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In organic chemistry, tolyl groups are functional groups related to toluene. They have the general formula , the change of the relative position of the methyl and the R substituent on the aromatic ring can generate three possible structural isomers 1,2 (ortho), 1,3 (meta), and 1,4 (para). Tolyl groups are aryl groups ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
; In vitro measurements
Other tests measure the antioxidant capacity of a fraction. Some make use of the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation, which is reactive towards most antioxidants including phenolics, thiols and vitamin C. During this reaction, the blue ABTS radical catio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tattvartha Sutra is also known in Jainism as the Moksha-shastra (Scripture describing the path of liberation). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemically, lichenin is a mixed-linkage glucan, consisting of repeating glucose units linked by β-1,3 and β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A partnership between IBM and Caltech was established in 2009 aiming at "DNA chips" production. A Caltech group is working on the manufacturing of these nucleic-acid-based integrated circuits. One of these chips can compute whole square roots. A compiler has been written in Perl. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A consequence of Newton's second law of mechanics is the conservation of the angular momentum (or the “moment of momentum”) which is fundamental to all turbomachines. Accordingly, the change of the angular momentum is equal to the sum of the external moments. The variation of angular momentum at inlet and outlet, an ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ITCH is a HECT domain–containing E3 ubiquitin ligase that is ablated in non-agouti-lethal 18H (aka Itchy) mice. Itchy mice develop a severe immunological phenotype after birth that includes hyperplasia of lymphoid and hematopoietic cells, and stomach and lung inflammation. In humans ITCH deficiency causes altered physi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term "imine" was coined in 1883 by the German chemist Albert Ladenburg.
Usually imines refer to compounds with the general formula RC=NR, as discussed below. In the older literature, imine refers to the aza-analogue of an epoxide. Thus, ethylenimine is the three-membered ring species aziridine CHNH. The relationshi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In molecular biology, pertactin (PRN) is a highly immunogenic virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis, the bacterium that causes pertussis. Specifically, it is an outer membrane protein that promotes adhesion to tracheal epithelial cells. PRN is purified from Bordetella pertussis and is used for the vaccine productio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the process industry, chemical industry, manufacturing industry, and other commercial and industrial contexts, pipe marking is used to identify the contents, properties and flow direction of fluids in piping. It is typically carried out by marking piping through labels and color codes. Pipe marking helps personnel a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Emerson effect is the increase in the rate of photosynthesis after chloroplasts are exposed to light of wavelength 680 nm (deep red spectrum) and more than 680 nm (far red spectrum). When simultaneously exposed to light of both wavelengths, the rate of photosynthesis is far higher than the sum of the red light and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several properties may make Glycoazodyes an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional synthetic dyes. The increased hydrophilicity of Glycoazodyes allows for the elimination of surfactants, mordants, and salts, during the dyeing process and permits the aqueous dying of a variety of textiles at moderate temper... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some examples of stannide Zintl ions are listed below. Some of them contain 2-centre 2-electron bonds (2c-2e), others are "electron deficient" and bonding sometimes can be described using polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory (Wades rules) where the number of valence electrons contributed by each tin atom is conside... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many of the other quantities of information theory can be interpreted as applications of relative entropy to specific cases. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Viscosity is usually described as the property of a fluid which determines the rate at which local momentum differences are equilibrated. Rotational viscosity is a property of a fluid which determines the rate at which local angular momentum differences are equilibrated. In the classical case, by the equipartition theo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Molecular machines are molecules or molecular assemblies that can perform functions such as linear or rotational movement, switching, and entrapment. These devices exist at the boundary between supramolecular chemistry and nanotechnology, and prototypes have been demonstrated using supramolecular concepts. Jean-Pierre ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The reactions are due to collisions of reactant species. The frequency with which the molecules or ions collide depends upon their concentrations. The more crowded the molecules are, the more likely they are to collide and react with one another. Thus, an increase in the concentrations of the reactants will usually res... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stuntman and comedian Steve-O has publicly spoken of his involvement as a test subject in an early ractopamine study whose aim was to determine the stress limits of ractopamine saturation in humans. Glover says "Based on how dangerous the study was, the more money you get." | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A simple qualitative method to determine the presence of phosphate ions in a sample is as follows. A small amount of the sample is acidified with concentrated nitric acid, to which a little ammonium molybdate is added. The presence of phosphate ions is indicated by the formation of a bright yellow precipitate layer of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfide stress cracking (SSC) is a form of hydrogen embrittlement which is a cathodic cracking mechanism. It should not be confused with the term stress corrosion cracking which is an anodic cracking mechanism. Susceptible alloys, especially steels, react with hydrogen sulfide (), forming metal sulfides (MeS) and atomi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Kelvin probe force microscope or Kelvin force microscope (KFM) is based on an AFM set-up and the determination of the work function is based on the measurement of the electrostatic forces between the small AFM tip and the sample. The conducting tip and the sample are characterized by (in general) different work fun... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As discussed in the operation section, the resolution bandwidth filter or RBW filter is the bandpass filter in the IF path. It's the bandwidth of the RF chain before the detector (power measurement device). It determines the RF noise floor and how close two signals can be and still be resolved by the analyzer into tw... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* A model for testing performance was determined that, when combined with the vortex lattice (VLM) or boundary element method (BEM), RANS was found useful for modelling the flow of water between two contrary rotation propellers, where VLM or BEM are applied to the propellers and RANS is used for the dynamically fluxing... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a process of fertilisation where an egg is combined with sperm in vitro ("in glass"). The process involves monitoring and stimulating a womans ovulatory process, removing an ovum or ova (egg or eggs) from their ovaries and letting a mans sperm fertilise them in a culture medium in a labo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phanes are abstractions of highly complex organic molecules introduced for simplification of the naming of these highly complex molecules.
Systematic nomenclature of organic chemistry consists of building a name for the structure of an organic compound by a collection of names of its composite parts but describing also... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
William Martin and Michael Russell suggest that the first cellular life forms may have evolved inside alkaline hydrothermal vents at seafloor spreading zones in the deep sea. These structures consist of microscale caverns that are coated by thin membraneous metal sulfide walls. Therefore, these structures would resolve... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Cyanofullerenes are a class of modified fullerenes in which cyano- groups are attached to a fullerene skeleton. These have the formula , where n takes the values 1 to 9. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The enantiomers of axially chiral compounds are usually given the stereochemical labels (R) and (S), sometimes abbreviated (R) and (S). The designations are based on the same Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules used for tetrahedral stereocenters. The chiral axis is viewed end-on and the two "near" and two "far" substitu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Widely known methods of structural investigation, such as mass-spectrometry and X-ray analysis are only limitedly applicable to carbohydrates. Such structural studies, such as sequence determination or identification of new monosaccharides, benefit the most from the NMR spectroscopy.
Absolute configuration and polymeri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Important publications in biochemistry (chemistry)
* List of biochemistry topics
* List of biochemists
* List of biomolecules | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pipe installation is often more expensive than the material and a variety of specialized tools, techniques, and parts have been developed to assist this. Pipe is usually delivered to a customer or jobsite as either "sticks" or lengths of pipe (typically , called single random length) or they are prefabricated with elbo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Highly-fermentable fiber residues, such as those from resistant starch, oat bran, pectin, and guar are transformed by colonic bacteria into short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) including butyrate, producing more SCFA than less fermentable fibers such as celluloses. One study found that resistant starch consistently produces ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Activity coefficients for binary mixtures are often reported at the infinite dilution of each component. Because activity coefficient models simplify at infinite dilution, such empirical values can be used to estimate interaction energies. Examples are given for water: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One goal of alchemy, the transmutation of base substances into gold, is now known to be impossible by means of traditional chemistry, but possible by other physical means. Although not financially worthwhile, gold was synthesized in particle accelerators as early as 1941. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The I isotope is also used as a radioactive label for certain radiopharmaceuticals that can be used for therapy, e.g. I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (I-MIBG) for imaging and treating pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma. In all of these therapeutic uses, I destroys tissue by short-range beta radiation. About 90% of its radiat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In his exposition of his scheme of closed system equilibrium thermodynamics, C. Carathéodory initially postulates that experiment reveals that a definite number of real variables define the states that are the points of the manifold of equilibria. In the words of Prigogine and Defay (1945): "It is a matter of experienc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Imipenem acts as an antimicrobial through inhibiting cell wall synthesis of various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It remains very stable in the presence of β-lactamase (both penicillinase and cephalosporinase) produced by some bacteria, and is a strong inhibitor of β-lactamases from some Gram-negative bacte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The last abundant subset of thymic DCs is represented by B220 plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) which also rise extrathymically and transfer peripheral antigens from the periphery to the thymus to mediate selection processes.
All these thymic DC subsets were shown to participate in antigen transfer. Nevertheless, only tDCs and m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Scientists Miriam Paredes and Maria Quiles led an investigation on the plant species Rosa Meillandina, and its metabolic response to water deficit. They noted how limited water irrigation can cause a reduction in PS II levels, which then results in the inhibition of photosynthesis. Paredes and Quiles also noticed the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Volatiles are present in nearly all magma in different concentrations. Examples of volatiles within magma include water, carbon dioxide, and halogen gases. High pressures allow these volatiles to stay relatively stable within solution. However, over time, as the magmatic pressure decreases, volatiles will rise out of s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1898, the physiologist Robert Tigerstedt and his student, Per Bergman, experimented with rabbits by injecting them with kidney extracts. Their results suggested the kidneys produced a protein, which they named renin, that caused a rise in blood pressure. In the 1930s, Goldblatt conducted experiments where he constri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When the force is associated with a potential energy (see conservative force), a steady-state solution to the above equation (i.e. ) is:
(assuming and are constant). In other words, there are more particles where the energy is lower. This concentration profile is expected to agree with the Boltzmann distribution (mo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The fluid flows in microfluidic and nanofluidic devices are often stable and strongly damped by viscous forces (with Reynolds numbers of order unity or smaller). However, heterogeneous ionic conductivity fields in the presence of applied electric fields can, under certain conditions, generate an unstable flow field owi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ion separation is another application of magnetic separation. The separation is driven by the magnetic field that induces a separating force. The force differentiate then between heavy and lighter ions causing the separation. This phenomenon has been demonstrated on test bench and pilot scale. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In some cases, chemical trap is used to detect or infer a compound when present at concentrations below its detection limit or is present in a mixture, where other components interfere with its detection. The trapping agent, for example a dye, reacts with the chemical to be detected, giving a product that is more easi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Organ printing for medical applications is still in the developmental stages. Thus, the long term impacts of organ printing have yet to be determined. Researchers hope that organ printing could decrease the organ transplant shortage. There is currently a shortage of available organs, including liver, kidneys, and lungs... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Renewable energy company Bord na Móna began peat moss trials in 2012 to restore Sphagnum in raised bogs for potential horticulture. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Diradicals are molecules containing two radical centers. Dioxygen (O) is an important example of a stable diradical. Singlet oxygen, the lowest-energy non-radical state of dioxygen, is less stable than the diradical due to Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity. The relative stability of the oxygen diradical is primarily ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lipase inhibitors belong to a drug class that is used as an antiobesity agent. Their mode of action is to inhibit gastric and pancreatic lipases, enzymes that play an important role in the digestion of dietary fat. Lipase inhibitors are classified in the ATC-classification system as A08AB (peripherally acting antiobesi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There may be equilibrium fractionation between coexisting minerals. This would be particularly relevant when considering the formation of planetary bodies early in the solar system. Experiments have aimed to simulate the formation of the Earth at high temperatures using a platinum-iron alloy and an analog for the silic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The presence of nearby particles will affect the radiation emitted by an individual particle. There are two limiting cases by which this occurs:
* Impact pressure broadening or collisional broadening: The collision of other particles with the light emitting particle interrupts the emission process, and by shortening th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Anthocyanins are thought to be subject to physiochemical degradation in vivo and in vitro. Structure, pH, temperature, light, oxygen, metal ions, intramolecular association, and intermolecular association with other compounds (copigments, sugars, proteins, degradation products, etc.) generally are known to affect the c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During the 1950s, Bernard Katz and Paul Fatt observed spontaneous miniature synaptic currents at the frog neuromuscular junction. Based on these observations, they developed the quantal hypothesis that is the basis for our current understanding of neurotransmitter release as exocytosis and for which Katz received the N... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a Latimer diagram, the most highly oxidized form of the element is on the left side, with successively lower oxidation states to the right side. The species are connected by arrows, and the numerical value of the standard potential (in volts) for the reduction is written at each arrow. For example, for oxygen, the s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
N-Chlorosuccinimide ("NCS")is the organic compound with the formula CH(CO)NCl. A white solid, it is used for chlorinations. It is also used as a mild oxidant. NCS is related to succinimide, but with N-Cl in place of N-H. The N–Cl bond is highly reactive, and NCS functions as a source of "Cl". | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For any point in a unit cell, given by fractional coordinates, one can apply a symmetry operation to the point. In some cases it will move to new coordinates, while in other cases the point will remain unaffected. For example, reflecting across a mirror plane will switch all the points left and right of the mirror plan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Herta Leng Memorial Lecture Series, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Every year, RPI honors Leng with the Herta Leng Memorial Lecture Series. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The robustness of focal molography against environmental noise gives the method a platform character that enables many possible applications. They range from the investigation of a specific biomolecular interaction in basic biological research to the diagnosis of a critical health condition in an emergency.
The biolo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ashes of glasswort plants, and also of their Mediterranean counterpart saltwort plants, yield soda ash, which is an important ingredient for glassmaking and soapmaking. Soda ash is an alkali whose active ingredient is now known to be sodium carbonate.
Glasswort and saltwort plants sequester the sodium they absorb ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The javelin argument, credited to Lucretius, is an ancient logical argument that the universe, or cosmological space, must be infinite. The javelin argument was used to support the Epicurean thesis about the universe. It was also constructed to counter the Aristotelian view that the universe is finite. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The TRIM family is split into two groups that differ in domain structure and genomic organization:
* Group 1 members possess a variety of C-terminal domains, and are represented in both vertebrate and invertebrates
* Group 2 is absent in invertebrates, possess a C-terminal SPRY domain
Members of the family include:
* ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A chemical structure of a molecule is a spatial arrangement of its atoms and their chemical bonds. Its determination includes a chemists specifying the molecular geometry and, when feasible and necessary, the electronic structure of the target molecule or other solid. Molecular geometry refers to the spatial arrangemen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some reactors are used for the neutron irradiation of samples for radioisotope production for a range of purposes. The sample can be placed in an irradiation container which is then placed in the reactor; if epithermal neutrons are required for the irradiation then cadmium can be used to filter out the thermal neutrons... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A diketopiperazine (DKP), also known as a dioxopiperazine or piperazinedione, is a class of organic compounds related to piperazine but containing two amide linkages. DKP's are the smallest known class of cyclic peptide. Despite their name, they are not ketones, but amides. Three regioisomers are possible, differing in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In Egypt, soil-less agriculture is used to grow plants on the roofs of buildings. No soil is placed directly on the roof itself, thus eliminating the need for an insulating layer; instead, plants are grown on wooden tables. Vegetables and fruit are the most popular candidates, providing a fresh, healthy source of foo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
They are not necessarily mutagenic by themselves, but they produce promutagens mutagenic compounds through metabolic processes in cells.
*Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
*Aromatic amines
*Benzene | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Expansibility factor, also called expansion factor, for sharp-edged orifice plates with corner, flange or D and D/2 tappings:<br />
:if (at least - standards vary)
:but for incompressible fluids, including most liquids | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A hidden state of matter is a state of matter which cannot be reached under ergodic conditions, and is therefore distinct from known thermodynamic phases of the material. Examples exist in condensed matter systems, and are typically reached by the non-ergodic conditions created through laser photo excitation.
Short-l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are two motifs to indicate a metal oxidation state based around the actual charge separation of the metal center. Oxidation states up to +3 are believed to be an accurate representation of the charge separation experienced by the metal center. For oxidation states of +4 and larger, the oxidation state becomes mor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A Phred quality score is a measure of the quality of the identification of the nucleobases generated by automated DNA sequencing. It was originally developed for the computer program Phred to help in the automation of DNA sequencing in the Human Genome Project. Phred quality scores are assigned to each nucleotide base ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In addition to receiving citations from scientific articles and theses, the Bilbao Crystallographic Server also actively publishes research reports in internationally reviewed articles, as well as hosting/participating in international workshops, summer schools and conferences. A list of these publications and events a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It adopts "antifluorite structure," which means that the small K ions occupy the tetrahedral (F) sites in fluorite, and the larger S centers occupy the eight-coordinate sites. LiS, NaS, and RbS crystallize similarly. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alkyllithium reagents form deeply colored derivatives with phenanthroline. The alkyllithium content of solutions can be determined by treatment of such reagents with small amounts of phenanthroline (ca. 1 mg) followed by titration with alcohols to a colourless endpoint. Grignard reagents may be similarly titrated. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The mechanism for chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) replication has not been conclusively determined, but two main models have been proposed. Scientists have attempted to observe chloroplast replication via electron microscopy since the 1970s. The results of the microscopy experiments led to the idea that chloroplast DNA replica... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This rule is derived from the fact that, perhaps coincidentally, for the most common chemical elements in neutral organic compounds (hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and the halogens), elements with even numbered nominal masses form even numbers of covalent bonds, while elements with odd... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Scintillons have been extensively purified from L. polyedra by centrifugation, and these purified scintillon preparations contain luciferase and luciferin binding protein as the only detectable protein components. The amount of luciferase, LBP and luciferin all vary over the course of a daily (circadian) period, as do ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys form Al5FeSi- plate like intermetallic phases like -Al8Fe2Si, Al2Cu, etc. The size and morphology of these intermetallic phases in these alloys control the mechanical properties of these alloys, especially strength and ductility. The size of these phases depends on the secondary dendrite arm spacing,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mixed layer dynamics are quite complicated; however, in some regions some simplifications are possible. The wind-driven horizontal transport in the mixed layer is approximately described by Ekman Layer dynamics in which vertical diffusion of momentum balances the Coriolis effect and wind stress. This Ekman transport ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
E. coli produces a second protein responsible for degradation of (p)ppGpp, SpoT. When the amino acid balance in the cell is restored, (p)ppGpp is hydrolyzed by SpoT and returned to a more energetically favorable state. This protein also has the capacity to synthesize (p)ppGpp, and seems to be the primary synthase under... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Superstack was built by Inco Limited (and later purchased by Vale) at an estimated cost of 25 million dollars. Construction on the structure was underway during the Sudbury tornado of August 20, 1970; the structure swayed heavily in the wind, but remained standing and suffered only minor damage. Six workers were on... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemical gradients are sensed through multiple transmembrane receptors, called methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs), which vary in the molecules that they detect. Thousands of MCP receptors are known to be encoded across the bacterial kingdom. These receptors may bind attractants or repellents directly or indire... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Strecker degradation is a chemical reaction which converts an α-amino acid into an aldehyde containing the side chain, by way of an imine intermediate. It is named after Adolph Strecker, a German chemist.
The original observation by Strecker involved the use of alloxan as the oxidant in the first step, followed by ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bioasphalt is an asphalt alternative made from non-petroleum based renewable resources.
These sources include sugar, molasses and rice, corn and potato starches, natural tree and gum resins, natural latex rubber and vegetable oils, lignin, cellulose, palm oil waste, coconut waste, peanut oil waste, canola oil waste, dr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With regard to permanent teeth, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of RMGIC as long term restorations in permanent teeth. Despite the low number of randomised control trials, a meta- analysis review by Bezerra et al. [2009] reported significantly fewer carious lesions on the margins of glass ionomer rest... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Jai Pal Mittal is an elected fellow the Indian National Science Academy, National Academy of Sciences, India, The World Academy of Sciences, the Indian Academy of Sciences and the Maharashtra Academy of Sciences. He is a recipient of two awards, Professor T. R. Seshadri 70th Birthday Commemoration Medal in 1994 and the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The activated complexes do not follow a Boltzmann distribution of energies, but an "equilibrium constant" can still be derived from the distribution they do follow. The equilibrium constant K for the quasi-equilibrium can be written as
So, the chemical activity of the transition state AB is
Therefore, the rate equation... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In February 2018, 3M settled a lawsuit for $850 million related to contaminated drinking water in Minnesota. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Further works from Wöhler:
* Lehrbuch der Chemie, Dresden, 1825, 4 vols,
* Grundriss der Anorganischen Chemie, Berlin, 1830,
* Grundriss der Chemie, Berlin, 1837–1858 [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-29177 Vol.1&2 Digital edition ] by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
* [https://books.google.co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Giovanni Aldini, Galvanis nephew, continued his uncles work after Luigi Galvani died in 1798. In 1803, Aldini performed a famous public demonstration of the electro-stimulation technique of deceased limbs on the corpse of an executed criminal George Foster at Newgate in London. The Newgate Calendar describes what happe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Note that Sides 1 and 2 are no longer in osmotic equilibrium (i.e. the total osmolytes on each side are not the same)
In vivo, ion balance does equilibriate at the proportions that would be predicted by the Gibbs–Donnan model, because the cell cannot tolerate the attendant large influx of water. This is balanced by ins... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although the native biological role of APP is of obvious interest to Alzheimers research, thorough understanding has remained elusive. Experimental models of Alzheimers disease are commonly used by researchers to gain better understandings about the biological function of APP in disease pathology and progression. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
From 1875 to 1920 American steel production grew from 380,000 tons to 60 million tons annually, making the U.S. the world leader. The annual growth rates in steel 1870–1913 were 7.0% for the US; 1.0% for Britain; 6.0% for Germany; and 4.3% for France, Belgium, and Russia, the other major producers. This explosive Ameri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Schultz theory (after D. L. Schultz) is applicable only for very high energy solids. Again, it is similar to the theories of Owens, Wendt, Fowkes, and Wu, but is designed for a situation where conventional measurement required for those theories is impossible. In the class of solids with sufficiently high surface e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Careful storage is needed when handling sodium hydroxide for use, especially bulk volumes. Following proper NaOH storage guidelines and maintaining worker/environment safety is always recommended given the chemical's burn hazard.
Sodium hydroxide is often stored in bottles for small-scale laboratory use, within interme... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In science, and most specifically chemistry, the accepted value denotes a value of a substance accepted by almost all scientists and the experimental value denotes the value of a substance's properties found in a localized lab. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Protein Data Bank (PDB): repository for protein sequence and structural information
* UniProt: provides sequence and functional information
* Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP Classifications): hierarchical-based approach
* Class, Architecture, Topology and Homologous superfamily (CATH): hierarchical-based ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In addition to lipid rafts, cholesterol can also interact with proteins that possess lipid-binding domains, such as certain types of sterol-sensing domains or cholesterol recognition/interaction amino acid consensus (CRAC) motifs. These interactions can affect protein conformation, stability, and function, thereby infl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
LIBS is one of several analytical techniques that can be deployed in the field as opposed to pure laboratory techniques e.g. spark OES. , recent research on LIBS focuses on compact and (man-)portable systems. Some industrial applications of LIBS include the detection of material mix-ups, analysis of inclusions in steel... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A similar phenomenon occurs in many other systems. Another example is vibrational modes in a liquid. Each molecule of the liquid has vibrational modes, and the vibrational frequency is influenced by the positions of nearby molecules. However, if the nearby molecules reorient and move around fast enough, the vibration w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Otto Berg (23 November 1873 – 1939) was a German scientist. He is one of the scientists credited with discovering rhenium, the last element to be discovered having a stable isotope. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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