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A plasmid partition system is a mechanism that ensures the stable inheritance of plasmids during bacterial cell division. Each plasmid has its independent replication system which controls the number of copies of the plasmid in a cell. The higher the copy number, the more likely the two daughter cells will contain the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Over the life of Fulmer about 500 people were members of staff. Among these, because of the wide range of projects that Fulmer undertook, investigators and other technical staff had to be able to adapt their specialist skills and to innovate. They were also expected to play a part in attracting the necessary funding fr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There have been palytoxin poisonings through skin absorption e.g. in people who handled corals without gloves in their home aquariums in Germany and the USA. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hitchins worked with Soddy over a period of 15 years, which included his most productive periods of achievement. She was his primary research assistant, and the only person to work with him for a long period of time. Her careful preparation of radioactive materials, and her painstaking experimental work with uranium, p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
George Gabriel Stokes (not to neglect the later work of Gustav Kirchhoff) is often given credit for having first enunciated the fundamental principles of spectroscopy. In 1862, Stokes published formulas for determining the quantities of light remitted and transmitted from "a pile of plates". He described his work as ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nephelometers are also used in global warming studies, specifically measuring the global radiation balance. Three wavelength nephelometers fitted with a backscatter shutter can determine the amount of solar radiation that is reflected back into space by dust and particulate matter. This reflected light influences the a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The symmetry of this ideal solution has a stagnation point on the rear side of the cylinder, as well as on the front side. The pressure distribution over the front and rear sides are identical, leading to the peculiar property of having zero drag on the cylinder, a property known as dAlemberts paradox. Unlike an ideal ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Zeeman effect is utilized in many laser cooling applications such as a magneto-optical trap and the Zeeman slower. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This is the simplest method of non-viral transfection. Clinical trials carried out of intramuscular injection of a naked DNA plasmid have occurred with some success; however, the expression has been very low in comparison to other methods of transfection. In addition to trials with plasmids, there have been trials with... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The techniques observed in all of them are quite similar. Basically they used the thermic alteration or firesetting (Mohen 1992, Craddock 1995, Eiroa et al. 1996, Timberlake 2003). This consists of applying fire to the rock and then pouring water over it: the rapid changes of temperature will cause cracks within the ro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since there is a frequent large pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences between enantiomers of a chiral drug it is not surprising that enantiomers may result in stereoselective toxicity. They can reside in the pharmacologically active enantiomer (eutomer) or in the inactive one (distomer). The toxicologic diffe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
S. S. Goldich derived this series in 1938 after studying soil profiles and their parent rocks. Based on sample analysis from a series of weathered localities, Goldich determined that the weathering rate of minerals is controlled at least in part by the order in which they crystallize from a melt. This order meant that ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Type I restriction enzymes were the first to be identified and were first identified in two different strains (K-12 and B) of E. coli. These enzymes cut at a site that differs, and is a random distance (at least 1000 bp) away, from their recognition site. Cleavage at these random sites follows a process of DNA transloc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Calcium oxide is friable, that is, quite brittle. In fluidised beds, the calcium oxide particles can break apart upon collision with the other particles in the fluidised bed or the vessel containing it. The problem seems to be greater in pilot plant tests than at a bench scale. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ferrier proposed the following reaction mechanism:
In this mechanism, the terminal olefin undergoes hydroxymercuration to produce the first intermediate, compound 2, a hemiacetal. Next, methanol is lost and the dicarbonyl compound cyclizes through an attack on the electrophilic aldehyde to form the carbocycle as the pr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Nernst heat theorem was formulated by Walther Nernst early in the twentieth century and was used in the development of the third law of thermodynamics. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With termination collisions restricted, the concentration of active polymerizing chains and simultaneously the consumption of monomer rises rapidly. Assuming abundant unreacted monomer, viscosity changes affect the macromolecules but do not prove high enough to prevent smaller molecules – such as the monomer – from mov... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electrokinetic phenomena are a family of several different effects that occur in heterogeneous fluids or in porous bodies filled with fluid. The sum of these phenomena deals with the effect on a particle from some outside resulting in a net electrokinetic effect.
The common source of all these effects stems from the in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Silyl ethers are a group of chemical compounds which contain a silicon atom covalently bonded to an alkoxy group. The general structure is RRRSi−O−R where R is an alkyl group or an aryl group. Silyl ethers are usually used as protecting groups for alcohols in organic synthesis. Since RRR can be combinations of differin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Due to the versatility of SPR instrumentation, this technique pairs well with other approaches, leading to novel applications in various fields, such as biomedical and environmental studies.
When coupled with nanotechnology, SPR biosensors can use nanoparticles as carriers for therapeutic implants. For instance, in the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Smith continued his academic career as an assistant professor at the University of Minnesota in 1980, later becoming associate professor in 1986 and Professor in 2004. In 2011 he served as Distinguished Engineering Education Innovation (EI) Fellow at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. He retired from t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are several other reliable tests and V̇O max calculators to estimate V̇O max, most notably the multi-stage fitness test (or beep test). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Androstenediol sulfate, also known as androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol 3β-sulfate, is an endogenous, naturally occurring steroid and a urinary metabolites of androstenediol. It is a steroid sulfate which is formed from sulfation of androstenediol by steroid sulfotransferase and can be desulfated back into androstenediol by st... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Defects involving genetic mutations altering cytochrome c oxidase (COX) functionality or structure can result in severe, often fatal metabolic disorders. Such disorders usually manifest in early childhood and affect predominantly tissues with high energy demands (brain, heart, muscle). Among the many classified mitocho... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aqueous normal-phase chromatography (ANP) is also called hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC). This is a chromatographic technique which encompasses the mobile phase region between reversed-phase chromatography (RP) and organic normal phase chromatography (ONP). HILIC is used to achieve unique selectiv... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Introns are the parts of a gene that are transcribed into the precursor RNA sequence, but ultimately removed by RNA splicing during the processing to mature RNA. Introns are found in both types of genes: protein-coding genes and noncoding genes. They are present in prokaryotes but they are much more common in eukaryoti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cram expanded upon Charles Pedersens ground-breaking synthesis of crown ethers, two-dimensional organic compounds that are able to recognize and selectively combine with the ions of certain metal elements. He synthesized molecules that took this chemistry into three dimensions, creating an array of differently shaped m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In modern computational chemistry, pharmacophores are used to define the essential features of one or more molecules with the same biological activity. A database of diverse chemical compounds can then be searched for more molecules which share the same features arranged in the same relative orientation. Pharmacophore... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In some cases, equations are unsolvable analytically, but can be solved using numerical methods if data values are given. There are two different ways to do this, by either using software programmes or mathematical methods such as the Euler method. Examples of software for chemical kinetics are i) Tenua, a Java app whi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A rule-of-thumb is that any molecule that will dissolve in methanol or a less polar solvent is compatible with SFC, including non-volatile polar solutes. CO has polarity similar to n-heptane at its critical point. The solvent's elution strength can be increased just by increasing density or alternatively, using a pola... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carl Auer von Welsbach (1 September 1858 – 4 August 1929), who received the Austrian noble title of Freiherr Auer von Welsbach in 1901, was an Austrian scientist and inventor, who separated didymium into the elements neodymium and praseodymium in 1885. He was also one of three scientists to independently discover the e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some cyanobacteria are sold as food, notably Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) and others (Aphanizomenon flos-aquae).
Some microalgae contain substances of high biological value, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, amino acids, proteins, pigments, antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals. Edible blue-green algae reduce th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) is a public website and research tool that curates scientific data describing relationships between chemicals, genes/proteins, diseases, taxa, phenotypes, GO annotations, pathways, and interaction modules, launched on November 12, 2004.
The database is maintained by the De... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In many cases, giving a placebo to a person suffering from a disease may be unethical. To address this, it has become a common practice to conduct "active comparator" (also known as "active control") trials. In trials with an active control group, subjects are given either the experimental treatment or a previously app... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Andrew Bruce Holmes (born 5 September 1943) is an Australian and British senior research chemist and professor at the Bio21 Institute, Melbourne, Australia, and the past President of the Australian Academy of Science. His research interests lie in the synthesis of biologically-active natural products (spanning therap... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The interaction of the tip with the sample modifies the amplitudes, phase shifts and frequency resonances of the excited modes. Those changes are detected and processed by the feedback of the instrument. Several features make bimodal AFM a very powerful surface characterization method at the nanoscale. (i) Resolution. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lectin is a kind of protein that can bind to carbohydrate with their carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs). We could use different CRD to classify them. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Enantioselective synthesis, also called asymmetric synthesis, is a form of chemical synthesis. It is defined by IUPAC as "a chemical reaction (or reaction sequence) in which one or more new elements of chirality are formed in a substrate molecule and which produces the stereoisomeric (enantiomeric or diastereomeric) pr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As polymers approach their ceiling temperature, thermal degradation gives way to complete decomposition. Certain polymers like PTFE, polystyrene and PMMA undergo depolymerization to give their starting monomers, whereas others like polyethylene undergo pyrolysis, with random chain scission giving a mixture of volatile... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The thermodynamic square can also be used to find the first-order derivatives in the common Maxwell relations. The following procedure should be considered:
# Looking at the four corners of the square and make a shape with the quantities of interest.
# Read the shape in two different ways by seeing it as L and ⅃. The... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, amines (, ) are compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair. Amines are formally derivatives of ammonia (), wherein one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a substituent such as an alkyl or aryl group (these may respectively be called alkylamines and aryla... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By the 1980s, CCF Xe actually being the product of fission was doubtful, and the alternate theory that it had arisen from r-process (neutron capture) nucleosynthesis gained more ground. Researchers looked at the isotopic anomalies in nearby elements samarium, neodymium, and barium, and compared to the amount of xenon. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a fluidized-bed roaster, finely ground sulfide concentrates are suspended and oxidized in feedstock bed supported on an air column. As in the suspension roaster, the reaction rates for desulfurization are more rapid than in the older multiple-hearth processes. Fluidized-bed roasters operate under a pressure slightl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
C-terminus - C4 photosynthesis - cadherin - calbindin -calcitonin - calcitonin gene-related peptide - calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor - calcitonin receptor - calcitriol receptor - calcium channel - calcium signaling - calcium-binding protein - calmodulin - calmodulin-binding protein - Calvin cycle - CAM photos... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cannon has conducted research in the field of mammalian thermogenesis. Her research portfolio includes 185 original articles, as well as 125 invited review articles and book chapters. Notably, she authored a fundamental review on brown adipose tissue function in Physiological Reviews and a paradigm-changing review arti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol, ATP energy can be used to phosphorylate, or add a phosphate group to many (but not all) of them in their transit sequences. Serine and threonine (both very common in chloroplast transit sequences—making up 20–30% of the sequence) are often the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, traps heat in the atmosphere, the bionic leaf can potentially be used to reduce the carbon dioxide within the atmosphere. While the bionic leaf is running mimics photosynthesis by converting the carbon dioxide in air into fuels. The bionic leaf can eliminate 180 grams of carbon dioxide... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The chemical composition of slag can reveal much about the smelting process. XRF is the most commonly used tool in analysing the chemical composition of slag. Through chemical analysis, the composition of the charge, the firing temperature, the gas atmosphere and the reaction kinetics can be determined.
Ancient slag co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The reactive enodiolate species is also sensitive to oxygen (O), which results in the dual carboxylase / oxygenase activity of RuBisCO. This reaction is considered wasteful as it produces products (3-phosphoglycerate and 2-phosphoglycolate) that must be catabolized through photorespiration. This process requires energy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is a phospholipid with two 16-carbon saturated chains and a phosphate group with quaternary amine group attached. The DPPC is the strongest surfactant molecule in the pulmonary surfactant mixture. It also has a higher compaction capacity than the other phospholipids, because the ap... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Scheme 3: The scheme illustrates the first displacement, the rate determining step and slowest step, where the starting material is converted to the iodo-intermediate. The intermediate is not detectable as it is rapidly converted to the unsaturated sugar. Experiments with azide instead of the iodide confirmed attack oc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Froth flotation is a process for separating minerals from gangue by exploiting differences in their hydrophobicity. Hydrophobicity differences between valuable minerals and waste gangue are increased through the use of surfactants and wetting agents. The flotation process is used for the separation of a large range of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Last but not least prof. E.J.Zoqui has summarized in his work the approach proposed by several researchers in the criteria for semi-solid processing, which involves the stability of the solid phase fs with the temperature; to process semisolid alloys the sensitivity to variation of solid fraction with temperature shoul... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The sigma (σ) phase is an intermetallic compound known as the one without definite stoichiometric composition and formed at the electron/atom ratio range of 6.2 to 7. It has a primitive tetragonal unit cell with 30 atoms. CrFe is a typical alloy crystallizing in the σ phase at the equiatomic composition. With physical ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photochemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the chemical effects of light. Generally, this term is used to describe a chemical reaction caused by absorption of ultraviolet (wavelength from 100 to 400 nm), visible (400–750 nm), or infrared radiation (750–2500 nm).
In nature, photochemistry is of immense imp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Hilal-i-Imtiaz (2003)
*Sitara-e-Imtiaz (1999)
* President, Pakistan Materials Research Society
*Fellow, Pakistan Institute of Metallurgical Engineers
*Fellow of Pakistan Nuclear Society | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A later paper by Edwards and Pearson, following research done by Jencks and Carriuolo in 1960 led to the discovery of an additional factor in nucleophilic reactivity, which Edwards and Pearson called the alpha effect, where nucleophiles with a lone pair of electrons on an atom adjacent to the nucleophilic center have e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It was not until 1666 that Isaac Newton showed that white lights from the sun could be dissipated into a continuous series of colors. So Newton introduced the concept which he called spectrum to describe this phenomenon. He used a small aperture to define the beam of light, a lens to collimate it, a glass prism to disp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nonidet P-40 is a nonionic, non-denaturing detergent. Its official IUPAC name is octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol.
Nonidet P-40 is sometimes abbreviated as NP-40, but should not be confused with a different detergent by the same name NP-40, nonylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol of the Tergitol NP series of Dow Chemicals.
Nonidet... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A pitot tube is used to measure fluid flow velocity. The tube is pointed into the flow and the difference between the stagnation pressure at the tip of the probe and the static pressure at its side is measured, yielding the dynamic pressure from which the fluid velocity is calculated using Bernoulli's equation. A volum... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Born in the city of Ipoh on 22 March 1973, she is the youngest of four children of William Stanley Walker Davidson (Salim Davidson), an Englishman and his ethnic Malay wife of mixed Arab and Thai descent, Sharifah Azaliah binti Syed Omar Shahabudin who is from Alor Setar, Kedah. She is also an extended member of Kedah ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Growing crystals for X-ray crystallography can be quite difficult. For X-ray analysis, single perfect crystals are required. Typically a small amount (5–100 mg) of a pure compound is used, and crystals are allowed to grow very slowly. Several techniques can be used to grow these perfect crystals:
* Slow evaporation of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluorescent black light tubes are typically made in the same fashion as normal fluorescent tubes except that a phosphor that emits UVA light instead of visible white light is used on the inside of the tube. The type most commonly used for black lights, designated blacklight blue or "BLB" by the industry, has a dark bl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many invasive plant species interfere with native plants through allelopathy. A famous case of purported allelopathy is in desert shrubs. One of the most widely known early examples was Salvia leucophylla, because it was on the cover of the journal Science in 1964. Bare zones around the shrubs were hypothesized to be ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Following application of the patch to humans, an average of 25% to 30% of the selegiline content is delivered systemically over 24 hours. Transdermal dosing results in significantly higher exposure to selegiline and lower exposure to all metabolites when compared to oral dosing; this is due to the extensive first-pass ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The metabolism of xenobiotics is often divided into three phases: modification, conjugation, and excretion. These reactions act in concert to detoxify xenobiotics and remove them from cells. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fiona C. Meldrum is a British scientist who is a Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Leeds where she works on bio-inspired materials and crystallisation processes. She won the 2017 Royal Society of Chemistry Interdisciplinary Prize. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Central Interstate Low Level Radioactive Waste Compact is made up of the states of Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. The compact was established by the "Compact Law" and the "Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments of the 1985."
The Central Interstate Low Level Radioactive Waste Compact and US Ecolo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Osmotic concentration, formerly known as osmolarity, is the measure of solute concentration, defined as the number of osmoles (Osm) of solute per litre (L) of solution (osmol/L or Osm/L). The osmolarity of a solution is usually expressed as Osm/L (pronounced "osmolar"), in the same way that the molarity of a solution i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Huntingtons disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder, with symptoms emerging during an individuals mid-adulthood. The most noticeable symptoms of this progressive disease are cognitive and motor impairments, as well as behavioral alterations. These impairments can develop into dementia, chorea, and even... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pharmacodynamic (PD) biomarkers can measure the direct interaction between a drug and its receptor. Pharmacodynamic biomarkers reveal drug mechanisms, if the drug has its intended effect on the biology of the disease, ideal biological dosing concentrations, and physiologic response/resistance mechanisms. Pharmacodynam... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term "oxidation state" in English chemical literature was popularized by Wendell Mitchell Latimer in his 1938 book about electrochemical potentials. He used it for the value (synonymous with the German term Wertigkeit) previously termed "valence", "polar valence" or "polar number" in English, or "oxidation stage" o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A subclass of acylureas known as benzoylureas are insecticides. They act as insect growth regulators by inhibiting the synthesis of chitin resulting in weakened cuticles and preventing molting. Members of this class include diflubenzuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, and teflubenzuron. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Similar to Pourbaix diagrams for the speciation of redox species as a function of the redox potential and the pH, ionic partition diagrams indicate in which phase an acid or a base is predominantly present in a biphasic system as a function of the Galvani potential difference
between the two phases and the pH of the a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The data analysis becomes more demanding if there are competing parallel dissociation channels or if the dissociation at threshold is too slow to be observed on the time scale (several μs) of the experiment. In the first case, the slower dissociation channel will appear only at higher energies, an effect called competi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Von Kármán swirling flow is a flow created by a uniformly rotating infinitely long plane disk, named after Theodore von Kármán who solved the problem in 1921. The rotating disk acts as a fluid pump and is used as a model for centrifugal fans or compressors. This flow is classified under the category of steady flows in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Capsazepine (fig. 4a), the first competitive vanilloid antagonist, reported by Novartis group, was aimed at assessing the effect of conformational constraint on the lipophilic C-region of capsaicin. In capsazepine the amide bond of the capsaicin is replaced by a thiourea moiety and a propylidene linker between the arom... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bands of alternating light and dark in the positive column are called striations. There is no universal mechanism explaining the striations for all conditions of gas and pressure producing them, but recent theoretical and modelling studies, supported with experimental results, mention the importance of the Dufour effe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The concept of replacing hydrogen with deuterium is an example of bioisosterism, whereby similar biological effects to a known drug are produced in an analog designed to confer superior properties. The first patent in the US granted for deuterated molecules was in the 1970s. Since then patents on deuterated drugs have ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alfred Burger served as its first editor-in-chief before passing on the mantle to Richard Glennon (Virginia Commonwealth University). Stephen J. Cutler (University of South Carolina) then took over and served between 2002 and 2019. Longqin Hu (Rutgers University–New Brunswick) became editor in 2020. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The use of radioactive tracer elements in ion uptake assays allows the calculation of km, Ki and Vmax and determines the initial change in the ion content of the cells. Mg decays by the emission of a high-energy beta or gamma particle, which can be measured using a scintillation counter. However, the radioactive half-l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Foods and beverages contain numerous aromatic compounds, some naturally present in the raw materials and some forming during processing. GC–MS is extensively used for the analysis of these compounds which include esters, fatty acids, alcohols, aldehydes, terpenes etc. It is also used to detect and measure contaminants ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RNA molecules that do not code for any proteins still maintain a function in the cell. The function of the RNA depends on its classification. These roles include:
* aiding protein synthesis
* catalyzing reactions
* regulating various processes.
Protein synthesis is aided by functional RNA molecules such as tRNA, which ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
VIPA devices have been commercialized by LightMachinery as spectral disperser devices or components with various customized design parameters. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The micro-atmosphere method is an antimicrobial testing method involving the use of potentially bacteriostatic or fungicidal compounds which are obtained from the volatile oils of plants, such as citronella grass. This method involves the use of essential oils, a growth medium, a selection of bacterial or cultures and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The source of adhesive forces, according to the dispersive adhesion mechanism, is the weak interactions that occur between molecules close together. These interactions include London dispersion forces, Keesom forces, Debye forces and hydrogen bonds. Individually, these attractions are not very strong, but when summed o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In biological systems, methylation is accomplished by enzymes. Methylation can modify heavy metals and can regulate gene expression, RNA processing, and protein function. It is a key process underlying epigenetics. Sources of methyl groups include S-methylmethionine, methyl folate, methyl B12. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The AFM was invented by IBM scientists in 1985. The precursor to the AFM, the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), was developed by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer in the early 1980s at IBM Research – Zurich, a development that earned them the 1986 Nobel Prize for Physics. Binnig invented the atomic force microscope an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
All biologically active elements exist in a number of different isotopic forms, of which two or more are stable. For example, most carbon is present as C, with approximately 1% being C. The ratio of the two isotopes may be altered by biological and geophysical processes, and these differences can be utilized in a numbe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There is an additional multiplex advantage for emission lines of atomic and molecular spectra. At the peak of the emission line, a monochromator measurement will be noisy, since the noise is proportional to the square root of the signal. For the same reason, the measurement will be less noisy at the baseline of the spe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first use of epitope tagging was described by Munro and Pelham in 1984. The FLAG-tag was the second example of a fully functional, improved epitope tag, published in the scientific literature. and was the only epitope tag to be patented. It has since become one of the most commonly used protein tags in laboratories... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
:V09EA01 Technetium (Tc) pentetic acid
:V09EA02 Technetium (Tc) technegas
:V09EA03 Technetium (Tc) nanocolloid | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After clearing and labeling, tissues are typically imaged using confocal microscopy, two-photon microscopy, or one of the many variants of light-sheet fluorescence microscopy. Other less commonly used methods include optical projection tomography and stimulated Raman scattering. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Froude–Krylov force can be calculated from:
where
* is the Froude–Krylov force,
* is the wetted surface of the floating body,
* is the pressure in the undisturbed waves and
* the body's normal vector pointing into the water.
In the simplest case the formula may be expressed as the product of the wetted surface area... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In analytical chemistry, the detection limit, lower limit of detection, also termed LOD for limit of detection or analytical sensitivity (not to be confused with statistical sensitivity), is the lowest quantity of a substance that can be distinguished from the absence of that substance (a blank value) with a stated con... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In photo reduction the promoted electron of the metal oxide is accepted by an acceptor species. In the case of CO reduction, shown in the table below, the absence of dissolved oxygen in the aqueous system favors reduction of protons to form hydrogen radicals which then go on to reduce CO to HCOOH. HCOOH can then be fur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A simple modification to atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was introduced in 2007 to kinetically control the polymerization by increasing the ratio of inactive copper(II) catalyst to active copper(I) catalyst. The modification to this strategy is termed deactivation enhanced ATRP, whereby different ratios of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In Canada, modafinil is not specifically included in the lists of controlled drugs and substances specified within the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. However, it is classified as a Schedule F prescription drug. This means that modafinil can only be obtained legally with a valid prescription from a licensed health... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This method involves using time-dependent Navier-Stokes equation which is advantageous because of its inherent ability to evolve to the correct steady state solution.
The continuity, momentum and energy equations and some other situational equations are needed to solve the problem. MacCormack's time marching technique ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organosulfur chemistry, a sulfonyl group can refer either to a functional group found primarily in sulfones, or to a substituent obtained from a sulfonic acid by the removal of the hydroxyl group, similarly to acyl groups. Sulfonyl groups can be written as having the general formula , where there are two double bond... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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