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In polar solvents such as acetonitrile, PhPCl adopts an ionic phosphonium salt structure, [PhPCl]Cl, whereas in non-polar solvents like diethyl ether it exists as a non-solvated trigonal bipyramidal molecule. Two [PhPCl] species can also adopt an unusual dinuclear ionic structure—both interacting with a Cl via lo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In elementary arithmetic geometry, stereographic projection from the unit circle provides a means to describe all primitive Pythagorean triples. Specifically, stereographic projection from the north pole (0,1) onto the -axis gives a one-to-one correspondence between the rational number points on the unit circle (with... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The microprocess design philosophy has been largely envisioned by historical analysis of the role that component miniaturization has played in the information technology industry. It is the evolution of the miniaturization of computer hardware that has enabled the thinking about process miniaturization, in the chemica... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In omission libraries a certain amino acid is missing from all peptides of the mixture. The figure shows the full library and the three omission libraries. At the top the omitted amino acids are shown. If the omission library gives a negative test the omitted amino acid is present in the active component. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The proper utilization of pervious concrete is a recognized Best Management Practice by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for providing first flush pollution control and stormwater management. As regulations further limit stormwater runoff, it is becoming more expensive for property owners to develop real ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
EMFIT sensor film has a diverse range of applications due to it being flexible, durable, and sensitive to a wide range of frequencies. These properties are attributed to its base material: cellular voided Ferro-electret film. Due to these properties, in conjunction with the two modes of operation, it has already seen u... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Radiocarbon dating is a radiometric dating method that uses () to determine the age of carbonaceous materials up to about 60,000 years old. The technique was developed by Willard Libby and his colleagues in 1949 during his tenure as a professor at the University of Chicago. Libby estimated that the radioactivity of exc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
COOLFluiD is a component based scientific computing environment that handles high-performance computing problems with focus on complex computational fluid dynamics (CFD) involving multiphysics phenomena.
It features a Collaborative Simulation Environment where multiple physical models and multiple discretization metho... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
MVR is thought to affect signal strength in postsynaptic neurons that typically have low receptor occupancy; this number can vary widely throughout the nervous system. This means that for however many receptors are found on a postsynaptic cell in the area of presynaptic cell vesicle release, only a small number of them... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Avogadro's law states that:
This statement gives rise to the molar volume of a gas, which at STP (273.15 K, 1 atm) is about 22.4 L. The relation is given by:
:, orwhere n is equal to the number of molecules of gas (or the number of moles of gas). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Solid-state physics is the study of rigid matter, or solids, through methods such as solid-state chemistry, quantum mechanics, crystallography, electromagnetism, and metallurgy. It is the largest branch of condensed matter physics. Solid-state physics studies how the large-scale properties of solid materials result fro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The classic example of targeted development is imatinib mesylate (Gleevec), a small molecule which inhibits a signaling molecule kinase. The genetic abnormality causing chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) has been known for a long time to be a chromosomal translocation creating an abnormal fusion protein, kinase BCR-ABL... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The absorption of levetiracetam tablets and oral solution is rapid and essentially complete. The bioavailability of levetiracetam is close to 100 percent, and the effect of food on absorption is minor. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transition-metal allyl complexes are coordination complexes with allyl and its derivatives as ligands. Allyl is the radical with the connectivity CHCHCH, although as a ligand it is usually viewed as an allyl anion CH=CH−CH, which is usually described as two equivalent resonance structures. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Casting is a solidification process, which means the solidification phenomenon controls most of the properties of the casting. Moreover, most of the casting defects occur during solidification, such as gas porosity and solidification shrinkage.
Solidification occurs in two steps: nucleation and crystal growth. In the n... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Protein names are generally the same as the gene names, but the protein names are not italicized, and the first letter is upper-case. E.g. the name of RNA polymerase is RpoB, and this protein is encoded by rpoB gene. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Radioactive sources are used for logging formation parameters. Radioactive tracers, along with the other substances in hydraulic-fracturing fluid, are sometimes used to determine the injection profile and location of fractures created by hydraulic fracturing. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
AFM operation is usually described as one of three modes, according to the nature of the tip motion: contact mode, also called static mode (as opposed to the other two modes, which are called dynamic modes); tapping mode, also called intermittent contact, AC mode, or vibrating mode, or, after the detection mechanism, a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1948, Nicolaas Bloembergen, Edward Mills Purcell, and Robert Pound proposed the so-called Bloembergen-Purcell-Pound theory (BPP theory) to explain the relaxation constant of a pure substance in correspondence with its state, taking into account the effect of tumbling motion of molecules on the local magnetic field d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, cyclic AMP, or 3,5-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger, or cellular signal occurring within cells, that is important in many biological processes. cAMP is a derivative of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and used for intracellular signal transduction in many differen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Validation of analytical procedures is imperative in demonstrating that a drug substance is suitable for a particular purpose. Common validation characteristics include: accuracy, precision (repeatability and intermediate precision), specificity, detection limit, quantitation limit, linearity, range, and robustness. In... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Minerals produced through hydrothermal alteration and weathering of primary basaltic minerals are also present on Mars. Secondary minerals include hematite, phyllosilicates (clay minerals), goethite, jarosite, iron sulfate minerals, opaline silica, and gypsum. Many of these secondary minerals require liquid water to fo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Historically this equation arose as a variant on the Prony equation; this variant was developed by Henry Darcy of France, and further refined into the form used today by Julius Weisbach of Saxony in 1845. Initially, data on the variation of with velocity was lacking, so the Darcy–Weisbach equation was outperformed at ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a photobiological process, the hydrogen is produced using photosynthetic microorganisms (green microalgae and cyanobacteria) in photobioreactors. Some of these organisms produce hydrogen upon switching culture conditions; for example, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii produces hydrogen anaerobically under sulfur deprivation... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cyanobacteria are variable in morphology, ranging from unicellular and filamentous to colonial forms. Filamentous forms exhibit functional cell differentiation such as heterocysts (for nitrogen fixation), akinetes (resting stage cells), and hormogonia (reproductive, motile filaments). These, together with the intercell... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry there is a practice known as synthesis. This process is used to form complex chemical compounds from simpler ones. These complex compounds are desirable for their ranging abilities and properties. In order to produce the complex compounds, the simpler ones must “cooperate” in a specific way. This can be ve... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A well-known thioamide is thioacetamide, which is used as a source of the sulfide ion and is a building block in heterocyclic chemistry.
Thioamides or anti-thyroid drugs are also a class of drugs that are used to control thyrotoxicosis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The database contains ca 3,500 Raman spectra. The spectra were recorded in the region of 4,000 – 0 cm with an excitation wavelength of 4,800 nm and a slit width of 100 – 200 micrometers. This collection is not being updated. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Old high-precision frequency standards, i.e. hyperfine structure transition-based atomic clocks, may require periodic fine-tuning due to exposure to magnetic fields. This is carried out by measuring the Zeeman effect on specific hyperfine structure transition levels of the source element (cesium) and applying a uniform... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ketones are pervasive in nature. The formation of organic compounds in photosynthesis occurs via the ketone ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. Many sugars are ketones, known collectively as ketoses. The best known ketose is fructose; it mostly exists as a cyclic hemiketal, which masks the ketone functional group. Fatty acid sy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diebold holds dual citizenship of both Austria and the US. She is married to Gerhard Piringer with whom she has two sons, Thomas (born 1996) and Niklas (born 1999). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most of the iron in the body is hoarded and recycled by the reticuloendothelial system, which breaks down aged red blood cells. In contrast to iron uptake and recycling, there is no physiologic regulatory mechanism for excreting iron. People lose a small but steady amount by gastrointestinal blood loss, sweating and by... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since BioCyc Database family comprises a long list of organism specific databases and also data at different systems level in a living system, the usage in research has been in a wide variety of context. Here, two studies are highlighted which show two different varieties of uses, one on a genome scale and other on ide... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Taxadienone ((+)-taxa-4(5),11(12)-dien-2-one) is an organic compound and a taxane. The compound is of some academic interest as a potential precursor to Taxol, in important anti-cancer drug, in a commercially viable process. A total synthesis of taxadienone was reported in 2012 together with its conversion to the next ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
UVGI can be used to disinfect air with prolonged exposure. In the 1930s and 40s, an experiment in public schools in Philadelphia showed that upper-room ultraviolet fixtures could significantly reduce the transmission of measles among students. In 2020, UVGI is again being researched as a possible countermeasure against... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The roast gas is conveyed through the system by means of an exhaust gas fan (VI). Fans in plants provide pressure increases of approx. 200 mbar and are feedback-controlled to maintain a relative pressure of -3 mbar between reactor and atmosphere to avoid any overpressure-related leakage of acid gas.
To rinse the impell... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic synthesis, compounds containing the carbodiimide functionality are used as dehydration agents. Specifically they are often used to convert carboxylic acids to amides or esters. Additives, such as N-hydroxybenzotriazole or N-hydroxysuccinimide, are often added to increase yields and decrease side reactions.
... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Airborne Real-time Cueing Hyperspectral Enhanced Reconnaissance, also known by the acronym ARCHER, is an aerial imaging system that produces ground images far more detailed than plain sight or ordinary aerial photography can.
It is the most sophisticated unclassified hyperspectral imaging system available, according to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Evaporative cooling is an atomic physics technique to achieve high phase space densities which optical cooling techniques alone typically can not reach.
Atoms trapped in optical or magnetic traps can be evaporatively cooled via two primary mechanisms, usually specific to the type of trap in question: in magnetic traps,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Realtime spectrum analyzers are able to see signals hidden behind other signals. This is possible because no information is missed and the display to the user is the output of FFT calculations. An example of this can be seen on the right. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydrant flushing is the scheduled release of water from fire hydrants or special flushing hydrants to purge iron and other mineral deposits from a water main. Another benefit of using fire hydrants for water main flushing is to test whether water is supplied to fire hydrants at adequate pressure for fire fighting. Duri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tablet formulations are designed and tested using a laboratory machine called a Tablet Compaction Simulator or Powder Compaction Simulator. This is a computer controlled device that can measure the punch positions, punch pressures, friction forces, die wall pressures, and sometimes the tablet internal temperature durin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The formyl group can be readily reduced to a primary alcohol (). Typically this conversion is accomplished by catalytic hydrogenation either directly or by transfer hydrogenation. Stoichiometric reductions are also popular, as can be effected with sodium borohydride. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
She finished her Abitur in 1999. She then studied chemistry at the Humboldt University of Berlin from 1999 to 2004. From 2004 to 2009 she worked on her doctorate in the group of Christian Limberg at the Humboldt University of Berlin. The topic of her dissertation was "Activation of dioxygen at novel first row transitio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The laws of gravity seem to be time reversal invariant in classical mechanics; however, specific solutions need not be.
An object can cross through the event horizon of a black hole from the outside, and then fall rapidly to the central region where our understanding of physics breaks down. Since within a black hole th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electron microscopy: The sample is not exposed to a beam of electrons but detectors picks up the expelled electrons from the radionuclei.
Micro-autoradiography: A tissue section, typically cryosectioned, is placed against a phosphor screen as above.
Quantitative Whole Body Autoradiography (QWBA): Larger than micro-aut... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The mass average molar mass (often loosely termed weight average molar mass) is another way of describing the molar mass of a polymer. Some properties are dependent on molecular size, so a larger molecule will have a larger contribution than a smaller molecule. The mass average molar mass is calculated by
where is the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Immunoturbidimetry is an important tool in the broad diagnostic field of clinical chemistry. It is used to determine serum proteins not detectable with classical clinical chemistry methods. Immunoturbidimetry uses the classical antigen-antibody reaction. The antigen-antibody complexes aggregate to form particles that c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diborane can be produced in situ by reduction BF with NaBH (see for Flavopiridol). Usually however, borane dimethylsulfide complex BHS(CH) (BMS) is used as a source of BH. It can be obtained in highly concentrated forms.
The adduct BH(THF) is also commercially available as THF solutions wherein it exists as the 1:1 ad... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After 1.5 years in space, samples were retrieved, rehydrated and spread on different culture media. The only two organisms able to grow were isolated from a sample exposed to simulated Mars conditions beneath a 0.1% T Suprasil neutral density filter and from a sample exposed to space vacuum without solar radiation expo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pertactin adheres to only ciliated epithelial cells of B. bronchiseptica in vivo. However, in vitro, PRN does not adhere to either. PRN does however help provide resistance towards a hyperinflammatory response of innate immunity for B. bronchiseptica. With respect to the adaptive immunity, studies show that PRN plays a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most of the solvents employed vaporize quickly and are flammable, making the extraction process dangerous. Several explosion and fire incidents related to hash oil manufacturing attempts in homes have been reported.
Solvents used to extract THC are flammable or combustible and have resulted in explosions, fires, severe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In creating the Flory–Stockmayer Theory, Flory made three assumptions that affect the accuracy of this model. These assumptions were:
# All functional groups on a branch unit are equally reactive
# All reactions occur between A and B
# There are no intramolecular reactions
As a result of these assumptions, a convers... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*1997 – Faculty Career Award, National Science Foundation
*2002 – Fulbright Senior Scholar
*2022 – Fellow of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The state postulate is a term used in thermodynamics that defines the given number of properties to a thermodynamic system in a state of equilibrium. It is also sometimes referred to as the state principle. The state postulate allows a finite number of properties to be specified in order to fully describe a state of th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An interesting alternative synthesis of azlocillin involves activation of the substituted phenylglycine analogue 1 with 1,3-dimethyl-2-chloro-1-imidazolinium chloride (2) and then condensation with 6-APA. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To determine the optimal length of the stem, researchers modified its length and observed how quickly termination occurred. When the length of the stem was lengthened or shortened from the standard 8-9 base pair length, termination was less efficient, and if the changes were great enough, termination ceased completely.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The field of radioanalytical chemistry was originally developed by Marie Curie with contributions by Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy. They developed chemical separation and radiation measurement techniques on terrestrial radioactive substances. During the twenty years that followed 1897 the concepts of radionuc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the domain , the solution is given by
where , being the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. Following the analysis of Taylor and Green for the two-dimensional situation, and for , gives agreement with this exact solution, if the exponential is expanded as a Taylor series, i.e. .
The pressure field can be obtained by... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many ordinary liquids, like alcohol or petroleum, creep up solid walls, driven by their surface tension. Liquid helium also has this property, but, in the case of He-IV, the flow of the liquid in the layer is not restricted by its viscosity but by a critical velocity which is about 20 cm/s. This is a fairly high veloci... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In June 2015, the Post-Event Environmental Impact Assessments Report was published as part of the second phase of the strategy. The report was submitted by Golder Associates to the Mount Polley Mining Corporation to determine the physical, biological, and chemical implications 6–8 months after the dam breach. The repor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The phenolic biosynthetic and metabolic pathways and enzymes can be studied by means of transgenesis of genes. The Arabidopsis regulatory gene for production of Anthocyanin Pigment 1 (AtPAP1) can be expressed in other plant species. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (MMPI, INN stem ) inhibits matrix metalloproteinases. Because they inhibit cell migration, they have antiangiogenic effects. They may be both endogenous and exogenous.
The most notorious endogenous metalloproteinases are tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). There are als... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bicycle Day is an informal celebration on April 19th of the anniversary of the first LSD trip, and the psychedelic revolution in general. It is sometimes celebrated by riding a bike on psychedelics and/or in a parade, and often with psychedelic-themed festivities.
On April 19, 1943, Hofmann ingested 0.25 milligrams (25... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
All chemical elements except for hydrogen and helium derive from stellar nucleosynthesis. The basic chemical ingredients of life – the carbon-hydrogen molecule (CH), the carbon-hydrogen positive ion (CH+) and the carbon ion (C+) – were produced by ultraviolet light from stars. Complex molecules, including organic molec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Dittus–Boelter equation (for turbulent flow) as introduced by W.H. McAdams is an explicit function for calculating the Nusselt number. It is easy to solve but is less accurate when there is a large temperature difference across the fluid. It is tailored to smooth tubes, so use for rough tubes (most commercial appli... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a crossed molecular beam apparatus, two collimated beams of gas-phase atoms or molecules, each dilute enough to ignore collisions within each beam, intersect in a vacuum chamber. The direction and velocity of the resulting product molecules are then measured, and are frequently coupled with mass spectrometric data.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With a degree in natural resources engineering, there are various different industries that one could pursue a career in. Some of these industries include federal, state, and local government agencies(such as the Natural Resource Conservation Service), environmental consulting firms, agricultural and food processing in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Formate dehydrogenase consists of two transmembrane domains; three α-helices of the β-subunit and four transmembrane helices from the gamma-subunit.
The β-subunit of formate dehydrogenase is present in the periplasm with a single transmembrane α-helix spanning the membrane by anchoring the β-subunit to the inner-membra... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Though retaining the interpretation of the phrase in terms of Swedenborgs doctrine of correspondence, it was somewhat more closely associated with the philosophical mentalism (the primacy of mind as the active cause of things) of the ancient Greek Hermetica by the anonymous author of the Kybalion (1908, Three Initiates... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term "first flush effect" refers to rapid changes in water quality (pollutant concentration or load) that occur after early season rains. Soil and vegetation particles wash into streams; sediments and other accumulated organic particles on the river bed are re-suspended, and dissolved substances from soil and shall... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Back-of-house testing is more restrictive. The substances tested do not come directly from event participants. Instead, they may come from samples confiscated by police or event security or samples that are disposed of via drug amnesty bins. The results may not be available to event attendees. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The names for the chemical elements 104 to 106 were the subject of a major controversy starting in the 1960s, described by some nuclear chemists as the Transfermium Wars because it concerned the elements following fermium (element 100) on the periodic table.
This controversy arose from disputes between American scienti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Smelting or the reduction of an ore to its metallic state is the primary source of experimentation in archaeometallurgy. In its simplest form smelting can be accomplished by placing an ore sample between two pieces of combusting charcoal in an oxygen reducing atmosphere with a compressed air source to feed the combust... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Division of Reproductive Biology was established in the School of Public Health in 1972. With its emphasis on biochemistry, molecular biology, cell biology, physiology and genetics of reproductive processes. Prior to the Division becoming part of BMB in 1998, it was part of the Department of Population Dynamics, al... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Members of the chemokine family are divided into four groups depending on the spacing of their first two cysteine residues. Thus the nomenclature for chemokines is, e.g.: CCL1 for the ligand 1 of the CC-family of chemokines, and CCR1 for its respective receptor. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The snRNPs are very long-lived, but are assumed to be eventually disassembled and degraded. Little is known about the degradation process. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Steady-states can be stable or unstable. A steady-state is unstable if a small perturbation in one or more of the concentrations results in the system diverging from its state. In contrast, if a steady-state is stable, any perturbation will relax back to the original steady state. Further details can be found on the pa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since the 1920s, beryllium has been used in electronics, ceramics, research and development labs, aircraft, and the atomic energy and defense industry. Cases of bronchitis and pneumonia-like symptoms were reported in Germany and Russia in the 1930s among workers mining and refining beryllium. By 1946, a cluster of case... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Once an interactome has been created, there are numerous ways to analyze its properties. However, there are two important goals of such analyses. First, scientists try to elucidate the systems properties of interactomes, e.g. the topology of its interactions. Second, studies may focus on individual proteins and their r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Indirect calorimetry measures O consumption and CO production. On the assumption that all the oxygen is used to oxidize degradable fuels and all the CO thereby evolved is recovered, it is possible to estimate the total amount of energy produced from the chemical energy of nutrients and converted into the chemical energ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Recent excavations in Middle Ganga Valley done by archaeologist Rakesh Tewari show iron working in India may have begun as early as 1800 BCE. Archaeological sites in India, such as Malhar, Dadupur, Raja Nala Ka Tila and Lahuradewa in the state of Uttar Pradesh show iron implements in the period between 1800 BCE – 1200 ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution licensed (+)-discodermolide to Novartis, which began a phase 1 clinical trial in 2004. The trial concluded that the drug resulted in minimal toxicities and represents a novel mechanism of action. Amos B. Smith's research group, in collaboration with Kosan Biosciences, has a p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are a large number of different types of jet engines, all of which achieve forward thrust from the principle of jet propulsion. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Definition of the K or P-value
: The K or P-value always only refers to a single species or substance:
: with:
:* concentration of species i of a substance in the octanol-rich phase
:* concentration of species i of a substance in the water-rich phase
: If different species occur in the octanol-water system by dissoci... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An iniferter is a chemical compound that simultaneously acts as initiator, transfer agent, and terminator (hence the name ini-fer-ter) in controlled free radical iniferter polymerizations, the most common is the dithiocarbamate type. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For macro PIV setups, lasers are predominant due to their ability to produce high-power light beams with short pulse durations. This yields short exposure times for each frame. Nd:YAG lasers, commonly used in PIV setups, emit primarily at 1064 nm wavelength and its harmonics (532, 266, etc.) For safety reasons, the l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
On the diagram, lines of constant pressure, constant temperature and volume are plotted, so in a two-phase region, the lines of constant pressure and temperature coincide.
Thus, coordinates on the diagram represent entropy and heat.
The work done in a process on vapor cycles is represented by length of , so it can be ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The plasticity region is at the top of deformation map (at the highest normalized stresses), and is below the boundary set by the ideal strength. In this region the strain rate involves an exponential term. This equation is shown below, where is the applied shear stress, is the shear modulus, is the energy barrier t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Espín served as a member of the Central Committee of the Cuban Communist Party from 1965 to 1989. She also held many other roles in the Cuban government, including chair of the Commission for Social Prevention from 1967 to 1971, director of Industrial Development in the Ministry of Food in 1969, president of the Instit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some of the drugs that frequently interact with modafinil include aripiprazole (an antipsychotic), amphetamine (including its enantiomers and salts; stimulants), aspirin, diphenhydramine (an antihistamine), and others.
Modafinil is a weak to moderate inducer of CYP3A4 and a weak inhibitor of CYP2C19, enzymes of the cyt... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
:V10XA01 Sodium iodide (I)
:V10XA02 Iobenguane (I)
:V10XA03 Iodine (I) omburtamab
:V10XA53 Tositumomab/iodine (I) tositumomab | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are two main approaches to definition of the spectral flux density at a measuring point in an electromagnetic radiative field. One may be conveniently here labelled the vector approach, the other the scalar approach. The vector definition refers to the full spherical integral of the spectral radiance (also known ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reid vapor pressure (RVP) is a common measure of the volatility of gasoline and other petroleum products. It is defined as the
absolute vapor pressure exerted by the vapor of the liquid and any dissolved gases/moisture at 37.8 °C (100 °F) as determined by the test method ASTM-D-323, which was first developed in 1930 ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
C photosynthesis (also called glycine shuttle and photorespiratory CO pump) is a CCM that works by making use of – as opposed to avoiding – photorespiration. It performs carbon refixation by delaying the breakdown of photorespired glycine, so that the molecule is shuttled from the mesophyll into the bundle ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Based on preclinical trials, no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) on drugs are established, which are used to determine initial phase 1 clinical trial dosage levels on a mass API per mass patient basis. Generally a 1/100 uncertainty factor or "safety margin" is included to account for interspecies (1/10) and int... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Among several solid electrolytes described in the 19th and early 20th century, α-AgI, the high-temperature crystalline form of silver iodide, is widely regarded as the most important one. Its electrical conduction was characterized by Carl Tubandt and E. Lorenz in 1914. Their comparative study of AgI, AgCl and AgBr dem... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For the simple reaction, the change in Gibbs energy is:
where a and a are the activities at equilibrium. The activities a are related to the concentrations c by a=γc where γ is the activity coefficient. The equilibrium potential is given by the Nernst equation:
where is the standard potential
Defining the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Isotopic tracers are used to examine processes in natural systems, especially terrestrial and aquatic environments. In soil science N tracers are used extensively to study nitrogen cycling, whereas C and C, stable and radioisotopes of carbon respectively, are used for studying turnover of organic compounds and fixatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The favored azaenolate is the dominant starting molecule for the subsequent alkylation reaction. There are two possible faces of accessing for any electrophile to react with. The steric interaction between the pyrrolidine ring and the electrophilic reagent hinders the attack of the electrophile from the top face. On th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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