should no... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In writing down the reaction equation, in a way analogous to a chemical equation, one may, in addition, give the reaction energy on the right side:
For the particular case discussed above, the reaction energy has already been calculated as Q = 22.2 MeV. Hence:
The reaction energy (the "Q-value") is positive for exother... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An insertion reaction is a chemical reaction where one chemical entity (a molecule or molecular fragment) interposes itself into an existing bond of typically a second chemical entity e.g.:
The term only refers to the result of the reaction and does not suggest a mechanism. Insertion reactions are observed in organic,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Amphibians, particularly anurans (frogs and toads), are increasingly used as bioindicators of contaminant accumulation in pollution studies. Anurans absorb toxic chemicals through their skin and their larval gill membranes and are sensitive to alterations in their environment. They have a poor ability to detoxify pesti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Arsenic is an element with a vaporization point of 615 °C, such that arsenical oxide will be lost from the melt before or during casting, and fumes from fire setting for mining and ore processing have long been known to attack the nervous system, eyes, lungs, and skin.
Chronic arsenic poisoning leads to peripheral neur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Influenza virus neuraminidase (vNEU) consists of 4 co-planar roughly spherical subunits predominantly made of β-sheets, characterized as a 6-fold β-propeller and a hydrophobic region embedded in the virus’ membrane. The active site is located near the middle of the pseudo-symmetric sphere. Influenza virus neuraminidase... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate, however errors (mutations) do occur. The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10 per nucleotide per replication, whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 10. This means that each generation, each human genome accumulates around 30 new mutation... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fowler has published approximately 530 papers. The following are a few of the most cited:
* Inhibition of monoamine oxidase B in the brains of smokers. Fowler, J.S., Volkow, N.D., Wang, G.-J., et al. Nature. Volume 379, Issue 6567, 22 February 1996, Pages 733-736
* Distribution volume ratios without blood sampling fr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, the chemical shift is the resonant frequency of an atomic nucleus relative to a standard in a magnetic field. Often the position and number of chemical shifts are diagnostic of the structure of a molecule. Chemical shifts are also used to describe signals in other form... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The corundum structure has the space group hexagonal crystal family#Crystal classes|. It typically exists in binary compounds of the type AB, where A is metallic and B is nonmetallic, including sesquioxides (AO), sesquisulfides (AS), etc. When A is nonmetallic and B is metallic, the structure becomes the antiphase of c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The execution of the Chen-Kao reaction is simple, needs little practice and limited skills.
Also, the violet color obtained in the reaction is easy to define.
For a correct execution, it is important to note that the typical colors develop relatively slowly, and that a good color intensity requires a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Recently, chemists and those involved in nanotechnology have begun to explore the possibility of creating molecular motors de novo. These synthetic molecular motors currently suffer many limitations that confine their use to the research laboratory. However, many of these limitations may be overcome as our understandi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A cDNA library is a combination of cloned cDNA (complementary DNA) fragments inserted into a collection of host cells, which constitute some portion of the transcriptome of the organism and are stored as a "library". cDNA is produced from fully transcribed mRNA found in the nucleus and therefore contains only the expre... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
By analyzing the chemical composition of a cows rumen, researchers can determine the effects of different feeds and processes on bovine digestion. Many of the earliest documented reports of cannulated cows were made by researchers working to understand how feed is processed through cows. For instance, a 1939 study disc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For chronic diseases, whose treatment may require patients to take medications for years, accurate diagnosis is particularly important, especially when strong side effects are expected from the treatment. In these cases, biomarkers are becoming more and more important, because they can confirm a difficult diagnosis or ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Initiation of translation is regulated by the accessibility of ribosomes to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence. This stretch of four to nine purine residues are located upstream the initiation codon and hybridize to a pyrimidine-rich sequence near the 3 end of the 16S RNA within the 30S bacterial ribosomal subunit. Polymorphi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Short-chain CPs are classified as persistent and their physical properties (octanol-water partition coefficient (logK) 4.4–8, depending on the chlorination degree) imply a high potential for bioaccumulation. SCCPs are classified as toxic to aquatic organisms, and carcinogenic to rats and mice. Therefore, it was conclud... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A member of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute is designated with the honorific postnominal "MRACI". As the professional body for chemistry in Australia, the institute is empowered to award the status of Chartered Chemist ("CChem") to suitably qualified candidates. Election to Fellow of the institute ("FRACI") is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If a container with an ideal gas is expanded instantaneously, the temperature of the gas doesn't change at all, because none of the molecules slow down. The molecules keep their kinetic energy, but now the gas occupies a bigger volume. If the container expands slowly, however, so that the ideal gas pressure law holds a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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