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Darken’s equations can be applied to almost any scenario involving the diffusion of two different components that have different diffusion coefficients. This holds true except in situations where there is an accompanying volume change in the material because this violates one of Darken’s critical assumptions that atomi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The hydroamination reaction is approximately thermochemically neutral. The reaction however suffers from a high activation barrier, perhaps owing to the repulsion of the electron-rich substrate and the amine nucleophile. The intermolecular reaction also is accompanied by highly negative changing entropy, making it unf... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polysulfides are compounds that have chains of sulfur atoms. This reactant has been tested on the field in treating TCE and in comparison to EHC. The use of polysulfides is a type of abiotic reduction and works best in anaerobic conditions where iron (III) is available. The benefit of using polysulfides is that they do... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Poolman pursued studies in Biochemistry and Microbiology at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands, and the University of Bern (Switzerland), obtaining a MSc degree in 1984. He gained his PhD in 1987 with a thesis on bioenergetics of streptococci, under the supervision of Wil Konings and Hans Veldkamp.
After a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Smelting has serious effects on the environment, producing wastewater and slag and releasing such toxic metals as copper, silver, iron, cobalt, and selenium into the atmosphere. Smelters also release gaseous sulfur dioxide, contributing to acid rain, which acidifies soil and water.
The smelter in Flin Flon, Canada was ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1954, there was a program started at New York University called the Division of Research. It was a small program that included personnel from the Institute of Mathematical Sciences at New York University. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A polycatenane is a chemical substance that, like polymers, is chemically constituted by a large number of units. These units are made up of concatenated rings into a chain-like structure.
It consists of mechanically linked catenane structures, via topological Hopf links, resulting in a higher dimensionality than the r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chandrasekhar–Friedman–Schutz instability or shortly CFS instability refers to an instability that can occur in rapidly rotating stars with which the instability arises for cases where the gravitational radiation reaction is unable to cope with the change in angular momentum associated with the perturbations. The insta... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Burks-Houck began her professional career in 1983 working as an environmental chemist at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory on environmental protection projects with an interest in ensuring worker safety. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemical thermodynamics, activity (symbol ) is a measure of the "effective concentration" of a species in a mixture, in the sense that the species' chemical potential depends on the activity of a real solution in the same way that it would depend on concentration for an ideal solution. The term "activity" in this s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Optical particle measurements are emerging as an important technique for understanding the ocean carbon cycle, including contributions to estimates of their downward flux, which sequesters carbon dioxide in the deep sea. Optical instruments can be used from ships or installed on autonomous platforms, delivering much gr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Knockdown of Alms1 by short interfering RNA in mouse inner medullary collecting duct cells caused defective ciliogenesis. Cilia were stunted and treated cells lacked the ability to increase calcium influx in response to mechanical stimuli. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many authors define dynamic pressure only for incompressible flows. (For compressible flows, these authors use the concept of impact pressure.) However, the definition of dynamic pressure can be extended to include compressible flows.
For compressible flow the isentropic relations can be used (also valid for incompress... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2000, with the help of plant breeders and the Organic Research Centre, the scientist Martin Wolfe crossed 20 varieties of wheat (selected for quality and yield) and crossed them to obtain 190 new crosses. These seeds were not further selected and planted, grown, harvested and reseeded together as a population.
Marti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Induction heating is a non contact heating process which uses the principle of electromagnetism induction to produce heat in a work-piece. In this case thermal expansion is used in a mechanical application to fit parts over one another, e.g. a bushing can be fitted over a shaft by making its inner diameter slightly sma... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spacecraft waste heat is ultimately rejected to space by radiator surfaces. Radiators can be of different forms, such as spacecraft structural panels, flat-plate radiators mounted to the side of the spacecraft, panels deployed after the spacecraft is on orbit, and droplets.
All radiators reject heat by infrared (IR) r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The microbubbles used today are composed of a gas core and a surrounding shell. The makeup of these elements may vary depending on the preferred physical and chemical properties. Microbubble shells have been formed with lipids, galactose, albumin, or polymers. The gas core can be made up of air or heavy gases like nit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermal radiation is an important factor of many engineering applications, especially for those dealing with high temperatures. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vilma Espín was an outspoken supporter of gender equality in Cuba, but distinctly separated herself and the goals of the Federation of Cuban Women from traditional feminism, insisting advocacy for feminine not feminist. Her involvement in the revolution helped transform the role of women in Cuba and in 1960, Espín beca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NBS electrophilically brominates the amine, which is followed by decarboxylation and release of an imine. Further hydrolysis will yield an aldehyde and ammonia. (cf. non-oxidative PLP dependent decarboxylation) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The global cooling potential of various areas around the world varies primarily based on climate zones and the presence of weather patterns and events. Dry and hot regions generally have a higher radiative cooling power (estimated up to 120 W/m2), while colder regions or those with high humidity or cloud cover generall... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the most well discussed, and detrimental, embrittlement is hydrogen embrittlement in metals. There are multiple ways that hydrogen atoms can diffuse into metals, including from environment or during processing (eg. electroplating). The exact mechanism that causes hydrogen embrittlement is still not determined, b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phase separation transfers impurities into a non-aqueous phase. Phase separation may occur at intermediate points in a treatment sequence to remove solids generated during oxidation or polishing. Grease and oil may be recovered for fuel or saponification. Solids often require dewatering of sludge in a wastewater treatm... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Project GABRIEL was an investigation to gauge the impact of nuclear fallout resulting from nuclear warfare. The United States Atomic Energy Commission surmised that the radioactive isotope strontium-90 (Sr-90) presented the greatest hazard to life globally, which resulted in the commissioning of Project SUNSHINE: which... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lithium is structurally similar to other cations such as sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium, this causes lithium to activate potassium channels which inhibit neuromuscular transmission. Patients who take lithium can have a prolonged response to both depolarising and nondepolarising NMBAs. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Embryo transfer techniques allow top quality female livestock to have a greater influence on the genetic advancement of a herd or flock in much the same way that artificial insemination has allowed greater use of superior sires. ET also allows the continued use of animals such as competition mares to continue training ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1970 Iphigenia Vourvidou-Photaki was awarded the one-off Georgios Panopoulos Prize of the Academy of Athens, presented to her for "...her research on the chemical synthesis of polypeptide hormones and investigation of enzyme active sites, which constitute an internationally notable contribution of Greek science to t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, the term "reagent" denotes a chemical ingredient (a compound or mixture, typically of inorganic or small organic molecules) introduced to cause the desired transformation of an organic substance. Examples include the Collins reagent, Fenton's reagent, and Grignard reagents. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the Ca-looping process, a CaO-based sorbent, typically derived from limestone, reacts via the reversible reaction described in Equation () and is repeatedly cycled between two vessels.
The forward, endothermic step is called calcination while the backward, exothermic step is carbonation.
A typical Ca-looping process... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Green rust is a generic name for various green crystalline chemical compounds containing iron(II) and iron(III) cations, the hydroxide () anion, and another anion such as carbonate (), chloride (), or sulfate (), in a layered double hydroxide structure. The most studied varieties are
* carbonate green rust – GR(): [()]... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because these alloys are intended for high temperature applications their creep and oxidation resistance are of primary importance. Nickel (Ni)-based superalloys are the material of choice for these applications because of their unique γ' precipitates. The properties of these superalloys can be tailored to a certain ex... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Usually at moderately low energy, one or more nucleons are transferred between the projectile and target. These are useful in studying outer shell structure of nuclei. Transfer reactions can occur, from the projectile to the target; stripping reactions, or from the target to the projectile; pick-up reactions.
*(α,n) an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Edward W Davis of the University of Minnesota is credited for devising the process of pelletizing iron ore.
Pelletizing iron ore is undertaken due to the excellent physical and metallurgical properties of iron ore pellets. Iron ore pellets are spheres of typically to be used as raw material for blast furnaces. They t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The simplest kind of magnetic phase is a paramagnet, where each individual spin behaves independently of the rest, just like atoms in an ideal gas. This highly disordered phase is the generic state of magnets at high temperatures, where thermal fluctuations dominate. Upon cooling, the spins will often enter a ferromag... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mostly, SIRs have been investigated and used for the recovery of heavy metals. Applications include the removal of cadmium, vanadium, copper, chrome, iridium, etc. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metallic nanofoams are a subcategorization of nanofoams; more specifically, there are nanofoams consisting of metals, often pure, that form interconnected networks of ligaments that make up the structure of the foam. A variety of metals are used, including copper, nickel, gold, and platinum. Metallic nanofoams may offe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Magnesium aluminide, MgAl
* Titanium aluminide, TiAl
* Iron aluminides, including FeAl and FeAl
* Nickel aluminide, NiAl
See category for a list. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* cyanide - ion, cyanide and isocyanide functional groups
* dicyanamide - or
* tricyanomethanide - or
* pentacyanoethanide - or
* pentacyanopropenide (pentacyanoallyl anion) -
* 2-dicyanomethylene-1,1,3,3-tetracyanopropanediide
* tricyanomelaminate anion -
* melonate -
* anions - (n odd) and (n even)
* ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In molecular biology and pharmacology, a small molecule or micromolecule is a low molecular weight (≤ 1000 daltons) organic compound that may regulate a biological process, with a size on the order of 1 nm. Many drugs are small molecules; the terms are equivalent in the literature. Larger structures such as nucleic aci... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As of 2021, new laws do not directly include Armodafinil as a doping agent, but they do include Modafinil, as Armodafinil is an enantiomer of Modafinil it will show up on lab tests, but it can be debated if it is or not the same substance.
New laws state that simple possession is not a criminal offence and is punished ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The general commercial availability of cadmium sulfide from the 1840s led to its adoption by artists, notably Van Gogh, Monet (in his London series and other works) and Matisse (Bathers by a River 1916–1919). The presence of cadmium in paints has been used to detect forgeries in paintings alleged to have been produced ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A number of publications, including H. H. Finlayson’s The Red Centre: Man and Beast in the Heart of Australia (1935), and Walkabout travel and geographical magazine (1934–1974), revised Australians concept of The Centre" from the picture presented in J. W. Gregorys The Dead Heart of Australia' (1909).
Leader-to-be of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lipotoxicity in cardiac tissue is attributed to excess saturated fatty acids. The apoptosis that follows is believed to be caused by unfolded protein response in the endoplasmic reticulum. Researchers are working on treatments that will increase the oxidation of these fatty acids within the heart in order to prevent th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Antitermination was discovered in bacteriophage infections. A common feature in the control of phage infection is that very few of the phage genes can be transcribed by the bacterial host RNA polymerase. Among these genes, however, are regulators whose products allow the next set of phage genes to be expressed. One of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Shneider-Miles scattering (also referred to as collisional scattering or quasi-Rayleigh scattering) is the quasi-elastic scattering of electromagnetic radiation by charged particles in a small-scale medium with frequent particle collisions. Collisional scattering typically occurs in coherent microwave scattering of hig... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Curvibacter sp. is a gram-negative curved rod-formed bacterium which is the main colonizer of the epithelial cell surfaces of the early branching metazoan Hydra vulgaris. Sequencing the complete genome uncovered a circular chromosome (4.37 Mb), a plasmid (16.5 kb), and two operons coding each for an AHL (N-acyl-homoser... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce industrial metals, generally pig iron, but also others such as lead or copper. Blast refers to the combustion air being supplied above atmospheric pressure.
In a blast furnace, fuel (coke), ores, and flux (limestone) are continuously suppl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because surface tension manifests itself in various effects, it offers a number of paths to its measurement. Which method is optimal depends upon the nature of the liquid being measured, the conditions under which its tension is to be measured, and the stability of its surface when it is deformed. An instrument that me... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Quantitative PCR is also used by microbiologists working in the fields of food safety, food spoilage and fermentation and for the microbial risk assessment of water quality (drinking and recreational waters) and in public health protection.
qPCR may also be used to amplify taxonomic or functional markers of genes in DN... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At boiling and higher temperatures the sum of the individual component partial pressures becomes equal to the overall pressure, which can symbolized as .
Under such conditions, Dalton's law would be in effect as follows:
:P = P + P + ...
Then for each component in the vapor phase:
:y = P / P, y = P&... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Like all other beta-lactam antibiotics, mezlocillin inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin binding proteins. This ultimately leads to cell lysis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Typical aminophosphines undergo oxidation to the oxide. Alkylation, e.g. by methyl iodide, gives the phosphonium cation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluorescence spectroscopy aka fluorometry or spectrofluorometry, is a type of electromagnetic spectroscopy which analyzes fluorescence from a sample. It involves using a beam of light, usually ultraviolet light, that excites the electrons in molecules of certain compounds and causes them to emit light of a lower energy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some organisms have lost mitochondrial DNA altogether. In these cases, genes encoded by the mitochondrial DNA have been lost or transferred to the nucleus. Cryptosporidium have mitochondria that lack any DNA, presumably because all their genes have been lost or transferred. In Cryptosporidium, the mitochondria have an ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A portable, advanced sensor based on infrared spectroscopy in a hollow fiber matched to a silicon-micromachined fast gas chromatography column can analyze illegal stimulants and precursors with nanogram-level sensitivity.
Raman spectroscopy has been successfully tested to detect explosives and their precursors.
Technol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
in which is the number of core samples, is the effective porosity, is the absolute permeability, is the interfacial tension or IFT, and is the imbibition or secondary drainage capillary pressure data vs. normalized water saturation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Anhydrous is a very polar liquid, having a dielectric constant of around 100. It has a high electrical conductivity, a consequence of autoprotolysis, i.e. self-protonation :
The equilibrium constant for autoprotolysis (25 °C) is:
The corresponding equilibrium constant for water, K is 10, a factor of 10 (10 billion) sm... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Every two anomers are designated alpha (α) or beta (β), according to the configurational relationship between the anomeric centre and the anomeric reference atom, hence they are relative stereodescriptors. The anomeric centre in hemiacetals is the anomeric carbon C-1; in hemiketals, it is the carbon derived from the ca... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the same year that Brønsted and Lowry published their theory, G. N. Lewis created an alternative theory of acid–base reactions. The Lewis theory is based on electronic structure. A Lewis base is a compound that can give an electron pair to a Lewis acid, a compound that can accept an electron pair. Lewis's proposal e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The periactive zone surrounds the active zone and is the site of endocytosis of the presynaptic terminal. In the periactive zone, scaffolding proteins such as intersectin 1 recruit proteins that mediate endocytosis such as dynamin, clathrin and endophilin. In Drosophila the intersectin homolog, Dap160, is located in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some reports have suggested that the extrinsic Fas pathway is sufficient to induce complete apoptosis in certain cell types through DISC assembly and subsequent caspase-8 activation. These cells are dubbed Type 1 cells and are characterized by the inability of anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family (namely Bcl-2 an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The process by which the dosage and choice of flocculant are selected is called a jar test. The equipment used for jar testing consists of one or more beakers, each equipped with a paddle mixer. After the addition of flocculants, rapid mixing takes place, followed by slow mixing and later the sedimentation process. Sam... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The reaction H + Br → 2 HBr proceeds by the following mechanism:
* Initiation
: Br → 2 Br• (thermal) or Br + hν → 2 Br• (photochemical)
: each Br atom is a free radical, indicated by the symbol "•" representing an unpaired electron.
* Propagation (here a cycle of two steps)
: Br• + H → HBr + H•
: H• + Br → HBr + Br•
:... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, the excess chemical potential is defined as the difference between the chemical potential of a given species and that of an ideal gas under the same conditions (in particular, at the same pressure, temperature, and composition).
The chemical potential of a particle species is therefore given by an i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most neuropeptides act on G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Neuropeptide-GPCRs fall into two families: rhodopsin-like and the secretin class. Most peptides activate a single GPCR, while some activate multiple GPCRs (e.g. AstA, AstC, DTK). Peptide-GPCR binding relationships are highly conserved across animals. Aside... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two limiting mechanisms, one operating under kinetic and the other thermodynamic control, have been identified for lateral lithiation reactions. The mechanisms of most lateral lithiations fall somewhere between these two limiting mechanisms, and the precise mechanism of a particular lithiation depends on two factors:
*... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unlike DNA, which is a highly stable molecule, proteins are a heterogeneous class of molecules with different stability and physiochemical properties. Maintaining the proteins’ folding and function in an immobilized state over long periods of storage is a major challenge for protein microarrays. Cell-free methods provi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because the structure of the transition state is a first-order saddle point along a potential energy surface, the population of species in a reaction that are at the transition state is negligible. Since being at a saddle point along the potential energy surface means that a force is acting along the bonds to the molec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The approximate knife advance rate can be determined for a set of operating conditions using table 6 below. The table indicates the number of hours that the filter can operate in a one-inch pre coat cake; the required condition is that the advance blade must be at a constant position. This method can be used to check f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
3D cell-culture models exceed 2D culture systems by promoting higher levels of cell differentiation and tissue organization. 3D culture systems are more successful because the flexibility of the ECM gels accommodates shape changes and cell-cell connections – formerly prohibited by rigid 2D culture substrates. Neverthel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemical terms, creatinine is a lactam and an imidazolidinone, so a spontaneously formed cyclic derivative of creatine.
Several tautomers of creatinine exist; ordered by contribution, they are:
*2-Amino-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ol (or 2-amino-1-methylimidazol-4-ol)
*2-Amino-1-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-4-one
*2-Im... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A drive designed to read and write to 3D optical data storage media may have a lot in common with CD/DVD drives, particularly if the form factor and data structure of the media is similar to that of CD or DVD. However, there are a number of notable differences that must be taken into account when designing such a drive... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The gas centrifugation process uses a unique design that allows gas to constantly flow in and out of the centrifuge. Unlike most centrifuges which rely on batch processing, the gas centrifuge uses continuous processing, allowing cascading, in which multiple identical processes occur in succession.
The gas centrifuge co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The history of gated drug delivery systems starts in the mid-1960s when the concept of zero order controlled drug delivery was first thought of. Researchers raced to be able to find a drug delivery platform that would be able to have perfectly sustained drug release. These efforts were initially on the macroscopic leve... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Typically, shallow lakes are in one of two contrasting alternative stable states: a clear state with submerged macrophytes and piscivorous fish, or a turbid state dominated by phytoplankton and benthivorous fish. A switch from one state to the other is largely driven by the input of nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen)... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The next part constructed the C ring starting from aldehyde 26, which was extended by one carbon atom to homologue 27 in a Wittig reaction with methoxymethylenetriphenylphosphine (Scheme 3). The acetonide group was removed by dilute hydrochloric acid and sodium iodide in dioxane and one hydroxyl group in the resulting ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Both enantiomers of pseudoephedrine are commercially available. Racemic pseudoephedrine has many medical uses. Because pseudoephedrine can be used to illegally make methamphetamine, the purchase of pseudoephedrine for use in academic or industrial research is rather regulated. As an alternative, Myers et al. reported ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Two medals are awarded in Ørsted's name: the H. C. Ørsted Medal for Danish scientists, awarded by the Danish Society for the Dissemination of Natural Science (SNU), as founded by Ørsted, and the Oersted Medal for notable contributions in the teaching of physics in America, awarded by American Association of Physics Tea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cegelski studied chemistry at SUNY Binghamton in New York and graduated summa cum laude and a member of Phi Beta Kappa in 1998. She then worked in the lab of Jacob Schaefer at Washington University in St. Louis (WUSTL), earning a PhD in Biophysical Chemistry in 2004. Her post-doctoral work was in Molecular Microbiology... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In cellular biology, paracrine signaling is a form of cell signaling, a type of cellular communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behaviour of those cells. Signaling molecules known as paracrine factors diffuse over a relatively short distance (local action), as op... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In thermochemistry, the Thomsen–Berthelot principle is a hypothesis in the history of chemistry which argued that all chemical changes are accompanied by the production of heat and that processes which occur will be ones in which the most heat is produced. This principle was formulated in slightly different versions by... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin is elevated in the blood of people with heavy alcohol consumption but elevated levels can also be found in a number of medical conditions. The limitations of the assay depend upon the methodology of the test. HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) can detect certain genetic var... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
3D organ printing technology permits the fabrication of high degrees of complexity with great reproducibility, in a fast and cost-effective manner. 3D printing has been used in pharmaceutical research and fabrication, providing a transformative system allowing precise control of droplet size and dose, personalized medi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The process itself is regulated through both positive and negative termination factors, usually through modification of the hairpin structure. This is accomplished through interactions with single stranded RNA that corresponds to the upstream area of the loop, resulting in disruption of the termination process. Further... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In poorly-managed soils, particularly on sloped ground, erosion and transport of soil sediment rich in POM can contaminate water bodies. Because POM provides a source of energy and nutrients, rapid build-up of organic matter in water can result in eutrophication. Suspended organic materials can also serve as a potentia... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dew harvesting yields may be improved with passive daytime radiative cooling application. Selective PDRC emitters that have a high emissivity only at the atmospheric window (8–13 μm) and broadband emitters may produce varying results. In one study using a broadband PDRC, the research condensed "~8.5 mL day of water for... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The PKM1 isozyme is expressed in organs that are strongly dependent upon a high rate of energy regeneration, such as muscle and brain. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When setting up their new comparative qPCR systems titled "Dots in Boxes" in 2017, New England Biolabs stated that they had designed the data collection portion around the MIQE guidelines so that the data fit all the minimum parameter checklists in the protocols. Other scientific instrument companies have assisted in g... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to the process causes silica particles to aggregate into a macroporous continuous block, allowing access to a monolithic morphology. PEG polymers with allyl or silyl end groups with a molecular weight of greater than 2000 g mol are required. The Stöber process is initiated unde... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Base excess is defined as the amount of strong acid that must be added to each liter of fully oxygenated blood to return the pH to 7.40 at a temperature of 37°C and a pCO of . A base deficit (i.e., a negative base excess) can be correspondingly defined by the amount of strong base that must be added.
A further distinct... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The exact mechanism of the action of general anaesthetics has not been delineated. Halothane activates GABA and glycine receptors. It also acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist, inhibits nACh and voltage-gated sodium channels, and activates 5-HT and twin-pore K channels. It does not affect the AMPA or kainate receptors. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Halides are X-type ligands in coordination chemistry. The halides are usually good σ- and good π-donors. These ligands are usually terminal, but they might act as bridging ligands as well. For example, the chloride ligands of aluminium chloride bridge two aluminium centers, thus the compound with the empirical formula ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first bottle bank for non-deposit bottles (glasbak) was installed in Zeist in 1972. Glass is collected in three colours: white, green and brown.
There is a deposit for refillable beer bottles when returned to supermarkets. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Antique Gas & Steam Engine Museum (AGSEM) is a living history museum founded in 1969. It is located on of county-owned land at 2040 N Santa Fe Ave. on the outskirts of Vista, California. The museum is a non-profit 501c(3) organization, run by several paid employees along with volunteer help.
The museum is open a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Different formulations of efficiency are possible depending on which outputs and inputs are considered. For instance, average quantum efficiency is the ratio between gross assimilation and either absorbed or incident light intensity. Large variability of measured quantum efficiency is reported in the literature between... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The intrinsic hydrophobicity of a surface can be enhanced by being textured with different length scales of roughness. The red rose takes advantage of this by using a hierarchy of micro- and nanostructures on each petal to provide sufficient roughness for superhydrophobicity. More specifically, each rose petal has a co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Recently it has been shown that a Michaelian signaling pathway can be converted to an ultrasensitive signaling pathway by the introduction of two positive feedback loops. In this synthetic biology approach, Palani and Sarkar began with a linear, graded response pathway, a pathway that showed a proportional increase in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After completing his PhD, Berlin held numerous research positions at the N. N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences. In 1978, he became a senior research fellow under supervision of Vitalii Goldanski and a lecturer in the faculty of Chemical Physics at the Moscow Institute for Physics and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Additional materials are added to the iron ore (pellet feed) to meet the requirements of the final pellets. This is done by placing the mixture in the pelletizer, which can hold different types of ores and additives, and mixing to adjust the chemical composition and the metallurgic properties of the pellets. In general... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An elevated steatocrit is indicative of fat malabsorption resulting in steatorrhea. This generally results from pancreatic exocrine insufficiency but can also occur with severe small bowel disease i.e. celiac disease, liver diseases such as Primary Biliary Cirrhosis or medications that inhibit fat absorption such as or... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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