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Numerous attempts have been made to quantify aromaticity with respect to the observed ring current. One method is called diamagnetic susceptibility exaltation Λ defined as the difference between the measured magnetic susceptibility of a compound and a calculated value based on group additivity tables. Large negative va... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Adenosine is very relevant in bone metabolism, as it plays a role in formation and activation of both osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Adenosine acts by binding to purinergic receptors and influencing adenylyl cyclase activity and the formation of cAMP and PKA 54. Adenosine may have opposite effects on bone metabolism, be... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Point mutations in multiple tumor suppressor proteins cause cancer. For instance, point mutations in Adenomatous Polyposis Coli promote tumorigenesis. A novel assay, Fast parallel proteolysis (FASTpp), might help swift screening of specific stability defects in individual cancer patients. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A disadvantage to MIKES is that observations are made later in the ion flight path when compared to other methods. Also, a smaller number of ions will typically decompose. This will in turn cause the sensitivity to be lower than other kinetic energy spectroscopy methods. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ted Ellis has over his career created art in a number of styles and has incorporated several primary influences.
African American history and African American culture play central roles in Ellis art, which regularly feature themes like Buffalo Soldiers, cotton fields, and Jazz music; his Jazz works especially lean towa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRTC3 gene.
This gene has been shown to be linked to weight gain. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The insulator element that is found in the gypsy retrotransposon of Drosophila is one of several sequences that have been studied in detail. The gypsy insulator can be found in the 5 untranslated region (UTR) of the retrotransposon element. Gypsy' affects the expression of adjacent genes pending insertion into a new ge... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chlorination is one of the oldest known substitution reactions in chemistry. The French chemist Jean-Baptiste Dumas investigated the substitution of hydrogen for chlorine by acetic acid in candle wax as early as 1830. He showed that for each mole of chlorine introduced into a hydrocarbon, one mole of hydrogen chloride ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Water molecules dissociate into equal amounts of HO and OH, so their concentrations are almost exactly at 25 °C and 0.1 MPa. A solution in which the HO and OH concentrations equal each other is considered a neutral solution. In general, the pH of the neutral point is numerically equal to pK.
Pure water is neutral, but... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A potentially significant problem following bisulfite treatment is incomplete desulfonation of pyrimidine residues due to inadequate alkalization of the solution. This may inhibit some DNA polymerases, rendering subsequent PCR difficult. However, this situation can be avoided by monitoring the pH of the solution to ens... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For example, the common restriction enzyme EcoRI recognizes the palindromic sequence GAATTC and cuts between the G and the A on both the top and bottom strands. This leaves an overhang (an end-portion of a DNA strand with no attached complement) known as a sticky end on each end of AATT. The overhang can then be used t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
India currently stores only 30 days of rainfall, while developed nations strategically store 900 days worth of water demand in arid areas river basins, and reservoirs. Indias dam reservoirs store only 200 cubic meters per person. India also relies excessively on groundwater, which accounts for over 50 percent of the ir... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Based on molecular orbital theory, He should not exist, and a chemical bond cannot form between the atoms. However, the van der Waals force exists between helium atoms as shown by the existence of liquid helium, and at a certain range of distances between atoms the attraction exceeds the repulsion. So a molecule compos... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, thioketenes are organosulfur compounds analogous to ketenes with the general formula , where R is alkyl or aryl. The parent thioketene (ethenthione) has the formula . It is the simplest thioketene. Thioketene is stable as a gas, but like most thioketenes, it polymerizes upon condensation.
Some... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The circulation around a closed material contour is defined by:
where u is the velocity vector, and ds is an element along the closed contour.
The governing equation for an inviscid fluid with a conservative body force is
where D/Dt is the convective derivative, ρ is the fluid density, p is the pressure and Φ is the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For an endothermic reaction, heat is absorbed, making the net enthalpy change positive. Thus, according to the definition of the slope:
When the reaction is endothermic, (and the gas constant ), so
Thus, for an endothermic reaction, the Van 't Hoff plot should always have a negative slope. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After harvesting the algae, the biomass is typically processed in a series of steps, which can differ based on the species and desired product; this is an active area of research and also is the bottleneck of this technology: the cost of extraction is higher than those obtained. One of the solutions is to use filter fe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bicycloaromaticity in chemistry is an extension of the concept of homoaromaticity with two aromatic ring currents situated in a non-planar molecule and sharing the same electrons. The concept originates with Melvin Goldstein who first reported about it in 1967. It is of some importance in academic research. Using MO th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first headquarters of the newly fledged Society of Chemical Industry was established in 1881 at Palace Chambers, Bridge Street, Westminster, London. After a series of changes of address, the society finally moved to its fifth and present location at 14/15 – and initially 16 – Belgrave Square in 1955. Owned by the D... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Research agrochemicals are created and evaluated to select effective substances for commercial off-the-shelf end-user products. Many research agrochemicals are never publicly marketed. Agricultural research chemicals often use sequential code names. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Already now large quantities of water undersaturated in aragonite are upwelling close to the Pacific continental shelf area of North America, from Vancouver to Northern California. These continental shelves play an important role in marine ecosystems, since most marine organisms live or are spawned there. Other shelf a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sustainable Remediation is a term adopted internationally and encompasses sustainable approaches, as described by the Brundtland Report, to the investigation, assessment and management (including institutional controls) of potentially contaminated land and groundwater.
The process of identifying sustainable remediatio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The , developed in 1908 with Elias Anton Cappelen Smith, significantly improved the converting of copper matte.
Before this invention, the converter was a cylindrical barrel, lined with an acid refractory lining, made of sand and clay. It was developed by two French engineers, Pierre Manhès and from 1880 to 1884. Thei... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Responsibility for the safety of the subjects in a clinical trial is shared between the sponsor, the local site investigators (if different from the sponsor), the various IRBs that supervise the study, and (in some cases, if the study involves a marketable drug or device), the regulatory agency for the country where th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The development of protein-directed DCC has not been straightforward because the reversible reactions employed must occur in aqueous solution at biological pH and temperature, and the components of the DCL must be compatible with proteins.
Several reversible reactions have been proposed and/or applied in protein-direct... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After many decades since its inception, supramolecular chemistry's application in practical catalysis remains elusive. Supramolecular catalysis has not yet made significant contribution in the area of industrial chemistry or synthetic methodology. Here are few problems associated with this field. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lisinopril is the lysine-analog of enalapril. Unlike other ACE inhibitors, it is not a prodrug, is not metabolized by the liver, and is excreted unchanged in the urine. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In cancerous cells, initiation factors assist in cellular transformation and development of tumors. The survival and growth of cancer is directly related to the modification of initiation factors and is used as a target for pharmaceuticals. Cells need increased energy when cancerous and derive this energy from proteins... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Luciferases can be produced in the lab through genetic engineering for a number of purposes. Luciferase genes can be synthesized and inserted into organisms or transfected into cells. As of 2002, mice, silkworms, and potatoes are just a few of the organisms that have already been engineered to produce the protein.
In ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) have very limited innate structure in solution but gain shape specifically when interacting with partner molecules such as proteins or RNA; however, their resultant structure is often dictated by this interaction. In addition, some proteins have sections of sequence without str... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822–1884). From 1857 to 1864, in Brno, Austrian Empire (todays Czech Republic), he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants, tracking distinct traits from parent to offspring. He described these mathematically as 2 c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The coenzyme NAD is also consumed in ADP-ribose transfer reactions. For example, enzymes called ADP-ribosyltransferases add the ADP-ribose moiety of this molecule to proteins, in a posttranslational modification called ADP-ribosylation. ADP-ribosylation involves either the addition of a single ADP-ribose moiety, in mon... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Numerous experiments have searched for neutrinoless double beta decay. The best-performing experiments have a high mass of the decaying isotope and low backgrounds, with some experiments able to perform particle discrimination and electron tracking. In order to remove backgrounds from cosmic rays, most experiments are ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Using a glass pipette, the photolysed cell is isolated by aspiration. Cells are lysed and affinity purification is performed using streptavidin-coated beads that bind, immobilize and purify the biotinylated TIVA tag. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Crich β-mannosylation in organic chemistry is a synthetic strategy which is used in carbohydrate synthesis to generate a 1,2-cis-glycosidic bond. This type of linkate is generally very difficult to make, and specific methods like the Crich β-mannosylation are used to overcome these issues. The technique takes its n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By convention, naming rights for newly discovered chemical elements go to their discoverers. For elements 104, 105, and 106, there was a controversy between Soviet researchers at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and American researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory regarding which group had discover... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A broad range of enzymes including DNA ligase, DNA polymerase and nucleases have been employed to generate high-fidelity SNP genotyping methods. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a nitrate ester is an organic functional group with the formula , where R stands for any organyl group. They are the esters of nitric acid and alcohols. A well-known example is nitroglycerin, which is not a nitro compound, despite its name. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the main advantages of hydrogen-bond catalysis is the ability to construct catalysts that engage in multiple non-covalent interactions to promote the reaction. In addition to using hydrogen-bond donors to activate or stabilize a reactive center during the reaction, it is possible to introduce other functional gr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In plants, production of 5-ALA is the step on which the speed of synthesis of chlorophyll is regulated. Plants that are fed by external 5-ALA accumulate toxic amounts of chlorophyll precursor, protochlorophyllide, indicating that the synthesis of this intermediate is not suppressed anywhere downwards in the chain of r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oxidative additions of nonpolar substrates such as hydrogen and hydrocarbons appear to proceed via concerted pathways. Such substrates lack π-bonds, consequently a three-centered σ complex is invoked, followed by intramolecular ligand bond cleavage of the ligand (probably by donation of electron pair into the sigma* or... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The term blue carbon was coined in 2009. At the time, the term was coined to highlight that coastal vegetated ecosystems have a disproportionately large contribution to global carbon sequestration. Others use the term to describe the carbon captured by the entire ocean, not just the coastal ecosystems. The role of blue... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In contrast to beta decay, the fundamental interactions responsible for alpha decay are a balance between the electromagnetic force and nuclear force. Alpha decay results from the Coulomb repulsion between the alpha particle and the rest of the nucleus, which both have a positive electric charge, but which is kept in c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In both marine and freshwater environments, algae – particularly green algae and diatoms – make up the dominant component of surface growth communities. Small crustaceans, rotifers, and protozoans are also commonly found in fresh water and the sea, but insect larvae, oligochaetes and tardigrades are peculia... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electrochromatography is a chemical separation technique in analytical chemistry, biochemistry and molecular biology used to resolve and separate mostly large biomolecules such as proteins. It is a combination of size exclusion chromatography (gel filtration chromatography) and gel electrophoresis. These separation mec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In rare cases, a mutation in the genes controlling the production of lactate dehydrogenase will lead to a medical condition known as lactate dehydrogenase deficiency. Depending on which gene carries the mutation, one of two types will occur: either lactate dehydrogenase-A deficiency (also known as glycogen storage dise... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Like inorganic carbon, there are two main forms of organic carbon found in the ocean (dissolved and particulate). Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is defined operationally as any organic molecule that can pass through a 0.2 µm filter. DOC can be converted into particulate organic carbon through heterotrophy and it can a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because the reference of the first flush is not always clear, the terms "concentration-based first flush" (CBFF) and "mass-based first flush" (MBFF) have been introduced.
Apart from this definition, there are a number of rating parameters in literature to determine the occurrence of a first flush. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After a neurotransmitter molecule binds to a receptor molecule, it must be removed to allow for the postsynaptic membrane to continue to relay subsequent EPSPs and/or IPSPs. This removal can happen through one or more processes:
*The neurotransmitter may diffuse away due to thermally-induced oscillations of both it and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, a resorcinarene (also resorcarene or calix[4]resorcinarene) is a macrocycle, or a cyclic oligomer, based on the condensation of resorcinol (1,3-dihydroxybenzene) and an aldehyde. Resorcinarenes are a type of calixarene. Other types of resorcinarenes include the related pyrogallolarenes and octahydroxypyri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, the Perkin rearrangement (coumarin–benzofuran ring contraction) is a rearrangement reaction in which a 2-halocoumarin in the presence of hydroxide undergoes a ring contraction to form a benzofuran. The name reaction recognizes William Henry Perkin, who first reported it in 1870. Several proposals ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Palytoxin, PTX or PLTX is an intense vasoconstrictor, and is considered to be one of the most poisonous non-protein substances known, second only to maitotoxin in terms of toxicity in mice.
Palytoxin is a polyhydroxylated and partially unsaturated compound (8 double bonds) with a long carbon chain. It has water-soluble... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the early 1990s, technical personnel from the then Union Miniére worked with MIM Holdings personnel to develop an ISASMELT-based process to treat scrap materials and residues containing copper and lead. Union Miniére operated a smelter at Hoboken, near Antwerpen in Belgium, that specialised in recycling scrap non-fe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The challenge in sealing larger gaps with caissons lies in the diminishing flow area as more caissons are placed, resulting in significantly increased flow speeds (exceeding the aforementioned 2.5 m/s), complicating the final caisson's proper placement. This issue is addressed through the use of sluice caissons, essent... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Shodex is the brand name of HPLC columns and is best known for polymer-based columns. The product range covers aqueous and organic Size Exclusion Chromatography columns for large (bio-)molecules, columns for the routine analysis of sugars and organic acids, and a variety of Reversed Phase and HILIC columns. Additionall... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
At this point in the synthesis of Taxol, the material was a racemic mixture. To obtain the desired enantiomer, allylic alcohol 4.9 was acylated with (1S)-(−)-camphanic chloride and dimethylaminopyridine, giving two diastereomers. These were then separated using standard column chromatography. The desired enantiomer was... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Initially, the presence of chlororespiration as a legitimate respiratory process in plants was heavily doubted. However, experimentation on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, discovered Plastoquinone (PQ) to be a redox carrier. The role of this redox carrier is to transport electrons from the NAD(P)H enzyme to oxygen molecules... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A related class of octahedral clusters are of the type MXL where M is a metal usually of group 6 or group 7, X is a ligand and more specifically an inner ligand of the chalcohalide group such as chloride or sulfide and L is an "outer ligand." The metal atoms define the vertices of an octahedron. The overall point gro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
hnRNP serves a variety of processes in the cell, some of which include:
# Preventing the folding of pre-mRNA into secondary structures that may inhibit its interactions with other proteins.
# Possible association with the splicing apparatus.
# Transport of mRNA out of the nucleus.
The association of a pre-mRNA molecule... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The macadamia (genus Macadamia) nut was discovered by the European settlers, and subsequently the tree was named after him by his friend and colleague, Ferdinand von Mueller (1825-1896), Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne. The tree gave his name to macadamia nuts. The genus Macadamia was first described s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As nickel can be harmful to skin, its use in daily products must be regulated. A safety directive has been in place in Europe since 2004. Denmark in 1980, and then shortly after the European Union (EU), enacted legislation that limited the amount of free nickel in consumer products that come in contact with the skin. T... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When resistance is first suspected or confirmed, the efficacy of alternatives is likely to be the first consideration. If there is resistance to a single group of herbicides, then the use of herbicides from other groups may provide a simple and effective solution, at least in the short term. For example, many triazine-... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
We shall consider pure water electrolysis as an example to explain the concept of the Virtual breakdown mechanism. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The structure of eukaryotic genes includes features not found in prokaryotes. Most of these relate to post-transcriptional modification of pre-mRNAs to produce mature mRNA ready for translation into protein. Eukaryotic genes typically have more regulatory elements to control gene expression compared to prokaryotes. Thi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
LAGP belongs to phosphate-based solid electrolytes and, in spite of showing a moderate ionic conductivity compared to other families of solid ionic conductors, it possesses some intrinsic advantages with respect to sulfides and oxides:
* Extremely high chemical stability in humid air;
* Wide electrochemical stability ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Contrary to a neutral solute, the partition coefficient of an ion depends on the Galvani potential difference between the two phases: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is based on the principle that the intensity of light received by the observer depends upon the distance of the observer from the source and the temperature of the distant source. A modern pyrometer has an optical system and a detector. The optical system focuses the thermal radiation onto the detector. The output ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bartlett and Beaudry discovered that IBX is a valuable reagent for the transformation of β-hydroxyketones to β-diketones. IBX provides yields superior to both the Swern and Dess–Martin oxidation protocols. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In parallel to the advances in highthroughput biology, machine learning applications to biomedical data analysis are flourishing. The integration of multi-omics data analysis and machine learning has led to the discovery of new biomarkers. For example, one of the methods of the [http://mixomics.org/ mixOmics] project ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metal casting processes uses the following terminology:
*Pattern: An approximate duplicate of the final casting used to form the mold cavity.
*Molding material: The material that is packed around the pattern and then the pattern is removed to leave the cavity where the casting material will be poured.
*Flask: The rigid... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rosenthals reagent is a metallocene bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene complex with zirconium (CpZr) or titanium (CpTi) used as central atom of the metallocene fragment CpM. Additional ligands such as pyridine or THF are commonly used as well. With zirconium as central atom and pyridine as ligand, a dark purple to black soli... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Proteins are biomolecules that are composed of amino acid subunits. Each amino acid has a side chain that gains or loses charge depending on the pH of the surrounding environment, as well as its own individual polar/nonpolar qualities. Charged regions can greatly contribute to how that protein interacts with other mole... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ernest Basil Verney (1894–1967) succeeded Clark. He held the Chair of Pharmacology from 1926 to 1934.
While at UCL Verney discovered the antidiuretic hormone and also the mechanism by which structures in the brain sense minute changes in blood osmotic pressure. Both findings were of profound importance for the underst... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The simplest equation for the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction as a function of the substrate concentration is the Michaelis-Menten equation, which can be written as follows:
in which is the rate at substrate saturation (when approaches infinity, or limiting rate, and is the value of at half-saturation, i.e. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Central to the MaxEnt thesis is the principle of maximum entropy. It demands as given some partly specified model and some specified data related to the model. It selects a preferred probability distribution to represent the model. The given data state "testable information" about the probability distribution, for exam... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Macrophages and related cells employ a different mechanism to recognize the pathogen. Their receptors recognize certain motifs present on the invading pathogen that are very unlikely to be present on a host cell. Such repeating motifs are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) like the toll-like receptors (... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When an area element is radiating as a result of being illuminated by an external source, the irradiance (energy or photons /time/area) landing on that area element will be proportional to the cosine of the angle between the illuminating source and the normal. A Lambertian scatterer will then scatter this light accordi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Scintillons are not identical in different species. Scintillons isolated from dinoflagellates belonging to the genus Pyrocystis such as P. lunula (previously Dissodinium lunula) or P. noctiluca are less dense than those of L. polyedra and do not contain LBP. Little is known about the structure or composition of scintil... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Arabinoxylans are found in both the primary and secondary cell walls of plants and are the copolymers of two sugars: arabinose and xylose. They may also have beneficial effects on human health. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ocean acidity due to carbon dioxide has already increased by 25% since the industrial revolution. As carbon dioxide emissions continually increase and accumulate, this will negatively affect the lives of many marine ecosystems. The calcium carbonate used to form many marine organisms' exoskeletons will begin to break d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NeurogesX has successfully completed three Phase III clinical studies of Qutenza (NGX-4010) that met studies primary endpoints. Qutenza is a synthetic trans-capsaicin and drug delivery is by a rapid-delivery patch application system NeurogesX plans to launch Qutenza in the United States in the first half of November 20... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Blocking antibodies have been used in clinical trials of cancer treatments. The blocking antibody ipilimumab has been effectively used in the clinical treatment of melanoma, RCC, and NSCLC with some degree of success. This is accomplished through the blocking of the coinhibitory molecule CTLA-4. The blocking antibody d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mesembrine was first isolated and characterized by Bodendorf, et al. in 1957. It is a tricyclic molecule and has two bridgehead chiral carbons between the five-membered ring and the six-membered ring (highlighted in green in the figure below). Because of its structure and bioactivity, mesembrine has been a target for t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a liquid mixture, the fugacity of each component is equal to that of a vapor component in equilibrium with the liquid. In an ideal solution, the fugacities obey the Lewis-Randall rule:
where is the mole fraction in the liquid and is the fugacity of the pure liquid phase. This is a good approximation when the compo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide (more correctly 4-methylmorpholine 4-oxide), NMO or NMMO is an organic compound. This heterocyclic amine oxide and morpholine derivative is used in organic chemistry as a co-oxidant and sacrificial catalyst in oxidation reactions for instance in osmium tetroxide oxidations and the Sharpless a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Embalming is the process of preserving human remains by delaying decomposition. This is acquired through the use of embalming fluid, which is a mixture of formaldehyde, methanol, and various other solvents. The most common reasons to preserve the body are for viewing purposes at a funeral, for above-ground interment or... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Companies may use seawater for this process due to its low cost. The water used is usually brackish water or brine (i.e. a solution with >0.5% salinity). In these cases, additional contaminant chemicals may be present in the water feed. The low voltage DC current still performs electrochlorination. The excess chemicals... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A siphon drainage method is being implemented in several expressways as of 2022. Recent studies found that it can reduce groundwater level behind expressway retaining walls, and there was no indication of clogging. This new drainage system is being pioneered as a long-term method to limit leakage hazard in the retainin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A systematic review by Schuman 2023 finds that most studies on plant volatiles relate to herbivore interactions. Schuman also finds that laboratory studies are overrepresented despite the wide differences in herbivore behaviour between natural and artificial settings. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lysosome-targeting chimeras (LYTACs) have been developed, combining target-binding compounds or antibodies and glycopeptide ligands to stimulate the lysosomal degradation pathway. Unlike the proteasome pathway, this enables the targeted degradation of extracellular and membrane-bound proteins in addition to cytoplasmic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many PDRC thin films have been developed which have demonstrated very high solar reflectance and heat emittance. However, films with precise patterns or structures are not scalable "due to the cost and technical difficulties inherent in large-scale precise lithography," as per Khan et al., or "due to complex nanoscale ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When inhaled, trichloroethylene produces central nervous system depression resulting in general anesthesia. These effects may be mediated by trichloroethylene acting as a positive allosteric modulator of inhibitory GABA and glycine receptors. Its high blood solubility results in a less desirable slower induction of ane... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In inorganic chemistry, a homoleptic chemical compound is a metal compound with all ligands identical. The term uses the "homo-" prefix to indicate that something is the same for all. Any metal species which has more than one type of ligand is heteroleptic.
Some compounds with names that suggest that they are homolepti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The above groundwater flow equations are valid for three dimensional flow. In unconfined aquifers, the solution to the 3D form of the equation is complicated by the presence of a free surface water table boundary condition: in addition to solving for the spatial distribution of heads, the location of this surface is al... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lipases in the gastrointestinal tract play a critical role in fat digestion. More than 95% of fat in food consists of triglycerides, which are categorized based on the length of fatty acids connected to glyceride backbone. The length of long-chain triglycerides prevent their absorption through the intestinal mucosa. Fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The light compensation point (I) is the light intensity on the light curve where the rate of photosynthesis exactly matches the rate of cellular respiration. At this point, the uptake of CO through photosynthetic pathways is equal to the respiratory release of carbon dioxide, and the uptake of O by respiration is equal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2007), benzene is both a synthetically made and naturally occurring chemical from processes that include: volcanic eruptions, wild fires, synthesis of chemicals such as phenol, production of synthetic fibers, and fabrication of rubbers, lubrican... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A liquid rheostat or water rheostat or salt water rheostat is a type of variable resistor.
This may be used as a dummy load or as a starting resistor for large slip ring motors.
In the simplest form it consists of a tank containing brine or other electrolyte solution, in which electrodes are submerged to create an el... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Khimera is a software product from Kintech Lab intended for calculation of the kinetic parameters of microscopic processes, thermodynamic and transport properties of substances and their mixtures in gases, plasmas and also of heterogeneous processes.
The development of a kinetic mechanism is a key stage of present-day ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Two widely employed applications of migratory insertion of carbonyl groups are hydroformylation and the production of acetic acid by carbonylation of methanol. The former converts alkenes, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide into aldehydes. The production of acetic acid by carbonylation proceeds via two similar industrial pr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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