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Thermodynamic potentials are different quantitative measures of the stored energy in a system. Potentials are used to measure the energy changes in systems as they evolve from an initial state to a final state. The potential used depends on the constraints of the system, such as constant temperature or pressure. For ex... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Microbial growth in alkaline conditions presents several complications to normal biochemical activity and reproduction, as high pH is detrimental to normal cellular processes. For example, alkalinity can lead to denaturation of DNA, instability of the plasma membrane and inactivation of cytosolic enzymes, as well as ot... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Evelyn Brower Man (October 7, 1904 – September 3, 1992) was an American biochemist. She was a leading woman in developing the first test to detect hormone levels in the thyroid gland. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The dynamic viscosity of water is about 0.89 mPa·s at room temperature (25 °C). As a function of temperature in kelvins, the viscosity can be estimated using the semi-empirical Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann equation:
where A = 0.02939 mPa·s, B = 507.88 K, and C = 149.3 K. Experimentally determined values of the viscosity are ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Another important class of condensation polymers are polyesters. They arise from the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. An example is polyethyleneterephthalate, the common plastic PETE (recycling #1 in the USA):
:n HO-X-OH + n HOC-Y-COH → [O-X-OC-Y-C(O)] + (2n-1) HO | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rotavirus mRNAs are capped but not polyadenylated, and viral proteins are translated by the cellular translation machinery. This is accomplished through the action of the viral Nonstructural Protein NSP3 which specifically binds the 3' consensus sequence of viral mRNAs and interacts with the eukaryotic translation init... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cells are least sensitive when in the S phase, then the G phase, then the G phase, and most sensitive in the M phase of the cell cycle. This is described by the law of Bergonié and Tribondeau, formulated in 1906: X-rays are more effective on cells which have a greater reproductive activity.
From their observations, the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Within molecular and cell biology, Qa-1b is a MHC class I molecule and is the functional homolog of HLA-E in humans. Qa-1b is characterised by its limited polymorphisms and small peptide repertoire. Qa-1b binds to peptides derived from signal peptides of MHC class Ia molecule and interact with the CD94/NKG2 receptors o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Mach number (M or Ma), often only Mach, (; ) is a dimensionless quantity in fluid dynamics representing the ratio of flow velocity past a boundary to the local speed of sound.
It is named after the Czech physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach.
where:
: is the local Mach number,
: is the local flow velocity with res... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In geometry, the order-3 snub heptagonal tiling is a semiregular tiling of the hyperbolic plane. There are four triangles and one heptagon on each vertex. It has Schläfli symbol of sr{7,3}. The snub tetraheptagonal tiling is another related hyperbolic tiling with Schläfli symbol sr{7,4}. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cation-exchange capacity is measured by displacing all the bound cations with a concentrated solution of another cation, and then measuring either the displaced cations or the amount of added cation that is retained. Barium (Ba) and ammonium (NH) are frequently used as exchanger cations, although many other methods are... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A rotaxane () is a mechanically interlocked molecular architecture consisting of a dumbbell-shaped molecule which is threaded through a macrocycle (see graphical representation). The two components of a rotaxane are kinetically trapped since the ends of the dumbbell (often called stoppers) are larger than the internal ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Treat the number of colors N, which is actually 3, as a large number, and expand in powers of 1/N. It turns out that at high density the higher-order corrections are large, and the expansion gives misleading results. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The cell determines whether the amphibolic pathway will function as an anabolic or catabolic pathway by enzyme–mediated regulation at a transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. As many reactions in amphibolic pathways are freely reversible or can be bypassed, irreversible steps that facilitate their dual functio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alogliptin (Figure 9) is a novel DPP-4 inhibitor developed by the Takeda Pharmaceutical Company. Researchers hypothesized that a quinazolinone based structure (Figure 9) would have the necessary groups to interact with the active site on the DPP-4 complex. Quinazolinone based compounds interacted effectively with the D... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mutations in K2.3 are suspected to be a possible underlying cause for several neurological disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer's disease, anorexia nervosa and ataxia as well as myotonic muscular dystrophy. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If water is left to stand in a tube for an extended period, the chemical characteristics of the water change as the mixed scale and corrosion products are deposited. In addition any loose scale that is not well adhered to the wall will not be flushed away and air dissolved in the water will form bubbles, producing air ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Piano stool complexes of the type (η-CH)M(CO) are typically synthesized by heating the appropriate metal carbonyl compound with benzene. Alternately, the same compounds can be obtained by carbonylation of the bis(arene) sandwich compounds, such as (η-CH)M compound with the metal carbonyl compound. This second approac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the most outspoken critics of some concepts of "molecular assemblers" was Professor Richard Smalley (1943–2005) who won the Nobel prize for his contributions to the field of nanotechnology. Smalley believed that such assemblers were not physically possible and introduced scientific objections to them. His two pr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Samples of water from the natural environment are routinely taken and analysed as part of a pre-determined monitoring programme by regulatory authorities to ensure that waters remain unpolluted, or if polluted, that the levels of pollution are not increasing or are falling in line with an agreed remediation plan. An e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Aerosol compound
**Cone pattern dispersion - wide pattern, don't have to aim precisely. It can be blown back by wind and if used inside a building, will eventually make room temporarily uninhabitable.
**Fog pattern dispersion (fogger)
**Stream pattern dispersion
**Grenade
*Gel compound: has greater accuracy and a red... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Supramolecular polymers usually prepared in solution. However anomalous polymeric properties can be expected when these polymers are prepared without a conventional organic or aqueous medium. For instance, liquid crystal media may affect the elementary steps of supramolecular polymerization as demonstrated by Takashi K... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A USB sound card can serve as a cheap, consumer off-the-shelf ADC, a technique pioneered by Marek Dolleiser. The data is sent to the computer as normal sound and stored in a WAV file. Specialized software processes the "sound" to perform pulse-height analysis and multichannel scaling, forming a complete MCA.
Sound card... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As an approximation, the roughness length is approximately one-tenth of the height of the surface roughness elements. For example, short grass of height 0.01 meters has a roughness length of approximately 0.001 meters. Surfaces are rougher if they have more protrusions. Forests have much larger roughness lengths than t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The boiling point of an element (or its compounds) is able to control the percentage of that element that a power reactor accident releases. The ability of an element to form a solid controls the rate it is deposited on the ground after having been injected into the atmosphere by a nuclear detonation or accident. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 1669 - In his book De solido intra solidum naturaliter contento Nicolas Steno asserted that, although the number and size of crystal faces may vary from one crystal to another, the angles between corresponding faces are always the same. This was the original statement of the first law of crystallography (Steno's law)... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These case studies represent some potential applications for position specific isotope analysis, but certainly not all. The opportunities for samples to measure and processes to characterize are virtually unlimited, and new methodological developments will help make these measurements possible going forward. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A number of researchers have pointed out that the harm caused by communicating with patients about potential treatment adverse events raises an ethical issue. In order to respect autonomy, one is required to inform a patient about what harms a treatment is likely to cause. Yet the way in which potential harms are commu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sulfide (British English also sulphide) is an inorganic anion of sulfur with the chemical formula S or a compound containing one or more S ions. Solutions of sulfide salts are corrosive. Sulfide also refers to large families of inorganic and organic compounds, e.g. lead sulfide and dimethyl sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide (... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Numerous gold artifacts recovered in the Philippines are believed to have ceremonial purposes. Some of these figures indicate the Hindu and Buddhist influence which came to the Philippines through regional trade in maritime southeast asia, while others reflect nature-based religious beliefs.
A notable artifact reflect... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NeSSI (for New Sampling/Sensor Initiative) is a global and open initiative sponsored by the Center for Process Analysis and Control (CPAC) at the University of Washington, in Seattle.
The NeSSI initiative was begun to simplify the tasks and reduce the overall costs associated with engineering, installing, and maintaini... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Stokes-Einstein equation describes a frictional force on a sphere of diameter as where is the viscosity of the solution. Inserting this into 9 gives an estimate for as , where R is the gas constant, and is given in centipoise. For the following molecules, an estimate for is given: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hattori has made contributions to the field of earth sciences, utilizing trace element geochemistry and stable and radiogenic isotopes to understand the earth processes. During the early stages of her career, she focused on studying active volcanoes and associated hydrothermal activity. However, a tragic accident atop ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Iron isotopes have been applied for a number of purposes on planetary bodies. Their variations have been measured to more precisely determine the processes that occurred during planetary accretion. In the future, the comparison of observed biological fractionation of iron on Earth to fractionation on other planetary bo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of Lavoisiers main influences was Étienne Bonnet, abbé de Condillac. Condillacs approach to scientific research, which was the basis of Lavoisiers approach in Traité, was to demonstrate that human beings could create a mental representation of the world using gathered evidence. In Lavoisiers preface to Traité, he ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After rearranging the expression defining K, and putting , one obtains
This is the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation, from which the following conclusions can be drawn.
* At half-neutralization the ratio ; since , the pH at half-neutralization is numerically equal to pK. Conversely, when , the concentration of HA is equal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Water's Lewis base character makes it a common ligand in transition metal complexes, examples of which include metal aquo complexes such as to perrhenic acid, which contains two water molecules coordinated to a rhenium center. In solid hydrates, water can be either a ligand or simply lodged in the framework, or both... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydroxylamine reacts with electrophiles, such as alkylating agents, which can attach to either the oxygen or the nitrogen atoms:
The reaction of with an aldehyde or ketone produces an oxime.
: (in NaOH solution)
This reaction is useful in the purification of ketones and aldehydes: if hydroxylamine is added to an aldeh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the late 1800s, with the large investments financed by northern bankers and southern investors, as well as the technological expertise provided by northern and mid-western engineers, the iron and steel industry began to flourish in Birmingham, Alabama. In addition, the growth of Alabamas iron and steel industry was ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Toda oscillator is a dynamical system of any origin, which can be described with dependent coordinate and independent coordinate , characterized in that the evolution along independent coordinate can be approximated with equation
where
, and prime denotes the derivative. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lee (1977) designed a seepage meter, which consists of a chamber which is connected to a sampling port and a plastic bag. The chamber is inserted into the sediment and water discharging through the sediments is caught within the plastic bag. The change in volume of water which is caught in the plastic bag over time rep... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nitridoiron and imidoiron compounds are closely related to iron-dinitrogen chemistry. The biological significance of nitridoiron(V) porphyrins has been reviewed. A widely applicable method to generate high-valent nitridoiron species is the thermal or photochemical oxidative elimination of molecular nitrogen from an azi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consider an overdamped Brownian particle under external force :where the term is negligible (the meaning of "overdamped"). Thus, it is just . The Fokker–Planck equation for this particle is the Smoluchowski diffusion equation:
Where is the diffusion constant and . The importance of this equation is it allows for both... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Proteinase K has two disulfide bonds, but it exhibits higher proteolytic activity in the presence of reducing agents (e.g. 5 mM DTT), suggesting that the presumed reduction of its own disulfide bonds does not lead to its irreversible inactivation. Proteinase K is inhibited by serine protease inhibitors such as phenylme... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Honey bees (Apis mellifera) also use quorum sensing to make decisions about new nest sites. Large colonies reproduce through a process called swarming, in which the queen leaves the hive with a portion of the workers to form a new nest elsewhere. After leaving the nest, the workers form a swarm that hangs from a branch... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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Fluorine forms diatomic molecules () that are gaseous at room temperature with a density about 1.3 times that of air. Though sometimes cited as yellow-green, pure fluorine gas is actually a very pale yellow. The color can only be observed in concentrated fluorine gas when looking down the axis of long tubes, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Food dehydration technology developed at the USDA-Agricultural Research Service-Eastern Regional Research Center in the 1950s-1970s
*Chemical Abstracts Service, established by the American Chemical Society in 1907
*Scotch Tape, developed by Richard Gurley Drew at 3M in 1930
*Chemistry at Jamestown, Virginia, the earli... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The hydrogen cycle consists of hydrogen exchanges between biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) sources and sinks of hydrogen-containing compounds.
Hydrogen (H) is the most abundant element in the universe. On Earth, common H-containing inorganic molecules include water (HO), hydrogen gas (H), hydrogen sulfide (HS),... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The number of Unleashed Registrants has increased 10 fold since the integration of BIND. As of December 2006 registration fell just short of 10,000. Subscribers to the commercial versions of BOND fall into six general categories; agriculture and food, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, informatics, materials and other. Th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Water vapor and dry air density calculations at 0 °C:
* The molar mass of water is , as calculated from the sum of the atomic masses of its constituent atoms.
* The average molar mass of air (approx. 78% nitrogen, N; 21% oxygen, O; 1% other gases) is at standard temperature and pressure (STP).
* Obeying Avogadro's Law... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) is a technique used in molecular biology to obtain the full length sequence of an RNA transcript found within a cell. RACE results in the production of a cDNA copy of the RNA sequence of interest, produced through reverse transcription, followed by PCR amplification of the cDNA c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The spallation process at SNS begins with negatively charged hydrogen ions that are produced by an ion source. Each ion consists of a proton orbited by two electrons. The ions are injected into a linear particle accelerator, or linac, which accelerates them to an energy of about one GeV (or to about 90% the speed of li... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nanaerobes are organisms that cannot grow in the presence of micromolar concentrations of oxygen, but can grow with and benefit from the presence of nanomolar concentrations of oxygen (e.g. Bacteroides fragilis). Like other anaerobes, these organisms do not require oxygen for growth. This growth benefit requires the ex... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In recent years, benzene is generally depicted as a hexagon with alternating single and double bonds, much like the structure Kekulé originally proposed in 1872. As mentioned above, the alternating single and double bonds of "1,3,5-cyclohexatriene" are understood to be a drawing of one of the two equivalent canonical ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bartlett's main specialty was the chemistry of fluorine and of compounds containing fluorine. In 1962, Bartlett prepared the first noble gas compound, xenon hexafluoroplatinate, Xe[PtF]. This contradicted established models of the nature of valency, as it was believed that all noble gases were entirely inert to chemic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Zone axis, a term sometimes used to refer to "high-symmetry" orientations in a crystal, most generally refers to any direction referenced to the direct lattice (as distinct from the reciprocal lattice) of a crystal in three dimensions. It is therefore indexed with direct lattice indices, instead of with Miller indices.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The closing of atoms into rings may lock particular atoms with distinct substitution by functional groups such that the result is stereochemistry and chirality of the compound, including some manifestations that are unique to rings (e.g., configurational isomers). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Permutation re-sampling requires a computationally demanding number of permutations to get reliable estimates of the p-values for the most differentially expressed genes, if n is large. Eisinga, Breitling and Heskes (2013) provide the exact probability mass distribution of the rank product statistic. Calculation of t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermochemistry rests on two generalizations. Stated in modern terms, they are as follows:
#Lavoisier and Laplace's law (1780): The energy change accompanying any transformation is equal and opposite to energy change accompanying the reverse process.
#Hess' law of constant heat summation (1840): The energy change acco... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alkaline earth metal complexes have been synthesized by RTLE, employing the same methodology used in synthesizing lanthanide complexes. The use of diphenylmercury in alkaline-earth metal reactions leads to the production of elemental mercury. The handling and disposal of elemental mercury is challenging due to its toxi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The in vivo bioreactor is a tissue engineering paradigm that uses bioreactor methodology to grow neotissue in vivo that augments or replaces malfunctioning native tissue. Tissue engineering principles are used to construct a confined, artificial bioreactor space in vivo that hosts a tissue scaffold and key biomolecules... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Numerous synthetic chlorins with different functional groups and/or ring modifications have been examined.
Contracted chlorins can be synthesised by reduction of B(III)subporphyrin or by oxidation of corresponding B(III)subbacteriochlorin. The B(III)subchlorins were directly synthesized as meso-ester B(III)subchlorin f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In construction, a sleeve is used both by the electrical and mechanical trades to create a penetration in a solid wall, ceilling or floor. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although the unsteady mechanism of idealized 2D experiments has already been studied comprehensively, the dynamic stall on a rotor presents strong three-dimensional character differences. According to a well-collected in-flight data by Bousman, the generation location of the DSV is "tightly grouped", where lift oversho... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Head of Department: Prof. David Procter
* Head of Education: Dr. Alan Brisdon
* Undergraduate Program Director: Dr. Andrew Regan
* Subject Lead (Inorganic): Prof. David Collison
* Subject Lead (Organic): Dr. Andrew Regan
* Subject Lead (Physical): Prof. Nick Lockyer
* Head of Teaching and Scholarship: Dr. Jenny Slau... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Other molecules besides ATP undergo dephosphorylation as part of other biological systems. Different compounds produce different free energy changes as a result of dephosphorylation.
Psilocybin also relies on dephosphorylation to be metabolized into psilocin and further eliminated. No information on psilocybin's effect... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Wolf–Rayet stars, the triple-alpha reaction is accommodated by the low-energy of resonance. However, in neutron stars the temperature in the core is so low that the triple-alpha reactions can occur via the pycnonuclear pathway. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When the electric potentials or charge densities are not too high, the PB equation can be simplified to the Debye-Hückel (DH) equation. By expanding the exponential function in the PB equation into a Taylor series, one obtains
: where
The parameter κ is referred to as the Debye length, and some representa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The collection sample should contain 100+ arthropods. A tolerance value of 0 to 10 is assigned to each arthropod species (or genera) based on its known prevalence in stream habitats with varying states of detritus contamination. A highly tolerant species would receive a value of 10, while a species collected only in un... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Meselson-Stahl experiment was a landmark experiment in molecular biology that provided evidence for the semiconservative replication of DNA. Conducted in 1958 by Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl, the experiment involved growing E. coli bacteria in a medium containing heavy isotope of nitrogen (N) for several gen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The symbol used to represent temperature in equations is T with SI units of kelvins.
The speed of a gas particle is proportional to its absolute temperature. The volume of the balloon in the video shrinks when the trapped gas particles slow down with the addition of extremely cold nitrogen. The temperature of any physi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The history of the Haber process begins with the invention of the Haber process at the dawn of the twentieth century. The process allows the economical fixation of atmospheric dinitrogen in the form of ammonia, which in turn allows for the industrial synthesis of various explosives and nitrogen fertilizers, and is prob... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A fecal coliform (British: faecal coliform) is a facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, gram-negative, non-sporulating bacterium. Coliform bacteria generally originate in the intestines of warm-blooded animals. Fecal coliforms are capable of growth in the presence of bile salts or similar surface agents, are oxidase nega... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate is the conjugate base of 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid. It is phosphorylated at the number 1 and 3 carbons. The result of this phosphorylation gives 1,3BPG important biological properties such as the ability to phosphorylate ADP to form the energy storage molecule ATP. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some chemicals contain another anion in addition to borate. These include borate chlorides, borate carbonates, borate nitrates, borate sulfates, borate phosphates. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An alternative approach used to measure the relative abundance of radiogenic isotopes when working with a solid surface is secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). This type of ion-microprobe analysis normally works by focusing a primary (oxygen) ion beam on a sample in order to generate a series of secondary positive ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Structured-wall pipes and fittings are products which have an optimized design with regard to material usage to achieve the physical, mechanical and performance requirements. Structured Wall Pipes are tailor made solutions of piping systems, for a variety of applications and in most cases developed in cooperation with ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spectrophotometers designed for the infrared region are quite different because of the technical requirements of measurement in that region. One major factor is the type of photosensors that are available for different spectral regions, but infrared measurement is also challenging because virtually everything emits IR ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dimethyl malonate is a diester derivative of malonic acid. It is a common reagent for organic synthesis used, for example, as a precursor for barbituric acid. It is also used in the malonic ester synthesis. It can be synthesized from dimethoxymethane and carbon monoxide.
Dimethyl malonate is used extensively in the fra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alizarine Yellow R is a yellow colored azo dye made by the diazo coupling reaction. It is usually commercially available as a sodium salt. In its pure form, it is a rust-colored solid. It is mainly used as a pH indicator. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electrowinning and electrorefining respectively involve the recovery and purification of metals using electrodeposition of metals at the cathode, and either metal dissolution or a competing oxidation reaction at the anode. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
π systems are important building blocks in supramolecular assembly because of their versatile noncovalent interactions with various functional groups.
A notable example of applying π–π interactions in supramolecular assembly is the synthesis of catenane. The major challenge for the synthesis of catenane is to interlock... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The word electrolyte derives from Ancient Greek ήλεκτρο- (ēlectro-), prefix related to electricity, and λυτός (lytos), meaning "able to be untied or loosened". | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Art in bronze and brass dates from remote antiquity. These important metals are alloys, bronze composed of copper and tin and brass of copper and zinc.
Proportions of each alloy vary slightly. Bronze may be normally considered as nine parts of copper to one of tin. Other ingredients which are occasionally found are mo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
LDA is commonly formed by treating a cooled (0 to −78 °C) mixture of tetrahydrofuran and diisopropylamine with n-butyllithium.
When dissociated, the diisopropylamide anion can become protonated to form diisopropylamine. Diisopropylamine has a pK value of 36. Therefore, its conjugate base is suitable for the deprotonati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*For biodiesel fuel: waste vegetable oil (WVO) must be neutralized before a batch may be processed. A portion of WVO is titrated with a base to determine acidity, so the rest of the batch may be neutralized properly. This removes free fatty acids from the WVO that would normally react to make soap instead of biodiese... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Carter–Goddard–Malrieu–Trinquier model (better known as CGMT model) is a model in inorganic chemistry, used for the description and prediction of distortions in multiple bonding systems of main group elements. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consider a steady potential flow that is characterized by the velocity potential Then satisfies
where , the sound speed is expressed as a function of the velocity magnitude For a polytropic gas, we can write
where is the specific heat ratio, is the stagnation sound speed (i.e., the sound speed in a gas at rest) an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A membraneless battery relies on laminar flow in which two liquids are pumped through a channel, where they undergo electrochemical reactions to store or release energy. The solutions stream through in parallel, with little mixing. The flow naturally separates the liquids, eliminating the need for a membrane.
Membranes... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
M receptors are found in the CNS.
M receptors work via G receptors to decrease cAMP in the cell and, thus, produce generally inhibitory effects. Possible bronchospasm may result if stimulated by muscarinic agonists | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Both the lower pH and higher aluminium concentrations in surface water that occur as a result of acid rain can cause damage to fish and other aquatic animals. At pH lower than 5 most fish eggs will not hatch and lower pH can kill adult fish. As lakes and rivers become more acidic biodiversity is reduced. Acid rain has ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Endogenous steroid sulfates include:
* Cholesterol sulfate (formed from cholesterol by SULT2B1b)
* Pregnenolone sulfate (formed from pregnenolone by SULT2A1 and SULT2B1a)
* sulfate (formed from by SULT2A1 and SULT1E1)
* Androstenediol sulfate (formed from androstenediol)
* Androsterone sulfate (formed from androstero... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plants have an array of volatile compounds they can release to signal other plants. By unleashing these cues, plants learn more about their environment and sufficiently respond. However, there are still many factors about plant scents scientists are still trying to understand. Scientists have studied how many of the vo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A sanitary sewer is an underground pipe or tunnel system for transporting sewage from houses and commercial buildings (but not stormwater) to a sewage treatment plant or disposal.
Sanitary sewers are a type of gravity sewer and are part of an overall system called a "sewage system" or sewerage. Sanitary sewers serving ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vukić Mićović (Serbian: Вукић Мићовић; Bare Kraljske, near Andrijevica, Montenegro, 1 January 1896 – Belgrade, Serbia, Yugoslavia, 19 January 1981) was a Serbian chemist, professor and dean of the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics in Belgrade, rector of the University of Belgrade and academician of SANU... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In two dimensions, any lattice can be specified by the length of its two primitive translation vectors and the angle between them. There are an infinite number of possible lattices one can describe in this way. Some way to categorize different types of lattices is desired. One way to do so is to recognize that some lat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Early theories of the origin of life included spontaneous generation from non-living matter and panspermia, the arrival of life on earth from other bodies in space. The question of how life originated became urgent when Charles Darwins 1859 On the Origin of Species' became widely accepted by biologists. The evolution o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ampicillin can be administered by mouth, an intramuscular injection (shot) or by intravenous infusion. The oral form, available as capsules or oral suspensions, is not given as an initial treatment for severe infections, but rather as a follow-up to an IM or IV injection. For IV and IM injections, ampicillin is kept as... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Work, i.e. "weight lifted through a height", was originally defined in 1824 by Sadi Carnot in his famous paper Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, where he used the term motive power for work. Specifically, according to Carnot: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nuclei with a spin quantum number >1/2 have a non-spherical charge distribution and an associated electric quadrupole moment tensor. The nuclear electric quadrupole moment couples with surrounding electric field gradients. The nuclear quadrupole coupling is one of the largest interactions in NMR spectroscopy, often com... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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