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The safety profile of HMB in adult humans is based upon evidence from clinical trials in humans and animal studies. In humans, no adverse effects in young adults or older adults have been reported when HMB is taken in doses of 3 grams per day for up to a year. Studies on young adults taking 6 grams of HMB per day for u... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
EPANET uses a binary file format, but also includes the capability for importing and exporting data in dxf, metafile, and ASCII file formats. EPANET's ASCII file format is called an input file within EPANET, and uses a file extension ".inp". The input file can include data describing network topology, water consumption... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Operation of the modified Q cycle in Complex III results in the reduction of Cytochrome c, oxidation of ubiquinol to ubiquinone, and the transfer of four protons into the intermembrane space, per two-cycle process.
Ubiquinol (QH) binds to the Q site of complex III via hydrogen bonding to His182 of the Rieske iron-sulfu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* In windy mountain passes, resulting in erroneous pressure altimeter readings
*The mistral wind in southern France increases in speed through the Rhone valley. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Describing the ratio of gravitational to capillary forces, the Eötvös or Bond number is given by the equation:
* : difference in density of the two phases, (SI units: kg/m)
* g: gravitational acceleration, (SI units : m/s)
* L: characteristic length, (SI units : m) (for example the radii of curvature for a drop)
* : su... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After a brief interval at Bratton Clovelly, in 1793
William and his family moved permanently to the rectory of Creed in Cornwall. Here he continued his remarkably accurate chemical analysis of minerals, most of which came from Cornwall, such as the zeolites found in gabbro on The Lizard. He also analysed wavellite, tou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pyridine supports a series of radical reactions, which is used in its dimerization to bipyridines. Radical dimerization of pyridine with elemental sodium or Raney nickel selectively yields 4,4-bipyridine, or 2,2-bipyridine, which are important precursor reagents in the chemical industry. One of the name reactions invol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In size-exclusion chromatography, the residence time of a molecule is related to its volume, which is roughly proportional to its molecular weight. Residence times also affect the performance of continuous fermentors.
Biofuel cells utilize the metabolic processes of anodophiles (electronegative bacteria) to convert che... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Air pollutant concentrations expressed as mass per unit volume of atmospheric air (e.g., mg/m, μg/m, etc.) at sea level will decrease with increasing altitude. The concentration decrease is directly proportional to the pressure decrease with increasing altitude. Some governmental regulatory jurisdictions require indust... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Molten plutonium, alloyed with other metals to lower its melting point and encapsulated in tantalum, was tested in two experimental reactors, LAMPRE I and LAMPRE II, at Los Alamos National Laboratory in the 1960s. "LAMPRE experienced three separate fuel failures during operation." | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Very little is known about the initiation of epigenetic silencing of transposable elements, and aside from the rare exception to this rule, as in the gene Muk, present as an initiator of regulatory epigenetic modification in maize, there are many other unclear aspects of how transposons are regulated in plant genomes. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The possibility of using photochromic compounds for data storage was first suggested in 1956 by Yehuda Hirshberg. Since that time, there have been many investigations by various academic and commercial groups, particularly in the area of 3D optical data storage which promises discs that can hold a terabyte of data. Ini... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pipelines for major energy resources (petroleum and natural gas) are not merely an element of trade. They connect to issues of geopolitics and international security as well, and the construction, placement, and control of oil and gas pipelines often figure prominently in state interests and actions. A notable example ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cellular noise is often investigated in the framework of intrinsic and extrinsic noise. Intrinsic noise refers to variation in identically regulated quantities within a single cell: for example, the intra-cell variation in expression levels of two identically controlled genes. Extrinsic noise refers to variation in ide... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
XPS detects only electrons that have actually escaped from the sample into the vacuum of the instrument. In order to escape from the sample, a photoelectron must travel through the sample. Photo-emitted electrons can undergo inelastic collisions, recombination, excitation of the sample, recapture or trapping in various... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The same technique has been used to construct process maps for sintering, diffusion bonding, hot isostatic pressing, and indentation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is important to note, that negligible viscosity can no longer be assumed near solid boundaries, such as the case of the airplane wing. In turbulent flow regimes (Re >> 1), viscosity can typically be neglected, however this is only valid at distances far from solid interfaces. When considering flow in the vicinity ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One challenge when synthesising a metallic glass is that the techniques often only produce very small samples, due to the need for high cooling rates. 3D-printing methods have been suggested as a method to create larger bulk samples. Selective laser melting (SLM) is one example of an additive manufacturing method that ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Marion McQuillan (30 October 1921 – 24 June 1998) was a British metallurgist who specialised in the engineering uses for titanium and its alloys. She researched jet engine metals and was on the first team to research titanium for the Royal Aircraft Establishment Farnborough (RAE). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nitrilimines or nitrile amides are a class of organic compounds sharing a common functional group with the general structure R-CN-NR corresponding to the conjugate base of an amine bonded to the N-terminus of a nitrile. The dominant structure for the parent compound nitrilimine is that of the propargyl-like in scheme ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (tBuOOH) is the organic compound with the formula (CH)COOH. It is one of the most widely used hydroperoxides in a variety of oxidation processes, like the Halcon process. It is normally supplied as a 69–70% aqueous solution. Compared to hydrogen peroxide and organic peracids, tert-butyl hydro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The number to be transferred depends on the number available, the age of the patient and other health and diagnostic factors. In countries such as Canada, the UK, Australia and New Zealand, a maximum of two embryos are transferred except in unusual circumstances. In the UK and according to HFEA regulations, a woman ove... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Numerous viruses exploit lipid rafts and endocytosis as entry pathways. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 has been demonstrated to leverage heightened cholesterol levels stemming from an immune response, thereby amplifying endocytosis and infectivity. Moreover, tissue cholesterol levels tend to rise with age. This augmented choleste... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ligand can bind into an active site within a protein by using a docking search algorithm, and scoring function in order to identify the most likely cause for an individual ligand while assigning a priority order. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Oxford Chemistry Primers are a series of short texts providing accounts of a range of essential topics in chemistry and chemical engineering written for undergraduate study. The first primer Organic Synthesis: The Roles of Boron and Silicon was published by Oxford University Press in 1991. As of 2017 there are 100 ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Process simulation is used for the design, development, analysis, and optimization of technical process of simulation of processes such as: chemical plant s, chemical processes, environmental systems, power stations, complex manufacturing operations, biological processes, and similar technical functions. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As cyclamin is not yet used as pharmaceutical drug such as for chemotherapy, no side effects were yet determined. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ligand exchange involves replacement of a water ligand ("coordinated water") with water in solution ("bulk water"). Often the process is represented using labeled water :
In the absence of isotopic labeling, the reaction is degenerate, meaning that the free energy change is zero.
Rates vary over many orders of magnitud... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An explicit scheme of FDM has been considered and stability criteria are formulated. In this scheme, temperature is totally dependent on the old temperature (the initial conditions) and , a weighting parameter between 0 and 1. Substitution of gives the explicit discretization of the unsteady conductive heat transfer e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Neil Vasdev is a Canadian and American radiochemist and expert in nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, particularly in the application of PET. Radiotracers developed by the Vasdev Lab are in preclinical use worldwide, and many have been translated for first-in-human neuroimaging studies. He is the director and chief... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gold(III) bromide is used as a catalyst in a variety of reactions, but one of its most interesting uses is found in the Diels-Alder reaction. Specifically, the compound catalyzes the reaction between an enynal unit and carbonyl compounds to form a six-membered cyclic compound.
Another catalytic use of gold tribromide i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Calcium looping (CaL), or the regenerative calcium cycle (RCC), is a second-generation carbon capture technology. It is the most developed form of carbonate looping, where a metal (M) is reversibly reacted between its carbonate form (MCO) and its oxide form (MO) to separate carbon dioxide from other gases coming from e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tube cleaning describes the activity of, or device for, the cleaning and maintenance of fouled tubes.
The need for cleaning arises because the medium that is transported through the tubes may cause deposits and finally even obstructions. In system engineering and in industry, particular demands are placed upon surface ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Furnace Type (spray roaster, fluidised bed or combined furnace)
*Physical Properties of Iron Oxide By-Product (ferric oxide powder or pellets)
*Purity and commercial value of Iron Oxide By-Product
**Cl content
**SiO content (typically 40 to 1000 ppm)
**other impurities
**specific weight (typically 0.3 to 4 kg per litr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The PMF can be obtained in Monte Carlo or molecular dynamics simulations to examine how a systems energy changes as a function of some specific reaction coordinate parameter. For example, it may examine how the systems energy changes as a function of the distance between two residues, or as a protein is pulled through ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A column is prepared by packing a solid adsorbent into a cylindrical glass or plastic tube. The size will depend on the amount of compound being isolated. The base of the tube contains a filter, either a cotton or glass wool plug, or glass frit to hold the solid phase in place. A solvent reservoir may be attached at th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Despite being a powerful model organism for biology and the study of transcriptional enhancers, the tissue specific activity of less than 5% of the estimated 50,000 transcriptional enhancers in Drosophila melanogaster have been discovered. Over the past decade, the main method for detection of tissue- or cell-type spec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reaction of diborane with ammonia mainly gives the diammoniate salt (diammoniodihydroboronium tetrahydroborate). Ammonia borane is the main product when an adduct of borane is employed in place of diborane:
It can also be synthesized from sodium borohydride. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some atmospheric effects on the functionality of adhesive devices can be characterized by following the theory of surface energy and interfacial tension. It is known that γ = (1/2)W = (1/2)W. If γ is high, then each species finds it favorable to cohere while in contact with a foreign species, rather than dissociate and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The prefix "S" indicates that the NO group is attached to sulfur. The angle is near 114°, reflecting the influence of the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen.
S-Nitrosothiols may arise from condensation from nitrous acid and a thiol:
Other methods for their synthesis. They can be synthesized from and tert-butyl nitrit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The viscous forces that arise during fluid flow are distinct from the elastic forces that occur in a solid in response to shear, compression, or extension stresses. While in the latter the stress is proportional to the amount of shear deformation, in a fluid it is proportional to the rate of deformation over time. For ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Liquid drugs are stored in vials, IV bags, ampoules, cartridges, and prefilled syringes.
As with solid formulations, liquid formulations combine the drug product with a variety of compounds to ensure a stable active medication following storage. These include solubilizers, stabilizers, buffers, tonicity modifiers, bulk... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Calcium is the most abundant metal in the eukaryotes and by extension humans. The body is made up of approximate 1.5% calcium and this abundance is reflected in its lack of redox toxicity and its participation in the structure stability of membranes and other biomolecules. Calcium plays a part in fertilization of an eg... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For a molecule with atoms, the positions of all nuclei depend on a total of 3 coordinates, so that the molecule has 3 degrees of freedom including translation, rotation and vibration. Translation corresponds to movement of the center of mass whose position can be described by 3 cartesian coordinates.
A nonlinear mole... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gražvydas Lukinavičius is a Lithuanian biochemist. His scientific interest and main area of research is focused on labeling of biomolecules and visualization using super-resolution microscopy. He is co-invertor of DNA labeling technology known as Methyltransferase-Directed Transfer of Activated Groups (mTAG) and bioco... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Organisms in all three domains of life, eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea, are able to carry out de novo biosynthesis of purines. This ability reflects the essentiality of purines for life. The biochemical pathway of synthesis is very similar in eukaryotes and bacterial species, but is more variable among archaeal spe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
More accurately, a single formula that describes the titration of a weak acid with a strong base from start to finish is given below:
where
" φ = fraction of completion of the titration (φ < 1 is before the equivalence point, φ = 1 is the equivalence point, and φ > 1 is after the equivalence point)
: = the concentrati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consider two equal bodies (not affected by gravity), each of mass m, attached to three springs, each with spring constant k. They are attached in the following manner, forming a system that is physically symmetric:
where the edge points are fixed and cannot move. Well use x(t) to denote the horizontal displacement of t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A dyotropic reaction (from the Greek dyo, meaning two) in organic chemistry is a type of organic reaction and more specifically a pericyclic valence isomerization in which two sigma bonds simultaneously migrate intramolecularly. The reaction type is of some relevance to organic chemistry because it can explain how cert... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has published the following laboratory procedure manuals for measuring thyroid-stimulating hormone:
* [https://www.cdc.gov/NCHS/data/nhanes/nhanes_09_10/THYROD_F_met_TSH.pdf Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) (University of Washington Medical Center)]. September 2011. Metho... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The discovery of mineral acids such as nitric acid is generally believed to go back to 13th-century European alchemy. The conventional view is that nitric acid was first described in pseudo-Gebers De inventione veritatis' ("On the Discovery of Truth", after ).
However, according to Eric John Holmyard and Ahmad Y. al-Ha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Harford County, Maryland, found MTBE in wells near several of its filling stations beginning in 2004. This led the state of Maryland to make moves to ban MTBE.
In 2005, an Exxon-Mobil station in Fallston, Maryland, was found to be leaking MTBE into the local wells. The discovery resulted in the station being abruptly c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Temperature affects the elasticity of elastomers in an unusual way. When the elastomer is assumed to be in a stretched state, heating causes them to contract. Vice versa, cooling can cause expansion.
This can be observed with an ordinary rubber band. Stretching a rubber band will cause it to release heat (press it agai... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Beginning in 1994, the lab practical was added to the National Exam. It contains two tasks to be performed by each student with only the specified materials, and students are expected to describe their procedures and organize their findings. Past tasks have included chromatography, titration and qualitative analysis, a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The mechanism of fluorination by DAST parallels that of sulfur tetrafluoride. Attack of the hydroxyl group of the substrate on sulfur and elimination of hydrogen fluoride lead to an alkoxyaminosulfur difluoride intermediate. Nucleophilic attack by fluoride, either by an S1 or S2 pathway, leads to the product. Although ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Temperature has an effect on both, the equilibrium state and kinetics of protein adsorption. The amount of protein adsorbed at high temperature is usually higher than that at room temperature. Temperature variation causes conformational changes in protein influencing adsorption. These conformational rearrangements in p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
River linking is a project of linking two or more rivers by creating a network of manually created reservoirs and canals, and providing land areas that otherwise does not have river water access and reducing the flow of water to sea using this means. It is based on the assumptions that surplus water in some rivers can ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plastarch Material (PSM) is a biodegradable, thermoplastic resin. It is composed of starch combined with several other biodegradable materials. The starch is modified in order to obtain heat-resistant properties, making PSM one of few bioplastics capable of withstanding high temperatures. PSM began to be commercially ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Organometallic compounds find wide use in commercial reactions, both as homogenous catalysts and as stoichiometric reagents. For instance, organolithium, organomagnesium, and organoaluminium compounds, examples of which are highly basic and highly reducing, are useful stoichiometrically but also catalyze many polymeriz... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Examples of tetrazol-5-ylidenes based on tetrazole have been prepared by Araki. The N1 and N3 positions are substituted with alkyl or aryl groups. Transition metal complexes of these carbenes have been generated in situ. Mesoionic carbenes based on isoxazole and thiazole have been reported by Albrecht and Bertrand r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfones with a good leaving group in the β position may undergo reductive elimination under desulfonylation conditions to afford alkenes. This process is a key step of the Julia olefination, which yields alkenes via addition of an α-sulfonyl carbanion to an aldehyde followed by reductive elimination. Sodium amalgam or... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This set of methods include number and brightness (N&B), photon counting histogram (PCH), fluorescence intensity distribution analysis (FIDA), and Cumulant Analysis. and Spatial Intensity Distribution Analysis. Combination of multiple methods is also reported.
Fluorescence cross correlation spectroscopy overcomes the w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Adrenodoxin (adrenal ferredoxin; ), putidaredoxin, and terpredoxin make up a family of soluble FeS proteins that act as single electron carriers, mainly found in eukaryotic mitochondria and Pseudomonadota. The human variant of adrenodoxin is referred to as ferredoxin-1 and ferredoxin-2. In mitochondrial monooxygenase s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A boronic acid is an organic compound related to boric acid () in which one of the three hydroxyl groups () is replaced by an alkyl or aryl group (represented by R in the general formula ). As a compound containing a carbon–boron bond, members of this class thus belong to the larger class of organoboranes.
Boronic acid... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the electron transport chain, complex I (CI) catalyzes the reduction of ubiquinone (UQ) to ubiquinol (UQH) by the transfer of two electrons from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) which translocates four protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the IMS:
Complex III (CIII) catalyzes the Q-cycle. The fir... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During the implosion of an inertial confinement fusion target, the hot shell material surrounding the cold D–T fuel layer is shock-accelerated. This instability is also seen in magnetized target fusion (MTF). Mixing of the shell material and fuel is not desired and efforts are made to minimize any tiny imperfections or... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RuBP acts as an enzyme inhibitor for the enzyme rubisco, which regulates the net activity of carbon fixation. When RuBP is bound to an active site of rubisco, the ability to activate via carbamylation with and is blocked. The functionality of rubisco activase involves removing RuBP and other inhibitory bonded molecul... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The fundamental law of extinction states that the extinction process is linear in the intensity of radiation and amount of radiatively active matter, provided that the physical state is held constant. (Neither concentration or length are fundamental parameters.) There are two factors that determine the degree to which... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Benzyl and allyl ligands often exhibit similar chemical properties. Benzyl ligands commonly adopt either η or η bonding modes. The interconversion reactions parallel those of η- or η-allyl ligands:
:CpFe(CO)(η-CHPh) → CpFe(CO)(η-CHPh) + CO
In all bonding modes, the benzylic carbon atom is more strongly attached to the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Formation with mineral bridges occur with the formation of nanocrystals. Growth is quenched at this stage by the absorption of a polymer into the nanoparticle surface. Now mineral bridges can nucleate at the defect site, within the growing inhibition layer on the nanocrystal. Through this, a new nanocrystal grows on th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) separates polymer molecules and biomolecules based on differences in their molecular size (actually by a particle's Stokes radius). The separation process is based on the ability of sample molecules to permeate through the pores of gel spheres, packed inside the column, and is depend... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The colloidal probes are normally fabricated by gluing a colloidal particle to a tip-less cantilever with a micromanipulator in air. The subsequent rewetting of the probe may lead to the formation of nanosized bubbles on the probe surface. This problem can be avoided by attaching the colloidal particles under wet condi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The presence of atmospheric methane has a role in the scientific search for extra-terrestrial life. The justification is that on an astronomical timescale, methane in the atmosphere of an Earth-like celestial body will quickly dissipate, and that its presence on such a planet or moon therefore indicates that something ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The tentative rate equation determined by the method of initial rates is therefore normally verified by comparing the concentrations measured over a longer time (several half-lives) with the integrated form of the rate equation; this assumes that the reaction goes to completion.
For example, the integrated rate law for... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As defined above, the light compensation point I is when no net carbon assimilation occurs. At this point, the organism is neither consuming nor building biomass. The net gaseous exchange is also zero at this point.
I is a practical value that can be reached during early mornings and early evenings. Respiration is rela... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carborane acid was first discovered and synthesized by Professor Christopher Reed and his colleagues in 2004 at the University of California, Riverside. The parent molecule from which carborane acid is derived, an icosahedral carboranate anion, , was first synthesized at DuPont in 1967 by Walter Knoth. Research into th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The removal of the inhibitory RuBP, CA1P, and the other inhibitory substrate analogs by activase requires the consumption of ATP. This reaction is inhibited by the presence of ADP, and, thus, activase activity depends on the ratio of these compounds in the chloroplast stroma. Furthermore, in most plants, the sensitivit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After initial reports of a "homoaromatic" structure for the tris-homocyclopropenyl cation were published by Winstein, many groups began to report observations of similar compounds. One of the best studied of these molecules is the homotropylium cation, the parent compound of which was first isolated as a stable salt by... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During the 1960s and early 1970s, the drug culture adopted LSD as the psychedelic drug of choice, particularly amongst the hippie community. However, LSD dramatically decreased in popularity in the mid-1970s (see above graph which covers the period 2008). This decline was due to negative publicity centred on side-effec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As of late 2009, available public information suggests that quite a few are in clinical trials. Several biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies are developing TRPV1 ligands and the emphasis seems to be on both agonists and antagonists. Although the agonists appear to be further along in clinical development. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Particles of refractory material in contact with aluminium can detach and become inclusions. We can find graphite inclusions (C), alumina inclusions (alpha-AlO), CaO, SiO, …
After some time, graphite refractory in contact with aluminium will react to create aluminum carbides (harder and more detrimental inclusions).
In... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Histone Acetyltransferases, also known as HATs, are a family of enzymes that acetylate the histone tails of the nucleosome. This, and other modifications, are expressed based on the varying states of the cellular environment. Many proteins with acetylating abilities have been documented and, after a time, were categori... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In coordination chemistry, a structure is first described by its coordination number, the number of ligands attached to the metal (more specifically, the number of donor atoms). Usually one can count the ligands attached, but sometimes even the counting can become ambiguous. Coordination numbers are normally between tw... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
NADPH plays an important role as an antioxidant by decreasing the reactive oxygen produced during rapid cell proliferation. It has been shown that attenuation of the PPP would dampen NADPH production in cancer cells, leading to the decrease in macromolecular biosynthesis and rendering the transformed cells that are v... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spirapril, sold under the brand name Renormax among others, is an ACE inhibitor antihypertensive drug used to treat hypertension. It belongs to dicarboxy group of ACE inhibitors.
It was patented in 1980 and approved for medical use in 1995. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Efforts to understand how proteins are encoded began after DNA's structure was discovered in 1953. The key discoverers, English biophysicist Francis Crick and American biologist James Watson, working together at the Cavendish Laboratory of the University of Cambridge, hypothesied that information flows from DNA and tha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This is also known as the P test. It uses a 1–5% ethanolic solution of para-phenylenediamine (PD), made by placing a drop of ethanol (70–95%) over a few crystals of the chemical; this yields an unstable, light sensitive solution that lasts for about a day. An alternative form of this solution, called Steiners solution,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In radical disproportionation reactions one molecule acts as an acceptor while the other molecule acts as a donor. In the most common disproportionation reactions, a hydrogen atom is taken, or abstracted by the acceptor as the donor molecule undergoes an elimination reaction to form a double bond. Other atoms such as ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Measured area depends on instrument design. The minimum analysis area ranges from 10 to 200 micrometres. Largest size for a monochromatic beam of X-rays is 1–5 mm. Non-monochromatic beams are 10–50 mm in diameter. Spectroscopic image resolution levels of 200 nm or below has been achieved on latest imaging XPS instrumen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During neurotransmission, the pre-synaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft which bind to cognate receptors expressed on the post-synaptic neuron. Based upon the interaction between the transmitter and receptor, neurotransmitters may trigger a variety of effects in the post-synaptic cell, such... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Receptor-activated G proteins are bound to the inner surface of the cell membrane. They consist of the G and the tightly associated G subunits.
There are four main families of G subunits: Gα (G stimulatory), Gα (G inhibitory), Gα, and Gα. They behave differently in the recognition of the effector molecule, but share a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrophilic solids, which include many solids of biological origin, can readily absorb water. Polar interactions between water and the molecules of the solid favor partition of the water into the solid, which can allow significant absorption of water vapor even in relatively low humidity. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a split volute or double volute pump, the path along the volute is partitioned, providing two distinct discharge paths. The streams start out 180 degrees from each other, and merge by the time they reach the discharge port. This arrangement helps to balance the radial force on the bearings. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Strong evidence of metallurgical activities has been revealed in levels 9 to 6, dating to the Ubaid period, and especially in level 7 (4166 +/- 170 cal BC). Hearths or natural draft furnaces, slag, ore, and pigment had been recovered throughout the site. This was in the context of architectural complexes typical of sou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Amphiphiles are molecules that have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains. Detergents are composed of amphiphiles that allow hydrophobic molecules to be solubilized in water by forming micelles and bilayers (as in soap bubbles). They are also important to cell membranes composed of amphiphilic phospholipids that pre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The N terminal domain is well conserved across different species. This may be due to its important function in substrate and cation binding. The residues involved in methionine binding are found in the N-terminal domain. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Signs Of LIfe Detector (SOLID) is an analytical instrument under development to detect extraterrestrial life in the form of organic biosignatures obtained from a core drill during planetary exploration.
The instrument is based on fluorescent immunoassays and it is being developed by the Spanish Astrobiology Center (CA... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering polymer science. It publishes full papers, talents, trends, and highlights in all areas of polymer science, from chemistry to physical chemistry, physics, and materials science. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This method cannot be applied if Mantoux test (tuberculin skin test) has been done within the last 40 days, because it can hamper the results of the ALS test. This test is used as a complementary test to other tests, e.g. chest X-ray, ESR, CRP, history of contact with active TB case, failure with conventional antibioti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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