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Some η-aldehyde complexes insert alkenes to give five-membered metallacycles.
η-Complexes of alpha-beta unsaturated carbonyls exhibit enhanced reactivity toward dienes. This interaction is the basis of Lewis-acid catalyzed Diels-Alder reactions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the light-independent reactions (also known as the Calvin-Benson cycle), two 3-phosphoglycerate molecules are synthesized. RuBP, a 5-carbon sugar, undergoes carbon fixation, catalyzed by the rubisco enzyme, to become an unstable 6-carbon intermediate. This intermediate is then cleaved into two, separate 3-carbon mol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If an infinitesimally small amount of heat is supplied to a system in a reversible way then, according to the second law of thermodynamics, the entropy change of the system is given by:
Since
where C is the heat capacity, it follows that:
The heat capacity depends on how the external variables of the system are change... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In contrast to receptor uncoupling, endocytosis can occur through multiple pathways. GPCR endocytosis has been shown to be either dependent or independent of arrestin activity, depending on the cell type used in the experiment; however, the former is more common. Furthermore, the same receptor expressed in two distinct... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The number of peaks produced by a single element varies from 1 to more than 20. Tables of binding energies that identify the shell and spin-orbit of each peak produced by a given element are included with modern XPS instruments, and can be found in various handbooks and websites. Because these experimentally determined... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If the polymeric system is amorphous, then the anchor points of the crystalline structure are not available and the only way to ensure the stability of the temporary shape is through chain entanglements (physical entanglements and not chemical crosslinking), in addition to the possibility of crosslinking. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A study was conducted to define the pharmacological response of humans to ractopamine. A single oral dose of 40 mg of ractopamine hydrochloride was given to human volunteers. The drug was rapidly absorbed; the mean blood plasma half-life was around 4 hrs and it was not detected in plasma 24 hrs after dosing. Less than ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Upon blood exiting the body, hemoglobin in blood transits from bright red to dark brown, which is attributed to oxidation of oxy-hemoglobin (HbO) to methemoglobin (met-Hb) and ending up in hemichrome (HC). For forensic purposes, the fractions of HbO, met-Hb and HC in a bloodstain can be used for age determination of bl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Poroelasticity is a characteristic of materials related to the migration of solvent through a porous material and the concurrent deformation that occurs. Poroelasticity in hydrated materials such as hydrogels occurs due to friction between the polymer and water as the water moves through the porous matrix upon compress... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ratio of the free-surface amplitudes at second order and first order – according to Stokes's second-order theory – is:
In deep water, for large kh the ratio has the asymptote
For long waves, i.e. small kh, the ratio behaves as
or, in terms of the wave height and wavelength :
with
Here is the Ursell parameter ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some people experience persistent sexual side effects when taking SSRIs or after discontinuing them. Symptoms of medication-induced sexual dysfunction from antidepressants include difficulty with orgasm, erection, or ejaculation. Other symptoms may be genital anesthesia, anhedonia, decreased libido, vaginal lubrication... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This acid–base theory was a revival of the oxygen theory of acids and bases proposed by German chemist Hermann Lux in 1939, further improved by Håkon Flood and is still used in modern geochemistry and electrochemistry of molten salts. This definition describes an acid as an oxide ion () acceptor and a base as an oxide... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To determine the percent solids (or solids fraction) of a slurry from the density of the slurry, solids and liquid
where
: is the solids fraction of the slurry (state by mass)
: is the solids density
: is the slurry density
: is the liquid density
In aqueous slurries, as is common in mineral processing, the specific gr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ANT has long been thought to function as a homodimer, but this concept was challenged by the projection structure of the yeast Aac3p solved by electron crystallography, which showed that the protein was three-fold symmetric and monomeric, with the translocation pathway for the substrate through the centre. The atomic s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The earliest scientific evidence that such reactions can oscillate was met with extreme scepticism. In 1828, G.T. Fechner published a report of oscillations in a chemical system. He described an electrochemical cell that produced an oscillating current. In 1899, W. Ostwald observed that the rate of chromium dissolution... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Saturation conditions can be viewed as a special case of pre-equilibrium conditions. At the concentration of substrate examined, formation of the catalyst-substrate complex is rapid and essentially irreversible. The catalyst resting state consists entirely of the bound complex, and [A] is no longer present in the rate ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most efficient subset in TRA presentation and both modes of central tolerance was found to be CD8α thymic-derived DCs (tDCs). This subset was also shown to express XCR1 and to be attracted by mTECs via XCL1 chemokine expression. tDCs rise intrathymically and constitute approximately half of thymic DCs population. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Manganese is a component of some enzymes and stimulates the development and activity of other enzymes. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is the principal antioxidant in mitochondria. Several enzymes activated by manganese contribute to the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and cholesterol.
A deficiency o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This action has been demonstrated in animals and humans.
The medical use of the NSTX anesthetic effect is supported by three reasons:
#NSTX anesthetic duration:
#* Any current available local anesthetic hardly produces clinical effects 12 hours after a single injection. Then, in cases of severe or prolonged pain, some ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The chief medical examiner of Essex County, New Jersey, Harrison Stanford Martland, MD, published a report in 1925 that identified the radioactive material the women had ingested as the cause of their bone disease and aplastic anemia, and ultimately death.
Illness and death resulting from ingestion of radium paint and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Henry Cavendish showed that water was composed of oxygen and hydrogen in 1781. The first decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen, by electrolysis, was done in 1800 by English chemist William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle. In 1805, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Alexander von Humboldt showed that water is composed... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tropical peatlands extensively occur in Southeast Asia, mainland East Asia, the Caribbean and Central America, South,America,Romania and southern Africa. Often located in lowlands, tropical peatlands are uniquely identified by rapid rates of peat soil formation, under high precipitation and high temperature regimes. In... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Light production may first be triggered by nerve impulses which stimulate the photocyte to release the enzyme luciferase into a "reaction chamber" of luciferin substrate. In some species the release occurs continually without the precursor impulse via osmotic diffusion. Molecular oxygen is then actively gated through s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For altering moss genes in a targeted way, the DNA-construct needs to be incubated together with moss protoplasts and with polyethylene glycol (PEG). Because mosses are haploid organisms, the regenerating moss filaments (protonemata) can be directly assayed for gene targeting within six weeks when utilizing PCR methods... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2006, The Lacassane Company became the parent company of Louisiana Native Seed Company, that provides ecospecies such as Little Bluestem, Brownseed Paspalum, Florida Paspalum, Switchgrass, Partridge Pea, and Eastern Gamagrass and has consultants with experience in Agricultural science and botany. The Louisiana Nativ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rapamycin (Sirolimus) inhibits mTORC1, resulting in the suppression of cellular senescence. This appears to provide most of the beneficial effects of the drug (including life-span extension in animal studies). Suppression of insulin resistance by sirtuins accounts for at least some of this effect. Impaired sirtuin 3 le... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Liu et al. synthesized a HILIC/RP stationary phase which could show RPLC or HILIC retention by adjusting the organic phase in mobile phase. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Geochemical Society has nearly 4,000 members from more than 70 countries. Most members are students, researchers and faculty of geochemistry related fields, although anyone with an interest in geochemistry may join. Membership is calendar year and dues are US$35 for a Professional, US$15 for Student, and $20 for Se... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Archaeological evidence indicates that the earliest metal objects in China were made in the late fourth millennium BCE. Copper was generally the earliest metal to be used by humanity, and was used in China since at least 3000 BCE.
Early metal-using communities have been found at the Qijia and Siba sites in Gansu. The m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The aqueous homogeneous reactors (AHRs) use a solution of uranyl sulfate or other uranium salt in water. Historically, AHRs have all been small research reactors, not large power reactors. An AHR known as the Medical Isotope Production System is being considered for production of medical isotopes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because fibrin fulfills the mechanical aspects of neuronal growth without initiation of glial proliferation, it can be potentially used in neuronal wound healing even with no need of growth factors or such constituents. Neurons and astrocytes, two major cell type of central nervous system, can show various responses to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since the carbon cycle is tightly connected to the issue of ocean acidification, the most effective method for minimizing the effects of ocean acidification is to slow climate change. Anthropogenic inputs of CO can be reduced through methods such as limiting the use of fossil fuels and employing renewable energies. Thi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Capillary comes from the Latin word capillaris, meaning "of or resembling hair". The meaning stems from the tiny, hairlike diameter of a capillary. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Streeter–Phelps equation determines the relation between the dissolved oxygen concentration and the biological oxygen demand over time and is a solution to the linear first order differential equation
This differential equation states that the total change in oxygen deficit (D) is equal to the difference between th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In soldering metals, flux serves a threefold purpose: it removes any oxidized metal from the surfaces to be soldered, seals out air thus preventing further oxidation, and improves the wetting characteristics of the liquid solder. Some fluxes are corrosive, so the parts have to be cleaned with a damp sponge or other abs... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The body of living organisms are composed of many enantiopure chiral substances. For example, amino acids that make up the proteins in the body have the same configuration, L-absolute configuration. Because of this specificity, vital processes such as constructing proteins, rely on stereoselectivity to ensure that out ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluciclovine is a [F]-tagged synthetic analog of the amino acid L-leucine. FACBC uptake by the tumor is related to functional activity of two amino acid transporters, specifically sodium-dependent system ASC, with a lesser contribution by sodium-independent system L. Although it is handled by the amino acid transporter... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The efficiency of a heat engine is ultimately dependent on the temperature difference between heat source and sink (Carnot cycle). To improve efficiency of power stations the operating temperature must be raised. Using water as the working fluid, this takes it into supercritical conditions. Efficiencies can be raised f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2), also written as prothrombin fragment 1.2 (F1.2), is a polypeptide fragment of prothrombin (factor II) generated by the in vivo cleavage of prothrombin into thrombin (factor IIa) by the enzyme prothrombinase (a complex of factor Xa and factor Va). It is released from the N-terminus of pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Macle is a term used in crystallography. It is a crystalline form, twin-crystal or double crystal (such as chiastolite). It is crystallographic twin according to the spinel twin law and is seen in octahedral crystals or minerals such as diamond and spinel. The twin law name comes from the fact that is commonly observed... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dr. Raymond U. Lemieux was born in Lac La Biche, Alberta, Canada. His family moved to Edmonton, Alberta in 1926. He studied chemistry at the University of Alberta and received a BSc with Honours in Chemistry in 1943. He went on to study at McGill University, where he received his PhD in Organic Chemistry in 1946. H... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A molecular switch is a molecule that can be reversibly shifted between two or more stable states. The molecules may be shifted between the states in response to environmental stimuli, such as changes in pH, light, temperature, an electric current, microenvironment, or in the presence of ions and other ligands. In some... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pig iron contains much free carbon and is brittle. Before it can be used, and before it can be worked by a blacksmith, it must be converted to a more malleable form as bar iron, the early stage of wrought iron.
Abraham Darbys successful use of coke for his blast furnace at Coalbrookdale in 1709 reduced the price of iro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Triethyl orthoacetate is the organic compound with the formula CHC(OCH). It is the ethyl orthoester of acetic acid. It is a colorless oily liquid.
Triethyl orthoacetate is used in organic synthesis for acetylation.
It is also used in the Johnson-Claisen rearrangement. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The calcium cycle is a transfer of calcium between dissolved and solid phases. There is a continuous supply of calcium ions into waterways from rocks, organisms, and soils. Calcium ions are consumed and removed from aqueous environments as they react to form insoluble structures such as calcium carbonate and calcium si... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Novosil is a stimulant of plant immunity and growth. It is also used in the fight against plant viruses. The product was developed by the Institute together with the Institute of Cytology and Genetics in 1992. It is used in various regions of Russia, as well as in Kazakhstan, Belarus, Ukraine and Georgia.
* Acrylate-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Contaminant trace metals such as zinc, lead, and copper are found in stormwater runoff from impervious surfaces (e.g. roadways and sidewalks). Treatment systems such as rain gardens and stormwater planters utilize a bioretention layer to remove heavy metals in stormwater runoff. Dissolved forms of heavy metals may bind... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Drugs derived from natural sources are usually produced by isolation from the natural source or, as described here, by semisynthesis from such an isolated agent. From the viewpoint of chemical synthesis, living organisms are remarkable chemical factories that can easily produce structurally-complex chemical compounds b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The optical properties of semiconductors are directly related to the dielectric constant of the material. This dielectric constant gives the ratio between the electric permeability of a material in relation to the permeability of a vacuum. The imaginary refractive index of a material is given by the square root of the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In clinical trials SPINA-GT was significantly elevated in patients with Graves disease and toxic adenoma compared to normal subjects. It is also elevated in diffuse and nodular goiters, and reduced in untreated autoimmune thyroiditis. In patients with toxic adenoma it has higher specificity and positive likelihood rati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Check dams have traditionally been implemented in two environments: across channel bottoms and on hilly slopes. Check dams are used primarily to control water velocity, conserve soil, and improve land. They are used when other flow-control practices, such as lining the channel or creating bioswales, are impractical. Ac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Isotope analysis has many applications in archaeology, from dating sites and artefacts, determination of past diets and migration patterns and for environmental reconstruction.
Information is determined by assessing the ratio of different isotopes of a particular element in a sample. The most widely studied and used is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Merrilactone A was found to exhibit a significant neurotrophic activity, such as greatly promoting neurite outgrowth in the primary cultures of fetal rat cortical neurons at concentrations from 10 to 0.1 μmol/L. It was also found that this compound had a property of neuroprotection at same concentration. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first mitogen-activated protein kinase to be discovered was ERK1 (MAPK3) in mammals. Since ERK1 and its close relative ERK2 (MAPK1) are both involved in growth factor signaling, the family was termed "mitogen-activated". With the discovery of other members, even from distant organisms (e.g. plants), it has become i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The classic click reaction is the copper-catalyzed reaction of an azide with an alkyne to form a 5-membered heteroatom ring: a Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). The first triazole synthesis, from diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and phenyl azide, was reported by Arthur Michael in 1893. Later, in the mid... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
El-Shall started his academic career in 1986 as a research associate at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) while working with Howard Reiss on vapor phase nucleation and with Robert L. Whetten on molecular clusters and cluster ions. Since 1989, he has been on the faculty of the Chemistry Department, and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An example of desirable work hardening is that which occurs in metalworking processes that intentionally induce plastic deformation to exact a shape change. These processes are known as cold working or cold forming processes. They are characterized by shaping the workpiece at a temperature below its recrystallization t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DIOS has been shown to be an ultra-sensitive means of generating and detecting molecules at the yoctomole level, both for DIOS nanostructured surfaces modified with fluorocarbons, and a subsequent related technology known as nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry or nanostructure imaging mass spectrometry (NIMS).
DI... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reference materials are compounds which are carefully calibrated against the primary reference or a calibration material. These compounds allow for isotopic analysis of materials differing in chemical or isotopic composition from the compounds defining the isotopic scales on which measurements are reported. In general ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The "come up" phase can be defined as the period between the first noticeable changes in perception and the point of highest subjective intensity. This is colloquially known as "coming up." | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Selective ligands have a tendency to bind to very limited kinds of receptor, whereas non-selective ligands bind to several types of receptors. This plays an important role in pharmacology, where drugs that are non-selective tend to have more adverse effects, because they bind to several other receptors in addition to t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermodynamic operations appear in the statements of the laws of thermodynamics. For the zeroth law, one considers operations of thermally connecting and disconnecting systems. For the second law, some statements contemplate an operation of connecting two initially unconnected systems. For the third law, one statement ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bachrach earned a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and a PhD from the University of California, Berkeley. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alkali metals also dissolve in some small primary amines, such as methylamine and ethylamine and hexamethylphosphoramide, forming blue solutions. THF dissolves alkali metal, but a Birch reduction (see ) analogue does not proceed without a diamine ligand. Solvated electron solutions of the alkaline earth metals magnesi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Klaproth was born in Wernigerode. He was the son of a tailor, and attended the Latin school at Wernigerode for four years.
For much of his life he followed the profession of apothecary. In 1759, when he was 16 years old, he apprenticed at Quedlinburg. In 1764, he became a journeyman. He trained in pharmacies at Quedli... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The acidic triad member forms a hydrogen bond with the basic residue. This aligns the basic residue by restricting its side-chain rotation, and polarises it by stabilising its positive charge. Two amino acids have acidic side chains at physiological pH (aspartate or glutamate) and so are the most commonly used for this... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most applications of hydrothermal liquefaction operate at temperatures between 250-550 °C and high pressures of 5-25 MPa as well as catalysts for 20–60 minutes, although higher or lower temperatures can be used to optimize gas or liquid yields, respectively. At these temperatures and pressures, the water present in the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The adsorption/bio-oxidation process is used for treatment of industrial wastewater with high COD, including wastewater from:
* Pulp and paper industry
* Textile industry
* Food industry, including dairy industry
* Pharmaceutical industry
* Leather tanning industry
The C/N and C/P ratios of industrial wastewater is oft... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dimethyl methylphosphonate is an organophosphorus compound with the chemical formula CHPO(OCH). It is a colourless liquid, which is primarily used as a flame retardant. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some samples of water contain high levels of oxidizable inorganic materials which may interfere with the determination of COD. Because of its high concentration in most wastewater, chloride is often the most serious source of interference. Its reaction with potassium dichromate follows the equation:
Prior to the additi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Classically, it converts carboxylic acids to acyl chlorides:
The reaction mechanism has been investigated: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Four different gas collection and measurement techniques can be used to perform this test:
*Douglas Bag: Expired respiratory gases are collected on an inflatable airtight bag. After completion of any test using Douglas Bags, gas collected must be analysed for volume and composition.
*Canopy (dilution): The dilution t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tailorability is one of the biggest advantages of these materials. The matrix material can be selected from almost any metal, polymer, or ceramic. Microballoons are available in a variety of sizes and materials, including glass microspheres, cenospheres, carbon, and polymers. The most widely used and studied foams are ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pulsed Pressure Cavitation Technique (PPCT) is a method to simulate cavitation damage using repetitive pressure pulses. It is developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
The major components of PPCT include a repetitive pulse source and a testing chamber. For examples, a pulsed laser source can be used to generate larg... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Thionyl chloride will transform sulfinic acids into sulfinyl chlorides
* Sulfonic acids react with thionyl chloride to produce sulfonyl chlorides. Sulfonyl chlorides have also been prepared from the direct reaction of the corresponding diazonium salt with thionyl chloride.
* Thionyl chloride can be used in variation... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is essential to the makeup of ribosomes and peptide transfer during translation processes. Ribosomal RNA modifications are made throughout ribosome synthesis, and often occur during and/or after translation. Modifications primarily play a role in the structure of the rRNA in order to protect transl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With the development of native chemical ligation in 1994, total chemical synthesis of pairs of D-protein and L-protein enantiomers became feasible. In the first practical application to solving an unknown structure, racemic and quasi-racemic X-ray crystallography were used to determine the structure of snow flea anti-f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
HFB machines measure the strength of particle interactions using liquid flow to separate the particles. This method is used to find depletion force strength by adhering to a static plate one particle in a dispersion particle doublet and applying shear force through fluid flow. The drag created by the dispersion particl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A ChemFET is a chemically-sensitive field-effect transistor, that is a field-effect transistor used as a sensor for measuring chemical concentrations in solution. When the target analyte concentration changes, the current through the transistor will change accordingly. Here, the analyte solution separates the source an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The liquid-drop model was first proposed by George Gamow and further developed by Niels Bohr, John Archibald Wheeler and Lise Meitner
. It treats the nucleus as a drop of incompressible fluid of very high density, held together by the nuclear force (a residual effect of the strong force), there is a similarity to the s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Humans, like all animals, produce heat as a result of metabolism. In warm conditions, this heat exceeds a level required for homeostasis in warm-blooded animals, and is disposed of by various thermoregulation methods such as sweating and panting. Fiala et al. modelled human thermoregulation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Yu is the recipient of numerous awards and honors for his work in organic chemistry reaction development, including a MacArthur Fellowship (also known as a "Genius Grant") in 2016. He was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2019, a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of S... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbon chauvinism is a neologism meant to disparage the assumption that the chemical processes of hypothetical extraterrestrial life must be constructed primarily from carbon (organic compounds) because as far as is known, carbon's chemical and thermodynamic properties render it far superior to all other elements at fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After his PhD, Wüthrich continued postdoctoral research with Fallab for a short time before leaving to work at the University of California, Berkeley for two years from 1965 with Robert E. Connick. That was followed by a stint working with Robert G. Shulman at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consider, for one, the familiar example of a marble on the edge of a bowl. If we consider the marble and bowl to be an isolated system, then when the marble drops, the potential energy will be converted to the kinetic energy of motion of the marble. Frictional forces will convert this kinetic energy to heat, and at equ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When in 1981 Rob Aalberse from the University of Amsterdam noticed the enormous cross-reactivity of some patients´ sera against virtually any plant and even insects, notably, insect venoms, it took ten years to arrive at a possible structural explanation of this phenomenon. 1991, Japanese researchers determined the str... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glide planes are noted in the Hermann–Mauguin notation by a, b or c, depending on which axis the glide is along. (The orientation of the plane is determined by the position of the symbol in the Hermann–Mauguin designation.) If the axis is not defined, then the glide plane may be noted by g. When the glide plane is para... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Whole genome shotgun sequencing for small (4000- to 7000-base-pair) genomes was first suggested in 1979. The first genome sequenced by shotgun sequencing was that of cauliflower mosaic virus, published in 1981. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Semi-solid metal (SSM) casting is a modified die casting process that reduces or eliminates the residual porosity present in most die castings. Rather than using liquid metal as the feed material, SSM casting uses a higher viscosity feed material that is partially solid and partially liquid. A modified die casting mach... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Even though ideally the flowmeter should be unaffected by its environment, in practice this is unlikely to be the case. Often measurement errors originate from incorrect installation or other environment dependent factors. In situ methods are used when flowmeter is calibrated in the correct flow conditions. The result ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A screening machine consist of a drive that induces vibration, a screen media that causes particle separation, and a deck which holds the screen media and the drive and is the mode of transport for the vibration.
There are physical factors that makes screening practical. For example, vibration, g force, bed density, a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A finery forge was used to refine wrought iron at least by the 3rd century BC in ancient China, based on the earliest archaeological specimens of cast and pig iron fined into wrought iron and steel found at the early Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) site at Tieshengguo. Pigott speculates that the finery forge existed in t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Craig plot, named after Paul N. Craig, is a plot of two substituent parameters (e.g. Hansch-Fujita π constant and sigma constant) used in rational drug design.
Two most used forms of a Craig plot are
* plotting the sigma constants of the Hammett equation versus hydrophobicity
* plotting the steric terms of the Taft... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hyperspectral data is often used to determine what materials are present in a scene. Materials of interest could include roadways, vegetation, and specific targets (i.e. pollutants, hazardous materials, etc.). Trivially, each pixel of a hyperspectral image could be compared to a material database to determine the typ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In July 2010, the UN General Assembly declared that access to clean water and sanitation is a human right. The assembly did not specify whether a public authority or the private sector would be best capable of providing this right. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
:These are used for high-temperature FT synthesis (nearly 340 °C) to produce low-molecular-weight unsaturated hydrocarbons on alkalized fused iron catalysts. The fluid-bed technology (as adapted from the catalytic cracking of heavy petroleum distillates) was introduced by Hydrocarbon Research in 1946–50 and named the H... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Only precious metal watch cases must be hallmarked in Switzerland. Swiss hallmarking for other articles such as jewelry and cutlery is optional. In addition to the Swiss hallmark, all precious metal goods may be stamped with the Common Control Mark of the Vienna Convention. Switzerland recognizes platinum, gold, silver... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The term was originally coined by the Bakelite Company, in 1955, for their lightweight composites made of hollow phenolic microspheres bonded to a matrix of phenolic, epoxy, or polyester.
These materials were developed in early 1960s as improved buoyancy materials for marine applications. Other characteristics led thes... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Institution of Metallurgists was a British professional association for metallurgists, largely involved in the iron and steel industry. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The key concepts of physical chemistry are the ways in which pure physics is applied to chemical problems.
One of the key concepts in classical chemistry is that all chemical compounds can be described as groups of atoms bonded together and chemical reactions can be described as the making and breaking of those bonds. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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