text stringlengths 105 4.57k | label int64 0 1 | label_text stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|---|
The mammalian PDEs share a common structural organization and contain three functional domains, which include the conserved catalytic core, a regulatory N-terminus, and the C-terminus. The conserved catalytic core is much more similar within PDE families, with about 80% amino acid identity, than between different famil... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
BLOSUM matrices are obtained by using blocks of similar amino acid sequences as data, then applying statistical methods to the data to obtain the similarity scores.
Statistical Methods Steps : | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tashiro's indicator is a pH indicator (pH value: 4.4–6.2), mixed indicator composed of a solution of methylene blue (0.1%) and methyl red (0.03%) in ethanol or in methanol.
It can be used e.g. for the titration of ammonia in Kjeldahl analysis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, an imide is a functional group consisting of two acyl groups bound to nitrogen. The compounds are structurally related to acid anhydrides, although imides are more resistant to hydrolysis. In terms of commercial applications, imides are best known as components of high-strength polymers, called po... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metabolomics can be applied to oncometabolism, since the changes in cancer's genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic profiles can result in changes in downstream metabolic pathways. With this information we can elucidate the responsible pathways and oncometabolites for various diseases. Actually, through the use of this... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* If it takes more than five minutes to form 1/8 in. cake thicknesses, continuous filtration should not be attempted.
* For negligible cake build up in clarification, cartridges, pre-coat drums, or sand filters are used for filtration
*When the filtering surface is expected to be more than a few square meters, it is ad... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plant nutrients consist of more than a dozen minerals absorbed through roots, plus carbon dioxide and oxygen absorbed or released through leaves. All organisms obtain all their nutrients from the surrounding environment.
Plants absorb carbon, hydrogen and oxygen from air and soil in the form of carbon dioxide and water... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The tris(pyrazolyl)borate ligand is often known as Tp to many inorganic chemists - using different pyrazoles substituted in the 3,4, and 5 positions, a range of different ligands can be formed. In this article we will group all the trispyrazolylborates together.
These compounds are usually synthesized by reacting pyraz... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Below 912 °C (1,674 °F), iron has a body-centered cubic (bcc) crystal structure and is known as α-iron or ferrite. It is thermodynamically stable and a fairly soft metal. α-Fe can be subjected to pressures up to ca. 15 GPa before transforming into a high-pressure form termed ε-Fe discussed below.
Magnetically, α-iron i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A similar method of obtaining new deoxyribozymes is through in vitro evolution. Though this term is often used interchangeably with in vitro selection, in vitro evolution more appropriately refers to a slightly different procedure in which the initial oligonucleotide pool is genetically altered over subsequent rounds t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The predecessor of modern countercurrent chromatography theory and practice was countercurrent distribution (CCD). The theory of CCD was described in the 1930s by Randall and Longtin. Archer Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge developed the methodology further during the 1940s. Finally, Lyman C. Craig introduc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Podocin is a membrane protein of the band-7-stomatin family, consisting of 383 amino acids. It has a transmembrane domain forming a hairpin structure, with two cytoplasmic ends at the N- and C-terminus, the latter of which interacts with the cytosolic tail of nephrin, with CD2AP serving as an adaptor. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A "transient complex" model was first proposed by Huetz et al. to explain this competitive exchange. This transient complex exchange occurs in three distinct steps. Initially a protein embeds itself into the monolayer of an already adsorbed homogenous protein monolayer. The aggregation of this new heterogenous protein... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thermotropic phases are those that occur in a certain temperature range. If the temperature rise is too high, thermal motion will destroy the delicate cooperative ordering of the LC phase, pushing the material into a conventional isotropic liquid phase. At too low temperature, most LC materials will form a conventional... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Insulators have zero density of states at the Fermi level due to their band gaps. Thus, the density of states-based electronic entropy is essentially zero in these systems.
Metals have non-zero density of states at the Fermi level. Metals with free-electron-like band structures (e.g. alkali metals, alkaline earth metal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bone ash is used in foundries for various purposes. Examples include release agents and protective barriers for tools exposed to molten metal, and as a sealant for seams and cracks. Applied as a powder or water slurry, bone ash has many unique characteristics. First of all, the powder has high thermal stability, so it ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Intermolecular forces such as Van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, and dipole–dipole interactions are typically not sufficiently strong to hold two apparently conformal rigid bodies together, since the forces drop off rapidly with distance, and the actual area in contact between the two bodies is small due to surface ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Human engineered cardiac tissues (hECTs) are derived by experimental manipulation of pluripotent stem cells, such as human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and, more recently, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to differentiate into human cardiomyocytes. Interest in these bioengineered cardiac tissues has risen ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Unsaponifiables are components of a fatty substance (oil, fat, wax) that fail to form soaps when treated with alkali and remain insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. For instance, typical soybean oil contains, by weight, 1.5 – 2.5% of unsaponifiable matter. Unsaponifiables include nonvolatile components :... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are various methods of adequately identifying and monitoring hydrogen damage, including ultrasonic echo attenuation method, amplitude-based backscatter, velocity ratio, creeping waves/time-of-flight measurement, pitch-catch mode shear wave velocity, advanced ultrasonic backscatter techniques (AUBT), time of fligh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Another class of plant disease resistance genes opens a “trap door” that quickly kills invaded cells, stopping pathogen proliferation. Xanthomonas and Ralstonia transcription activator–like (TAL) effectors are DNA-binding proteins that activate host gene expression to enhance pathogen virulence. Both the rice and peppe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A few gamma rays in astronomy are known to arise from gamma decay (see discussion of SN1987A), but most do not.
Photons from astrophysical sources that carry energy in the gamma radiation range are often explicitly called gamma-radiation. In addition to nuclear emissions, they are often produced by sub-atomic particle ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The amino radical may also be produced by reaction of e(aq) with hydroxylamine (). Several studies also utilized the redox system of for the production of amino radicals using electron paramagnetic resonance (ESR) spectroscopy and polarography. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Commonly studied regulons in bacteria are those involved in response to stress such as heat shock. The heat shock response in E. coli is regulated by the sigma factor
σ32 (RpoH), whose regulon has been characterized as containing at least 89 open reading frames.
Regulons involving virulence factors in pathogenic bacte... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The RIC experiment is first performed with a n-dodecane–air–rock system to determine the constant ∁ of the Washburn Equation. N-dodecane imbibes into one of the core samples and the imbibition curve is recorded in Figure 2. Dodecane is an alkane that has low surface energy, very strongly wetting the rock sample in the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If an abnormality is found, i.e. the B12 in the urine is only present in low levels, the test is repeated, this time with additional oral intrinsic factor.
* If this second urine collection is normal, this shows a lack of intrinsic factor production. This is by definition pernicious anemia.
* A low result on the second... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Non-covalent interactions have a significant effect on the boiling point of a liquid. Boiling point is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the pressure surrounding the liquid. More simply, it is the temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas. As one might expect, the stronger... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In old pharmacy, a cucupha or cucufa was a cap, or cover for the head, with cephalic spices quilted in it, worn for certain nervous distempers, particularly those affecting the head. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In April 2005, following the confirmation of asbestos fibres found on tree roots, the council asked developers to provide more detailed information relating to their contaminated land surveys, and placed the application on hold. They also announced that they were considering appointing their own environmental consultan... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DNPH is a reagent in instructional laboratories on qualitative organic analysis. Bradys reagent or Borches reagent, is prepared by dissolving DNPH in a solution containing methanol and some concentrated sulfuric acid. This solution is used to detect ketones and aldehydes. A positive test is signalled by the formation ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mineral processing begins with beneficiation, consisting of initially breaking down the ore to required sizes depending on the concentration process to be followed, by crushing, grinding, sieving etc. Thereafter, the ore is physically separated from any unwanted impurity, depending on the form of occurrence and or fur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rowley was born in Mason Hall, Tobago, raised by his grandparents, who were prominent Tobago farmers. He was a pupil of Bishop's High School in Tobago, and graduated from the University of the West Indies (Mona) from where he graduated with a BSc. Geology (First Class Honors). He then went on to earn an MSc (1974) and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Grain boundaries are interfaces where crystals of different orientations meet. A grain boundary is a single-phase interface, with crystals on each side of the boundary being identical except in orientation. The term "crystallite boundary" is sometimes, though rarely, used. Grain boundary areas contain those atoms that ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One main function of plasma and cell membranes is to maintain asymmetric concentrations of inorganic ions in order to maintain an ionic steady state different from electrochemical equilibrium. In other words, there is a differential distribution of ions on either side of the cell membrane - that is, the amount of ions ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The non-stoichiometric cycles with CeO can be describes with the following reactions:
::Reduction reaction: CeO → CeO + δ/2 O
::Oxidation reaction: CeO + δ HO → CeO + δ H
The reduction occurs when CeO, or ceria, is exposed to a inert atmosphere at around 1500 °C to 1600 °C, and hydrogen release occurs at 800 °C during ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, structural theory explains the large variety in chemical compounds in terms of atoms making up molecules, the arrangement of atoms within molecules and the electrons that hold them together. According to structural theory, from the structural formula of a molecule it is possible to derive physical and sp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transglycosylation, which involves the reversible transfer of a sugar moiety from one heterocyclic base to another, is effective for the conversion of pyrimidine nucleosides to purine nucleosides. Most other transglycosylation reactions are low yielding due to a small thermodynamic difference between equilibrating nucl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The primary cause of change in the composition of a magma is cooling, which is an inevitable consequence of the magma being formed and migrating from the site of partial melting into an area of lower stress - generally a cooler volume of the crust.
Cooling causes the magma to begin to crystallize minerals from the melt... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the field of engineering, the hydrophobicity (or dewetting ability) of a flat surface (e.g., a counter top in kitchen or a cooking pan) can be measured by the contact angle of water droplet. A University of Nebraska-Lincoln team recently devised a computational approach that can relate the molecular hydrophobicity s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Usually hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a molecule of water is added to a substance. Sometimes this addition causes both the substance and water molecule to split into two parts. In such reactions, one fragment of the target molecule (or parent molecule) gains a hydrogen ion. It breaks a chemical bond in the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* constant strength - simple, large number of panels required
* linear varying strength - reasonable answer, little difficulty in creating well-posed problems
* quadratic varying strength - accurate, more difficult to create a well-posed problem
Some techniques are commonly used to model surfaces.
* Body Thickness by l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Coordinate covalent bonding is ubiquitous. In all metal aquo-complexes [M(HO)], the bonding between water and the metal cation is described as a coordinate covalent bond. Metal-ligand interactions in most organometallic compounds and most coordination compounds are described similarly.
The term dipolar bond is used in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The composition of coordination complexes have been known since the early 1800s, such as Prussian blue and copper vitriol. The key breakthrough occurred when Alfred Werner reconciled formulas and isomers. He showed, among other things, that the formulas of many cobalt(III) and chromium(III) compounds can be understood ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Free quarks probably existed in the extreme conditions of the very early universe until about 30 microseconds after the Big Bang, in a very hot gas of free quarks, antiquarks and gluons. This gas is called quark–gluon plasma (QGP), since the quark-interaction charge (color charge) is mobile and quarks and gluons move a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Induction of proliferation by the EpoR is likely cell type-dependent. It is known that EpoR can activate mitogenic signaling pathways and can lead to cell proliferation in erythroleukemic cell lines in vitro, various non-erythroid cells, and cancer cells. So far, there is no sufficient evidence that in vivo, EpoR signa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The apparent cleavage is triggered by ribosomal skipping of the peptide bond between the proline (P) and glycine (G) in C-terminal of 2A peptide, resulting in the peptide located upstream of the 2A peptide to have extra amino acids on its C-terminal end while the peptide located downstream the 2A peptide will have an e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Persistent stimulation at the neuronal synapse can lead to markedly different outcomes for the post-synaptic neuron. Extended weak signaling can result in long-term depression (LTD), in which activation of the post-synaptic neuron requires a stronger signal than before LTD was initiated. In contrast, long-term potentia... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Nevada Test Site (NTS), is a United States Department of Energy reservation located in southeastern Nye County, Nevada, about 65 miles (105 km) northwest of the city of Las Vegas. Formerly known as the Nevada Proving Grounds, the site was established on 11 January 1951 for the testing of nuclear devices, covering a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electroacoustic phenomena arise when ultrasound propagates through a fluid containing ions. The associated particle motion generates electric signals because ions have electric charge. This coupling between ultrasound and electric field is called electroacoustic phenomena. The fluid might be a simple Newtonian liquid, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Hermann Staudinger's research on macromolecular chemistry at the University of Freiburg between 1926 and 1956
*Synthesis of physostigmine by Percy Lavon Julian at DePauw University in 1935, which made physostigmine readily available for the treatment of glaucoma
*Work of Antoine Lavoisier to elucidate the principles o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In materials science, recrystallization is a process by which deformed grains are replaced by a new set of defect-free grains that nucleate and grow until the original grains have been entirely consumed. Recrystallization is usually accompanied by a reduction in the strength and hardness of a material and a simultaneou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In December, 2023, as part of a four-year legal battle, the EPA banned Inhance -- a Houston, Texas-based manufacturer that produces an estimated 200m containers annually with a process that creates, among other chemicals, PFOA -- from using the manufacturing process. In March, 2024, the Fifth Circuit federal appeals co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transition metal benzyne complexes represent a special case of alkyne complexes since the free benzynes are not stable in the absence of the metal. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydrogenases are subclassified into three different types based on the active site metal content: iron–iron hydrogenase, nickel–iron hydrogenase, and iron hydrogenase.
All hydrogenases catalyze reversible H uptake, but while the [FeFe] and [NiFe] hydrogenases are true redox catalysts, driving H oxidation and H reductio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Flocculation and sedimentation are widely employed in the purification of drinking water as well as in sewage treatment, storm-water treatment and treatment of industrial wastewater streams. Typical treatment processes consist of grates, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, granular filtration and disinfection. As... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The typical framework building blocks are polyhedral units, with 6-coordinate metal centres. Usually, these units share edges and/or vertices. The coordination number of the oxide ligands varies according to their location in the cage. Surface oxides tend to be terminal or doubly bridging oxo ligands. Interior oxides a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aristotles brief comments on minima naturalia in the Physics and Meteorology' prompted further speculations by later philosophers. The idea was taken up by John Philoponus and Simplicius of Cilicia in late Antiquity and by the Islamic Aristotelian Averroes (Ibn Rushd).
Minima naturalia were discussed by Scholastic and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
LacI finds its target operator DNA surprisingly fast. In vitro the search is 10-100 times faster than the theoretical upper limit for two particles searching for each other via diffusion in three dimensions (3D). To explain the fast search, it was hypothesized that LacI and other transcription factors (TFs) find their ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Silicon has three major advantages over GaAs for integrated circuit manufacture. First, silicon is abundant and cheap to process in the form of silicate minerals. The economies of scale available to the silicon industry has also hindered the adoption of GaAs.
In addition, a Si crystal has a very stable structure and ca... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the U.S. in 1975, under the authority of the Safe Drinking Water Act, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency determined the National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulation levels of arsenic (inorganic contaminant – IOCs) to be 0.05 mg/L (50 parts per billion – ppb).
Throughout the years, many studies reported d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are two principal ways to prepare colloids:
* Dispersion of large particles or droplets to the colloidal dimensions by milling, spraying, or application of shear (e.g., shaking, mixing, or high shear mixing).
* Condensation of small dissolved molecules into larger colloidal particles by precipitation, condensatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Exon trapping is a molecular biology technique to identify potential exons in a fragment of eukaryote DNA of unknown intron-exon structure. This is done to determine if the fragment is part of an expressed gene.
The genomic fragment is inserted into the intron of a splicing vector consisting of a known exon - intron - ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Earthenware storage jars for drugs have been found on archaeological sites in Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Greece and Rome. The technology appears to have originated in Mesopotamia in 600–400 B.C. A number of innovations occurred in Western Asia regarding pottery decoration, particularly the development of tin glazes to enable ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chowdhury made pioneering contributions to the development of physical chemistry in the country, publishing more than 20 articles. He focused on cellulose fibers (of jute in particular), polyelectrolytes, and proteins. He also guided a number of PhD theses. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There is an independent invention theory supporting an Islamic origin of the gun, citing the Mamluk deployment of hand cannons in 1260 and a passage by Ibn Khaldun on the Marinid Siege of Sijilmassa in 1274: "[ The Sultan] installed siege engines … and gunpowder engines …, which project small balls of iron. These balls... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tetraterpenes are terpenes consisting of eight isoprene units and have the molecular formula CH. Tetraterpenoids (including many carotenoids) are tetraterpenes that have been chemically modified, as indicated by the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups.
Phytoene is biosynthesized via the head-to-head conden... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Particle-laden flows refers to a class of two-phase fluid flow, in which one of the phases is continuously connected (referred to as the continuous or carrier phase) and the other phase is made up of small, immiscible, and typically dilute particles (referred to as the dispersed or particle phase). Fine aerosol particl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The development of NeSSI has been a collaborative effort between industrial end-users, manufacturers who supply the industries, and academic researchers working in the area of process analytics. CPAC continues as the focal point for NeSSI development, and sponsor of the NeSSI steering team. CPAC provides a neutral umbr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The eponymous title Baopuzi derives from Ge Hongs hao (), the hao being a type of sobriquet or pseudonym. Baopuzi literally means "The Master Who Embraces Simplicity;" compounded from the words bao () meaning "embrace; hug; carry; hold in both arms; cherish"; pu () meaning "uncarved wood", also being a Taoist metaphor ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cast iron has been found in China dating to the 5th century BC, but the earliest extant blast furnaces in China date to the 1st century AD and in the West from the High Middle Ages. They spread from the region around Namur in Wallonia (Belgium) in the late 15th century, being introduced to England in 1491. The fuel use... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This is to give an overview of the evolving chirality nomenclature system commonly employed to distinguish enantiomers of a chiral drug. In the beginning, enantiomers were distinguished based on their ability to rotate the plane of plane-polarized light. The enantiomer that rotates the plane-polarized light to the righ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DXZ4 is a variable number tandemly repeated DNA sequence. In humans it is composed of 3kb monomers containing a highly conserved CTCF binding site. CTCF is a transcription factor protein and the main insulator responsible for partitioning of chromatin domains in the vertebrate genome.
In addition to being enriched in C... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There is considerable interest in applying gene-editing methods to the treatment of diseases with a genetic component. However, there are multiple challenges associated with this approach. An effective treatment would require editing of a large number of target cells, which in turn would require an effective method of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The multicopper active site of CP contains a type I (T1) mononuclear copper site and a trinuclear copper center ~ 12-13 Å away (see figure 2). The tricopper center consists of two type III (T3) coppers and one type II (T2) copper ion. The two T3 copper ions are bridged by a hydroxide ligand while another hydroxide li... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Primer-design software uses algorithms that check for the potential of DNA secondary structure formation and annealing of primers to itself or within primer pairs. Physical parameters that are taken into account by the software are potential self-complementarity and GC content of the primers; similar melting temperatur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In physics, colloids are an interesting model system for atoms. Micrometre-scale colloidal particles are large enough to be observed by optical techniques such as confocal microscopy. Many of the forces that govern the structure and behavior of matter, such as excluded volume interactions or electrostatic forces, gover... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Janus kinase (JAK) is a family of intracellular, non-receptor tyrosine kinases that transduce cytokine-mediated signals via the JAK-STAT pathway. They were initially named "just another kinase" 1 and 2 (since they were just two of many discoveries in a PCR-based screen of kinases), but were ultimately published as "Jan... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* 1970: Peter Goldacre Award from the Australian Society of Plant Scientists (previously called the Australian Society of Plant Physiologists).
* 1980: Charles F Kettering Award from the American Society of Plant Physiologists, shared with Hugo Kortschak and Marshall (Hal) Davidson Hatch.
* 1981: Rank Prize for Nutriti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carboxypeptidase A6 (CPA6) is a metallocarboxypeptidase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CPA6 gene. It is highly expressed in the adult mouse olfactory bulb and is broadly expressed in the embryonic brain and other tissues.
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the family of carboxypeptidases, which cataly... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some species are named after siphons because they resemble siphons in whole or in part. Geosiphons are fungi. There are species of alga belonging to the family Siphonocladaceae in the phylum Chlorophyta which have tube-like structures. Ruellia villosa is a tropical plant in the family Acanthaceae that is also known ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The effect of frequency dispersion is that the waves travel as a function of wavelength, so that spatial and temporal phase properties of the propagating wave are constantly changing. For example, under the action of gravity, water waves with a longer wavelength travel faster than those with a shorter wavelength.
While... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A gel is a semi-solid that can have properties ranging from soft and weak to hard and tough. Gels are defined as a substantially dilute cross-linked system, which exhibits no flow when in the steady state, although the liquid phase may still diffuse through this system.
Gels are mostly liquid by mass, yet they behave l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In vitro transcription (IVT) is performed on a linearized DNA plasmid template containing the targeted coding sequence. Then, naked mRNA or mRNA complexed in a nanoparticle will be delivered systemically or locally. Subsequently, a part of the exogenous naked mRNA or complexed mRNA will go through cell-specific mechani... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
pRb is able to be localize to sites of DNA breaks during the repair process and assist in non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination through complexing with E2F1. Once at the breaks, pRb is able to recruit regulators of chromatin structure such as the DNA helicase transcription activator BRG1. pRb has been... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Royal Commission on River Pollution, established in 1865, and the formation of the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal in 1898 led to the selection in 1908 of BOD as the definitive test for organic pollution of rivers. Five days was chosen as an appropriate test period because this is supposedly the longest time th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Heme biosynthesis is used as biomarker in environmental toxicology studies. While excess production of porphyrins indicate organochlorine exposure, lead inhibits ALA dehydratase enzyme. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several heterocycles related to porphyrins are found in nature, almost always bound to metal ions. These include | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electromagnetic transitions in atoms, molecules and condensed matter mainly take place at energies corresponding to the UV and visible part of the spectrum. Core electrons in atoms, and many other phenomena, are observed with different brands of XAS in the X-ray energy range. Electromagnetic transitions in atomic nucle... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Organic carbon burial is an input of energy for underground biological environments and can regulate oxygen in the atmosphere at long time-scales (> 10,000 years). Burial can only take place if organic carbon arrives to the sea floor, making continental shelves and coastal margins the main storage of organic carbon fro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to al-Kindi, the goal of metaphysics is knowledge of God. For this reason, he does not make a clear distinction between philosophy and theology, because he believes they are both concerned with the same subject. Later philosophers, particularly al-Farabi and Avicenna, would strongly disagree with him on this ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For a general unimolecular reaction involving interconversion of different species, whose concentrations at time are denoted by through , an analytic form for the time-evolution of the species can be found. Let the rate constant of conversion from species to species be denoted as , and construct a rate-constant ma... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Bailar twist is a mechanism proposed for the racemization of octahedral complexes containing three bidentate chelate rings. Such complexes typically adopt an octahedral molecular geometry, in which case they possess helical chirality. One pathway by which these compounds can racemize is via the formation of a tri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Classified as an orphan disease, there is currently no therapy for OPMD, caused by a mutation in the poly(A) binding protein nuclear 1 (PABPN1) gene. Silencing the mutant gene using DDRNAI offers a potential therapeutic approach. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Micro process engineering is the science of conducting chemical or physical processes (unit operations) inside small volumina,
typically inside channels with diameters of less than 1 mm
(microchannels) or other structures with sub-millimeter dimensions.
These processes are usually carried out in continuous flow mode,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In materials science, grain-boundary strengthening (or Hall–Petch strengthening) is a method of strengthening materials by changing their average crystallite (grain) size. It is based on the observation that grain boundaries are insurmountable borders for dislocations and that the number of dislocations within a grain ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved tramadol in March 1995, and an extended-release (ER) formulation in September 2005. ER Tramadol was protected by US patents nos. 6,254,887 and 7,074,430. The FDA listed the patents' expiration as 10 May 2014. However, in August 2009, US District Court for the Distric... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Enone–alkene cycloadditions often suffer from side reactions, e.g. those associated with the diradical intermediate. These side reactions can often be minimized by a judicious choice of reaction conditions.
Dissolved oxygen is avoided since it is photo reactive.
A variety of solvents can be used. Acetone is a useful so... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most neutron emission outside prompt neutron production associated with fission (either induced or spontaneous), is from neutron-heavy isotopes produced as fission products. These neutrons are sometimes emitted with a delay, giving them the term delayed neutrons, but the actual delay in their production is a delay wait... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Depending on the nature of the adsorbent-to-surface bond, there are a multitude of mechanisms for desorption. The surface bond of a sorbant can be cleaved thermally, through chemical reactions or by radiation, all which may result in desorption of the species. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Spectral lines are the result of interaction between a quantum system (usually atoms, but sometimes molecules or atomic nuclei) and a single photon. When a photon has about the right amount of energy (which is connected to its frequency) to allow a change in the energy state of the system (in the case of an atom this i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.