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The mathematical definition given by H.T. Odum is formally analogous to the definition provided on the maximum power theorem article. (For a brief explanation of Odums approach to the relationship between ecology and electronics see Ecological Analog of Ohms Law) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This is used for area monitoring of penetrating radiation and is usually expressed as the quantity H*(10). This means the radiation is equivalent to that found 10 mm within the ICRU sphere phantom in the direction of origin of the field. An example of penetrating radiation is gamma rays. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the mid 19th century, investigators proposed several possible structures for benzene which were consistent with its empirical formula, CH, which had been determined by combustion analysis. The first, which was proposed by Kekulé in 1865, later proved to be closest to the true structure of benzene. This structure ins... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bioactivation is a crucial step in the activity of certain pharmaceuticals. Often, the parent form of the drug is not the active form and it needs to be metabolized in order to produce its therapeutic effects. In other cases, bioactivation is not necessarily needed for drugs to be active and can instead produce reactiv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During calibration with the no-net-flux-method, the microdialysis probe is perfused with at least four different concentrations of the analyte of interest (C) and steady-state concentrations of the analyte leaving the probe are measured in the dialysate (C). The recovery for this method can be determined by plotting C−... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is a precursor to trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane, a popular trifluoromethylating reagent in organic synthesis. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Examples of oxygen nucleophiles are water (HO), hydroxide anion, alcohols, alkoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and carboxylate anions.
Nucleophilic attack does not take place during intermolecular hydrogen bonding. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Package inserts mention that levofloxacin is to be avoided in patients with a known hypersensitivity to levofloxacin or other quinolone drugs.
Like all fluoroquinolines, levofloxacin is contraindicated in patients with epilepsy or other seizure disorders, and in patients who have a history of quinolone-associated tendo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For isotopes occurring at extremely low levels, accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) can be used. For example, the decay rate of the radioisotope C is widely used to date organic materials, but this approach was once limited to relatively large samples no more than a few thousand years old. AMS extended the range of C... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As the density increases, the Gamow peak increases in height and shifts towards lower energy, while the potential barriers are depressed. If the potential barriers are depressed by the amount of , the Gamow peak is shifted across the origin, making the reactions density-dependent, as the Gamow peak energy is much large... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Escitalopram, like other SSRIs, has been shown to affect sexual function, causing side effects such as decreased libido, delayed ejaculation, and anorgasmia.
There is also evidence that SSRIs may cause an increase in suicidal ideation. An analysis conducted by the FDA found a statistically insignificant 1.5 to 2.4-fold... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The problem of finding a reaction centre in a protein matrix is formally equivalent to many problems in computing. Mapping computing problems onto reaction center searches may allow light harvesting to work as a computational device, improving computational speeds at room temperature, yielding 100-1000x efficiency. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Suksin Lee was born in P'yŏngannam-do, Korea, the son of I Myŏngse and a woman of the Koksan Kang family. He earned his medical degree from Kyŏngsŏng Medical College (now Seoul National University) in 1921, and obtained his medical license in August of that year. After graduation, he studied pathology for several mon... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydraulic structures like weirs or locks often contain moveable steel structures like valves or gates, which are submerged under water. These steel structures are often constructed with thin steel plates mounted on girders. When the steel structures are accelerated or decelerated, substantial amounts of water are moved... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The concept of isotopes developed from radioactivity. The pioneering work on radioactivity by Henri Becquerel, Marie Curie and Pierre Curie was awarded the [https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/ Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903]. Later Frederick Soddy would take radioactivity from physics to che... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, acetylation is an organic esterification reaction with acetic acid. It introduces an acetyl group into a chemical compound. Such compounds are termed acetate esters or simply acetates. Deacetylation is the opposite reaction, the removal of an acetyl group from a chemical compound. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Based on structural features and the phylogeny of the essential protein ORF2p, LINEs can be separated into six main groups, referred to as R2, RanI, L1, RTE, I and Jockey. These groups can further be subdivided into at least 28 clades.
In plant genomes, so far only LINEs of the L1 and RTE clade have been reported. Wher... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, a suspension is a heterogeneous mixture of a fluid that contains solid particles sufficiently large for sedimentation. The particles may be visible to the naked eye, usually must be larger than one micrometer, and will eventually settle, although the mixture is only classified as a suspension when and whi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
EXPOSE is a multi-user facility mounted outside the International Space Station (ISS) dedicated to astrobiology. EXPOSE was developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) for long-term spaceflights and was designed to allow exposure of chemical and biological samples to outer space while recording data during exposure.
T... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2008, the installed costs of sprinkler systems ranged from US$0.31 – $3.66 per square foot, depending on type and location. Residential systems, installed at the time of initial home construction and utilizing municipal water supplies, average about US$0.35/square foot.
Systems can be installed during initial const... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In medieval warfare, sturdy stakes were stuck into the ground at the bottom of long lines of ditches, positioned with a sharp end pointing up diagonally, in order to prevent cavalry charges in a given area. Even if the stakes were spotted, horsemen would be forced to dismount and effectively give up their advantage as ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a crystal containing different cations, those of high valency and small coordination number tend not to share polyhedron elements with one another. This rule tends to increase the distance between highly charged cations, so as to reduce the electrostatic repulsion between them.
One of Pauling's examples is olivine, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By combining topographic image formation with tomographic image reconstruction, distributions of defects can be resolved in three dimensions. Unlike "classical" computed tomography (CT), image contrast is not based on differences in absorption (absorption contrast), but on the usual contrast mechanisms of topography (d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Extinct isotopes of superheavy elements are isotopes of superheavy elements whose half-lives were too short to have lasted through the formation of the Solar System, and because they are not replenished by natural processes, can nowadays only be found as their decay products (from alpha decay, cluster decay or spontane... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some countries require or recommend fortification of foods. As of January 2022, 37 countries, mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa, require food fortification of cooking oil, rice, wheat flour or maize (corn) flour with vitamin A, usually as retinyl palmitate or retinyl acetate. Examples include Pakistan, oil, 11.7 mg/kg and N... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Characteristics of fecal sludge may vary widely due to climate, toilet type, diet and other variables. Fecal sludge can be grouped by consistency as "liquid" (total solids or TS <5%), "slurry" (TS 5–15%), "semi-solid" (TS 15–25%), and "solid" (TS >25%). Quantities and qualities of fecal sludge and wastewater are very d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Robinson was awarded the 2010 Geological Society of London President's Award for her contributions to geosciences. In 2011 Robinson moved back to the United Kingdom, where she was appointed to the faculty of the University of Bristol. She was awarded a European Research Council Starting Grant studying changes in chemis... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The choice of species is based on which will give the best correlation to human trials. Differences in the gut, enzyme activity, circulatory system, or other considerations make certain models more appropriate based on the dosage form, site of activity, or noxious metabolites. For example, canines may not be good mod... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The basic method is to produce sacrificial anodes through a casting process. However, two casting methods can be distinguished.
The high pressure die-casting process for sacrificial anodes is widespread. It is a fully automated machine process. In order for the manufacturing process to run reliably and in a repeatable ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Examples of siderophores produced by various bacteria and fungi:
Hydroxamate siderophores
Catecholate siderophores
Mixed ligands
Amino carboxylate ligands
A comprehensive list of siderophore structures (over 250) is presented in Appendix 1 in reference. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It may cause dizziness, and patients should not, therefore, drive or operate heavy machinery or vehicles until they are familiar with how dexketoprofen affects them. Concomitant use of alcohol and other sedatives may potentiate this effect. In a small subset of individuals the dizziness may be intolerable and require t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Anticoagulation therapy has a long history. In 1884 John Berry Haycraft described a substance found in the saliva of leeches, Hirudo medicinalis, that had anticoagulant effects. He named the substance ‘Hirudine’ from the Latin name. The use of medicinal leeches can be dated back all the way to ancient Egypt. In the ear... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Soldiers can be exposed to a wide variety of chemical hazards. These threats are mostly invisible but detectable by hyperspectral imaging technology. The Telops Hyper-Cam, introduced in 2005, has demonstrated this at distances up to 5 km. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A key concept in interpreting radiocarbon dates is archaeological association: what is the true relationship between two or more objects at an archaeological site? It frequently happens that a sample for radiocarbon dating can be taken directly from the object of interest, but there are also many cases where this is no... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Modern applications use the analytical ultracentrifuge. The theoretical basis for the measurements is developed from the Mason-Weaver equation. The advantage of using analytical sedimentation equilibrium analysis for Molecular Weight of proteins and their interacting mixtures is the avoidance of need for derivation o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The main processes involved in secondary sewage treatment are designed to remove as much of the solid material as possible. They use biological processes to digest and remove the remaining soluble material, especially the organic fraction. This can be done with either suspended-growth or biofilm processes. The microorg... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the table below, the dispersion relation ω = [Ω(k)] between angular frequency ω = 2π / T and wave number k = 2π / λ is given, as well as the phase and group speeds.
Deep water corresponds with water depths larger than half the wavelength, which is the common situation in the ocean. In deep water, longer period waves... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Monocyte distribution width (MDW) is a cytometry-based parameter that measures the range of variation of monocytes. If the parameter is available, it is reported as part of the standard complete blood count (CBC) with differential.
The parameter was FDA cleared as an early sepsis indicator for ER patients in 2019 for B... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Adaptive cells change their absorption/reflection characteristics depending on environmental conditions. An adaptive material responds to the intensity and angle of incident light. At the part of the cell where the light is most intense, the cell surface changes from reflective to adaptive, allowing the light to penetr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This term is also used in the field of gene synthesis—for example "40-base synthetic oligonucleotides are built into 500- to 800-bp synthons". | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sometimes adding an ion other than the ones that are part of the precipitated salt itself can increase the solubility of the salt. This "salting in" is called the "uncommon-ion effect" (also "salt effect" or the "diverse-ion effect"). It occurs because as the total ion concentration increases, inter-ion attraction with... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Clinical trials recruit study subjects to sign a document representing their "informed consent". The document includes details such as its purpose, duration, required procedures, risks, potential benefits, key contacts and institutional requirements. The participant then decides whether to sign the document. The docume... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This is an expansion of stereoscopic PIV by adding a second plane of investigation directly offset from the first one. Four cameras are required for this analysis. The two planes of laser light are created by splitting the laser emission with a beam splitter into two beams. Each beam is then polarized orthogonally w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*"Conference Paper: Opportunities in energy storage due to the paradigm shift fueled by the mobile and clean tech revolutions"
*"A Consumer Revolution"
*"Benchmark study on high performing carbon anode material"
*"Conference Paper: Safety studies of Li-ion key components by ARC"
*"Conference Paper: Safety studies o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In this approach, the sample is spiked with a species (internal standard) which is used to normalise the response of analyte, compensating for variables at any stage of the sample preparation and analysis, including ion suppression.
It is important that the internal standard displays very similar (ideally identical) pr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The optimization of the particle size distribution facilitates the pumping, mixing and transportation of foodstuff. Particle size analysis is usually done with any milled food, such as coffee, flour, cocoa powder. It is especially helpful with chocolate quality to ensure there is a consistent taste and feeling when eat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluxes have several serious drawbacks:
* Corrosivity, which is mostly due to the aggressive compounds of the activators; hygroscopic properties of the flux residues may aggravate the effects
* Interference with test equipment, which is due to the insulating residues deposited on the test contacts on electronic circuit ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The emitted photons from excited lanthanides are detected by highly sensitive devices and techniques such as single-photon detection. If the lifetime of the excited emitting level is long enough, then time-resolved detection (TRD) can be used to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio. The instrumentation used to perform LRE... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Measuring isotopic ratios by mass spectrometry includes multiple steps in which samples can undergo cross-contamination, including during sample preparation, leakage of gas through instrument valves, the generic category of phenomena called memory effects, and the introduction of blanks (foreign analyte measured as par... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fermentation is a specific type of heterotrophic metabolism that uses organic carbon instead of oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. This means that these organisms do not use an electron transport chain to oxidize NADH to and therefore must have an alternative method of using this reducing power and maintaining a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Normal–phase chromatography was one of the first kinds of HPLC that chemists developed, but has decreased in use over the last decades. Also known as normal-phase HPLC (NP-HPLC), this method separates analytes based on their affinity for a polar stationary surface such as silica; hence it is based on analyte ability to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A variety of methods for the generation of diimide exist. The most synthetically useful methods are:
* Oxidation of hydrazine with oxygen, in the presence of a copper(II) catalyst and/or a carboxylic acid
* Decarboxylation of dipotassium azodicarboxylate in the presence of an acid
* Thermal decomposition of sulfonylhyd... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ligand chosen for the application depends on the target site selected and it is responsible for cellular interaction. The target site contains the binding sites that the ligands target to deliver the LTL to the desired area. Favorable target site characteristics are determined by what is commonly expressed by tissu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Irvine, Geoffrey J., MJ Gerald Lesley, Todd B. Marder, Nicholas C. Norman, Craig R. Rice, Edward G. Robins, Warren R. Roper, George R. Whittell, and L. James Wright. "Transition metal− boryl compounds: synthesis, reactivity, and structure." Chemical reviews 98, no. 8 (1998): 2685–2722.
* Gallop, Mark A., and Warren R... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbamoyl chlorides are prepared by the reaction of an amine with phosgene:
:2 RNH + COCl → RNCOCl + [RNH]Cl
They also arise by the addition of hydrogen chloride to isocyanates:
:RNCO + HCl → RNHCOCl
In this way, carbamoyl chlorides can be prepared with N-H functionality. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In an alternative technique to interphase or metaphase preparations, fiber FISH, interphase chromosomes are attached to a slide in such a way that they are stretched out in a straight line, rather than being tightly coiled, as in conventional FISH, or adopting a chromosome territory conformation, as in interphase FISH.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although the input vector field and the result image are discretized, it pays to look at it from a continuous viewpoint. Let be the vector field given in some domain . Although the input vector field is typically discretized, we regard the field as defined in every point of , i.e. we assume an interpolation. Streamli... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Other plasma processing methods exist, but generally do not provide the resolution or purity of chromatographic methods.
Two-phase liquid extraction may be performed using polyethylene glycol (PEG)-phosphate Aqueous two-phase systems, with a PEG-rich top layer and a phosphate-rich bottom layer. Although this method is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first step in analysis is the introduction of the sample. This has been achieved in ICP-MS through a variety of means.
The most common method is the use of analytical nebulizers. Nebulizer converts liquids into an aerosol, and that aerosol can then be swept into the plasma to create the ions. Nebulizers work best w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The earliest polymerizations of fluorene were oxidative polymerization with AlCl or FeCl, and more commonly electropolymerization. Electropolymerization is an easy route to obtain thin, insoluble conducting polymer films. However, this technique has a few disadvantages in that it does not provide controlled chain growt... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Downspout disconnection is a form of green infrastructure that separates roof downspouts from the sewer system and redirects roof water runoff into permeable surfaces. It can be used for storing stormwater or allowing the water to penetrate the ground. Downspout disconnection is especially beneficial in cities with com... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is an NMR method used for determining the presence of primary, secondary and tertiary carbon atoms. The DEPT experiment differentiates between CH, CH and CH groups by variation of the selection angle parameter (the tip angle of the final H pulse): 135° angle gi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CoQ is metabolized in all tissues, with the metabolites being phosphorylated in cells. CoQ10 is reduced to ubiquinol during or after absorption in the small intestine. It is absorbed by chylomicrons, and redistributed in the blood within lipoproteins. Its elimination occurs via biliary and fecal excretion. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While slight variations on the standard genetic code had been predicted earlier, none was discovered until 1979, when researchers studying human mitochondrial genes determined that they used an alternative code. Nonetheless, the mitochondria of many other eukaryotes, including most plants, use the standard code. Many s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Zinc coatings are generally not employed in the US. In order to protect ductile iron pipe prior to installation, pipe is instead supplied with a temporary 1 mil or 25 μm thick bituminous coating. This coating is not intended to provide protection once the pipe is installed. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TRPV1 is primarily expressed on, small myelinated and unmyelinated medium size, sensory neurons in dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia, where sensory neurons cluster. TRPV1 receptors are also found in muscles, joints, the urinary bladder and kidneys. The functional activity of TRPV1 has been demonstrated, within the cen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Underwater corrosion engineers apply the same principals used in underground corrosion control but use specially trained and certified scuba divers for condition assessment, and corrosion control system installation and commissioning. The main difference being in the type of reference cells used to collect voltage read... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Cleveland open-cup method is one of three main methods in chemistry for determining the flash point of a petroleum product using a Cleveland open-cup apparatus, also known as a Cleveland open-cup tester. First, the test cup of the apparatus (usually brass) is filled to a certain level with a portion of the product... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Due to its ease of operation and its usefulness in polishing irregularly-shaped objects, electropolishing has become a common process in the production of semiconductors.
As electropolishing can also be used to sterilize workpieces, the process plays an essential role in the food, medical, and pharmaceutical industries... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Estimating dissolved organic carbon concentration
* Specific ultraviolet absorbance for metric of aromaticity
* Bial's test for concentration of pentoses | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ideal case of distillation uses zeotropic mixtures. Zeotropic fluid and gaseous mixtures can be separated by distillation due to the difference in boiling points between the component mixtures. This process involves the use of vertically-arranged distillation columns (see Figure 2). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A multitude of organ structures have been recapitulated using organoids. This section aims to outline the state of the field as of now through providing an abridged list of the organoids that have been successfully created, along with a brief outline based on the most recent literature for each organoid, and examples o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
LFV is sought to be extended to all fluid or solid materials, providing that they are electrical conductors. As shown before, the Lorentz force generated by the flow depend linearly on the conductivity of the fluid. Typically, the electrical conductivity of molten metals is of the order of so the Lorentz force is in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are four disciplines within the DnaA protein. An initial comparison of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis proteins led to the discovery of a sphere structure, which revealed a relatively conserved N-terminus and a largely conserved large C-terminus separated by a region that was mostly variable. As an example... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There is also an emergent perspective called The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL). Although there is debate on how to best define SoTL, one of the primary practices is for mainstream faculty members (organic, inorganic, biochemistry, etc.) to develop a more informed view of their practices, how to carry out... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are two main types of inorganic carbon that are found in the oceans. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is made up of bicarbonate (HCO), carbonate (CO) and carbon dioxide (including both dissolved CO and carbonic acid HCO). DIC can be converted to particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) through precipitation of CaCO (b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As the world attempts to move towards a low-carbon economy, the technique of using carbon capture by using carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is gaining attention and research being done. Using carbon dioxide in PUD production is being researched. High bio-based content is similarly prized. Coating materials that are v... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Following are tables of commonly occurring expressions in physics, related to the dimensions of energy, momentum, and force. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A new, effective and economical concept in pheromone delivery using a flowable formulation to create long lasting monolithic pheromone dispensers has been brought to the market in the past decade. These novel SPLAT pheromone mating disruption formulations can provide effective season long suppression effect (e.g., depe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Autoantibodies may be produced against the body's own snRNPs, most notably the anti-Sm antibodies targeted against the Sm protein type of snRNP specifically in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
From the very early stages of structural studies of DNA by X-ray diffraction and biochemical means, molecular models such as the Watson-Crick nucleic acid double helix model were successfully employed to solve the puzzle of DNA structure, and also find how the latter relates to its key functions in living cells. The fi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Precession electron diffraction (PED) is a specialized method to collect electron diffraction patterns in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). By rotating (precessing) a tilted incident electron beam around the central axis of the microscope, a PED pattern is formed by integration over a collection of diffraction... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Different from electrostatics, sterically stabilized suspensions rely on the physical interaction of polymer chains attached to the surface of the particles to keep the suspension stabilized; the adsorbed polymer chains act as a spacer to keep the suspended particles separated at a sufficient distance to prevent the Ha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Caesium-137 reacts with water, producing a water-soluble compound (caesium hydroxide). The biological behaviour of caesium is similar to that of potassium and rubidium. After entering the body, caesium gets more or less uniformly distributed throughout the body, with the highest concentrations in soft tissue. However,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Virus survival through inclusion of AMGs is governed by the laws of natural selection and has been made highly selective through co-evolution with their hosts. As such, the AMGs that confer a fitness advantage to the virus's ability to infect a host and reproduce will be more abundant. AMG abundance is largely dictated... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RuCl(PPh) facilitates oxidations, reductions, cross-couplings, cyclizations, and isomerization. It is used in the Kharasch addition of chlorocarbons to alkenes.
Dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II) serves as a precatalyst for the hydrogenation of alkenes, nitro compounds, ketones, carboxylic acids, and imines.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This is often the fuel of choice for reactor designs that NASA produces, one advantage is that uranium nitride has a better thermal conductivity than UO. Uranium nitride has a very high melting point. This fuel has the disadvantage that unless N was used (in place of the more common N), a large amount of C would be gen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1940, after completing the first year of his PhD studies, Hurst volunteered as a civilian experimental scientist with the Ministry of Supply, undertaking bomb disposal and mine detection duties. In 1944 he was part of the team, led by John Pilkington Hudson, that defused the first V-1 flying bomb found intact in Br... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Jet aerators are applied across a wide range of water, wastewater and biosolids treatment applications. Their primary purpose is to transfer oxygen to the liquid or sludge. A Jet aerator works through aspirating technology by simultaneously introducing large volumes of high kinetic energy liquid and air through one or ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chlorophyll a is found in all chloroplasts, as well as their cyanobacterial ancestors. Chlorophyll a is a blue-green pigment partially responsible for giving most cyanobacteria and chloroplasts their color. Other forms of chlorophyll exist, such as the accessory pigments chlorophyll b, chlorophyll c, chlorophyll d, and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The fundamental properties of currents mediated by ion channels were analyzed by the British biophysicists Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley as part of their Nobel Prize-winning research on the action potential, published in 1952. They built on the work of other physiologists, such as Cole and Bakers research into voltage... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Radiological materials emit gamma photons, which gamma radiation detectors, also called radiation portal monitors (RPM), are good at detecting. Systems currently used in US ports (and steel mills) use several (usually 4) large PVT panels as scintillators and can be used on vehicles moving up to 16 km/h.
They provide ve... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The alkaline sulfur liquid battery is an interesting concept due to the simplicity, low cost, durability, thermal stability (no thermal runaway), low carbon foot print, eliminating the need of rare earth minerals for storage and its applicability to transportation systems. The internal electrolytes and the catholyte ge... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1957, R. Gordon Wasson, the vice president of J.P. Morgan, published an article in Life magazine extolling the virtues of magic mushrooms. This prompted Albert Hofmann to isolate psilocybin in 1958 for distribution by Sandoz with its product LSD in the U.S., further raising interest in LSD in the mass media. Followi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In general, acidity of donor sites correlates well with the strength of the donor. For example, it is a common strategy to add electron-withdrawing aryl substituents on a thiourea catalyst, which can increase its acidity and thus the strength of its hydrogen bonding. However, it is still unclear how donor strength corr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ring-closing metathesis (RCM) is a widely used variation of olefin metathesis in organic chemistry for the synthesis of various unsaturated rings via the intramolecular metathesis of two terminal alkenes, which forms the cycloalkene as the E- or Z- isomers and volatile ethylene.
The most commonly synthesized ring size... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Base conditions, also known as standard conditions, consist of a specified absolute pressure and temperature. To ensure accuracy, it is important to refer to base conditions when measuring the volume of a sample of liquid or gas. This applies to both static measurement and flow measurement. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A common treatment method for preventing iodine-131 exposure is by saturating the thyroid with regular, stable iodine-127, as an iodide or iodate salt. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dynamic reserve, in the context of the dynamic energy budget theory, refers to the set of metabolites (mostly polymers and lipids) that an organism can use for metabolic purposes. These chemical compounds can have active metabolic functions, however. They are not just "set apart for later use." Reserve differs from str... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060528050505/http://www.beckman.com/literature/Bioresearch/ar-409.pdf Thoria-based Cermet Nuclear Fuel: Sintered Microsphere Fabrication by Spray Drying] | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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