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Since evaporation causes oceanic and terrestrial waters to have a different ratio of O to O, the Dole effect will reflect the relevant importances of land-based and marine photosynthesis. The complete removal of land-based productivity would result .
The stability (to within 0.5‰) of the atmospheric O to O ratio with r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
All physical and chemical systems in the universe follow the second law of thermodynamics and proceed in a downhill, i.e., exergonic, direction. Thus, left to itself, any physical or chemical system will proceed, according to the second law of thermodynamics, in a direction that tends to lower the free energy of the s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Despite the experimental support mentioned above, Clars rule suffers from some limitations. In the first place, Clars rule is formulated only for species with hexagonal rings, and thus it cannot be applied to species having rings different from the benzene moiety, even though an extension of the rule to molecules with ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organosulfur chemistry, sulfenamides (also spelled sulphenamides) are a class of organosulfur compounds characterized by the general formula , where the R groups are hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl. Sulfenamides have been used extensively in the vulcanization of rubber using sulfur. They are related to the oxidized compo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The drug is composed of three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), initially harvested from mice exposed to Ebola virus proteins, that have been chimerized with human constant regions. The components are chimeric monoclonal antibody c13C6 from a previously existing antibody cocktail called "MB-003" and two chimeric mAbs from... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The endogenous cannabinoids, or endocannabinoids, are endogenous lipids that activate cannabinoid receptors. The first such lipid to be isolated was anandamide which is the arachidonoyl amide of ethanolamine. Anandamide is formed via enzymatic release from N-arachidonoyl phosphatidylethanolamine by the N-acyl phospha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Microfluidics refers to a system that manipulates a small amount of fluids (10 to 10 liters) using small channels with sizes ten to hundreds micrometres. It is a multidisciplinary field that involves molecular analysis, molecular biology, and microelectronics. It has practical applications in the design of systems that... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The spin-echo effect was discovered by Erwin Hahn when he applied two successive 90° pulses separated by short time period, but detected a signal, the echo, when no pulse was applied. This phenomenon of spin echo was explained by Erwin Hahn in his 1950 paper, and further developed by Carr and Purcell who pointed out ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pol I requires no TATA box in the promoter, instead relying on an upstream control element (UCE) located between −200 and −107, and a core element located between −45 and +20.
#The dimeric eukaryotic upstream binding factor (UBF) binds the UCE and the core element.
#UBF recruits and binds a protein complex called SL1 i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To be a useful fuel for nuclear fission chain reactions, the material must:
* Be in the region of the binding energy curve where a fission chain reaction is possible (i.e., above radium)
* Have a high probability of fission on neutron capture
* Release more than one neutron on average per neutron capture. (Enough of th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The debate over the nature and classification of hypervalent molecules goes back to Gilbert N. Lewis and Irving Langmuir and the debate over the nature of the chemical bond in the 1920s. Lewis maintained the importance of the two-center two-electron (2c-2e) bond in describing hypervalence, thus using expanded octets t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because of the equivalences between many properties and derivatives within thermodynamics (e.g., see Maxwell Relations), there are many formulations of the thermal pressure coefficient, which are equally valid, leading to distinct yet correct interpretations of its meaning.
Some formulations for the thermal pressure c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The critical heat flux is an important point on the boiling curve and it may be desirable to operate a boiling process near this point. However, one could become cautious of dissipating heat in excess of this amount. Zuber, through a hydrodynamic stability analysis of the problem has developed an expression to approxim... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plastocyanin was the first of the blue copper proteins to be characterised by X-ray crystallography. It features an eight-stranded antiparallel β-barrel containing one copper center.
Structures of the protein from poplar, algae, parsley, spinach, and French bean plants have been characterized crystallographically. In ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
On 17 November 2020, a buoy moored in of water on Amphitrite Bank in the Pacific Ocean off Ucluelet, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, at recorded a lone tall wave among surrounding waves about in height. The wave exceeded the surrounding significant wave heights by a factor of 2.93. When the wave's dete... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In May 2005 the Save Spodden Valley group claimed that it had uncovered internal MMC correspondence which identified numerous sites where asbestos fibres had been found in September 2004, predating the planning application. The document stated: "The audit undertaken was visual and no samples have been sent away for ana... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To derive the theoretical equations for a moving shock, one may start by denoting the region in front of the shock as subscript 1, with the subscript 2 defining the region behind the shock. This is shown in the figure, with the shock wave propagating to the right.
The velocity of the gas is denoted by u, pressure by ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In TEM, the electron beam passes through a thin film of the material as illustrated in Figure 10. Before and after the sample the beam is manipulated by the electron optics including magnetic lenses, deflectors and apertures; these act on the electrons similar to how glass lenses focus and control light. Optical elemen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The 2-norbornyl cation can also be formed via rearrangements of similar ions, such as the 1-norbornyl and 7-norbornyl cations, though these are generally not as well understood. Carbon-14 radioactive isotope labeling experiments have shown that complex scrambling in norbornyl cation systems allow C to be present at all... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Size-exclusion chromatography, also known as molecular sieve chromatography, is a chromatographic method in which molecules in solution are separated by their size, and in some cases molecular weight. It is usually applied to large molecules or macromolecular complexes such as proteins and industrial polymers. Typicall... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Macrostructure refers to the overall geometric properties that will influence the force at failure, stiffness, bending, stress distribution, and the weight of the material. It requires little to no magnification to reveal the macrostructure of a material. Observing the macrostructure reveals properties such as cavities... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While new production of these refrigerants has been banned, large volumes still exist in older systems and have been said to pose an immediate threat to our environment. Preventing the release of these harmful refrigerants has been ranked as one of the single most effective actions we can take to mitigate catastrophic ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the early 2000s, a link between bisphosphonate use and impaired bone physiology was noted. The strong inhibition of osteoclast function precipitated by bisphosphonate therapy can lead to inhibition of normal bone turnover, leading to impaired wound healing following trauma (such as dental surgery) or even spontaneou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1812, Davy was knighted and gave up his lecturing position at the Royal Institution. He was given the title of Honorary Professor of Chemistry. He gave a farewell lecture to the Institution, and married a wealthy widow, Jane Apreece. (While Davy was generally acknowledged as being faithful to his wife, their relatio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Calcareous sediments are typically deposited in shallow water closer to land, as marine organisms that precipitate calcium carbonate primarily reside within shallow water ecosystems due to an inability to precipitate calcium carbonate at depth (see carbonate compensation depth). Generally speaking, the farther from lan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Typical nitrones sources are hydroxylamine oxidation or condensation with carbonyl compounds. Secondary hydroxylamines oxidize to nitrones in air over a timescale of several weeks, a process cupric salts accelerate. The most general reagent used for the oxidation of hydroxylamines is aqueous mercury(II) oxide:
However... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry the descriptor vicinal (from Latin vicinus = neighbor), abbreviated vic, is a descriptor that identifies two functional groups as bonded to two adjacent carbon atoms (i.e., in a 1,2-relationship). It may arise from vicinal difunctionalization. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Water-splitting photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells use light energy to decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen within a two-electrode cell. In theory, three arrangements of photo-electrodes in the assembly of PECs exist:
* photo-anode made of a n-type semiconductor and a metal cathode
* photo-anode made of a n-type semi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A general double group transfer reaction which is synchronous can be represented as an interaction between a component with p π electrons and a component with q π electrons as shown.
Then the selection rules are the same as for the generalized cycloaddition reactions. That is
* For supra/supra or antara/antara double ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Agmatine sulfate injection can increase food intake with carbohydrate preference in satiated, but not hungry, rats and this effect may be mediated by neuropeptide Y. However, supplementation in rat drinking water results in slight reductions in water intake, body weight, and blood pressure. In addition, force feeding w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A number of places and objects are associated with the name and achievements of the scientist.
In Saint Petersburg his name was given to D. I. Mendeleev Institute for Metrology, the National Metrology Institute, dealing with establishing and supporting national and worldwide standards for precise measurements. Next to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Baloola was born on April 14, 1981, in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
Baloola received a Bachelor of Science in biomedical engineering from Ajman University of Science and Technology in September 2009. Then he joined Ajman University as a teaching assistant in the Faculty of Engineering. He won many awards during his... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfonic acids can be converted to esters. This class of organic compounds has the general formula R−SO−OR. Sulfonic esters such as methyl triflate are considered good alkylating agents in organic synthesis. Such sulfonate esters are often prepared by alcoholysis of the sulfonyl chlorides:
:RSOCl + R′OH → RSOOR′ + HCl | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bernard Lucas Feringa (, born 18 May 1951) is a Dutch synthetic organic chemist, specializing in molecular nanotechnology and homogeneous catalysis. He is the Jacobus van 't Hoff Distinguished Professor of Molecular Sciences, at the Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Netherlands, and an Academy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, IChO 2020, 2021 and 2022 were organized remotely without a laboratory exam in order to keep the Olympic spirit of collaboration and peace even in harsh times. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Orthopaedic implants help alleviate issues with the bones and joints of the body. They are used to treat bone fractures, osteoarthritis, scoliosis, spinal stenosis, and chronic pain. Examples include a wide variety of pins, rods, screws, and plates used to anchor fractured bones while they heal.
Metallic glasses based ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Enzymatic synthesis of HMOs through transgalactosylation is an efficient way for production. Various donors, including p-nitrophenyl-β-galactopyranoside, uridine diphosphate galactose and lactose, can be used in transgalactosylation. In particular, lactose may act as either a donor or an acceptor in a variety of enzyma... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Starting point are the linearized one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations for an open channel with a rectangular cross section (vertical side walls). These equations describe the evolution of a wave with free surface elevation and horizontal flow velocity with the horizontal coordinate along the channel axis and the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metal–inorganic frameworks (MIFs) are a class of compounds consisting of metal ions or clusters coordinated to inorganic ligands to form one-, two-, or three-dimensional structures. They are a subclass of coordination polymers, with the special feature that they are often porous. They are inorganic counterpart of Meta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When an ecosystem experiences an increase in nutrients, primary producers reap the benefits first. In aquatic ecosystems, species such as algae experience a population increase (called an algal bloom). Algal blooms limit the sunlight available to bottom-dwelling organisms and cause wide swings in the amount of dissolve... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In molecular biology and genetics, the sense of a nucleic acid molecule, particularly of a strand of DNA or RNA, refers to the nature of the roles of the strand and its complement in specifying a sequence of amino acids. Depending on the context, sense may have slightly different meanings. For example, the negative-sen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NHCs are often strongly basic (the pKa value of the conjugate acid of an imidazol-2-ylidene was measured at ca. 24) and react with oxygen. Clearly these reactions are performed using air-free techniques, avoiding compounds of even moderate acidity. Although imidazolium salts are stable to nucleophilic addition, other n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A black light lamp emits long-wave UV‑A radiation and little visible light. Fluorescent black light lamps work similarly to other fluorescent lamps, but use a phosphor on the inner tube surface which emits UV‑A radiation instead of visible light. Some lamps use a deep-bluish-purple Woods glass optical filter that block... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Significant radiation doses are not frequently encountered in everyday life. The following examples can help illustrate relative magnitudes; these are meant to be examples only, not a comprehensive list of possible radiation doses. An "acute dose" is one that occurs over a short and finite period of time, while a "chro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In case (d), the rotational coupling between and is much stronger than the electrostatic coupling of to the internuclear axis. Thus we form by coupling and and the form by coupling and .
The good quantum numbers in case (d) are , , , , and . Because is a good quantum number, the rotational energy is simply . | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Her awards and honors include;
* 2019 AAAS IF/THEN Ambassador
* 2019 Young Observer Award at the 50th IUPAC General Assembly and 47th World Chemistry Congress in Paris, France
* 2020 American Chemical Society Grady-Stack award for her public engagement excellence
*BBC Science Focus named her one of six women changing c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Knudsen layer thickness can be approximated by , given by
where is Boltzmann's constant, is the temperature, is the molecular diameter and is the pressure. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Radical elimination can be viewed as the reverse of radical addition. In radical elimination, an unstable radical compound breaks down into a spin-paired molecule and a new radical compound. Shown below is an example of a radical elimination reaction, where a benzoyloxy radical breaks down into a phenyl radical and a c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most self-healing hydrogels rely on electrostatic attraction to spontaneously create new bonds. The electrostatic attraction can be masked using protonation of the polar functional groups. When the pH is raised the polar functional groups become deprotonated, freeing the polar functional group to react.
Since the hydro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The width of the diffraction peaks are found to broaden at higher Bragg angles. This angular dependency was originally represented by
where , , and are the half-width parameters and may be refined during the fit. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Schilling test has multiple stages. As noted below, it can be done at any time after vitamin B supplementation and body store replacement, and some clinicians recommend that in severe deficiency cases, at least several weeks of vitamin repletion be done before the test (more than one B shot, and also oral folic aci... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Benedetto Castelli, and Evangelista Torricelli, two of the disciples of Galileo, applied the discoveries of their master to the science of hydrodynamics. In 1628 Castelli published a small work, Della misura dell acque correnti, in which he satisfactorily explained several phenomena in the motion of fluids in rivers an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Southern Research's Energy & Environment division focuses on technology for clean energy, clean air, and clean water. Southern Research develops and tests air and water emissions control technologies for leading utilities, industrial manufacturers, municipal water utilities, and related trade organizations. The divisio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration publishes the monthly magazine Mining Engineering since 1949. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Herbicide use generally has negative impacts on many aspects of the environment. Insects, non-targeted plants, animals, and aquatic systems subject to serious damage from herbicides. Impacts are highly variable. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
15% of the world's production of vanillin is produced from lignosulfonates, a byproduct from the manufacture of cellulose via the sulfite process. The sole producer of wood-based vanillin is the company Borregaard located in Sarpsborg, Norway.
Wood-based vanillin is produced by copper-catalyzed oxidation of the lignin ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Red mud is the waste product that is produced in the digestion of bauxite with sodium hydroxide. It has high calcium and sodium hydroxide content with a complex chemical composition, and accordingly is very caustic and a potential source of pollution. The amount of red mud produced is considerable, and this has led sci... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first catalysts for the dehydrogenation of ABs were derived from reduction of Rh(I) complexes to form the active colloidal heterogeneous catalyst. As in the case with the metal carbonyl catalysts, bulky secondary amine-boranes form monomeric aminoboranes. For RhL- and Rh(H)L-derived catalysts, the active species is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Elsholz et al. (2012), showed that McsB and YwlE are a protein arginine kinase and phosphatase, rather than a tyrosine kinase and phosphatase because they observed only an McsB/YwlE-dependent detection of protein arginine phosphorylation or dephosphorylation in vivo. Specifically, they suggested that YwIE acts as a PAP... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A spouted bed is used in drying and coating. It involves spraying a liquid into a bed packed with the solid to be coated. A fluidizing gas fed from the bottom of the bed causes a spout, which causes the solids to circle linearly around the liquid. Work has been undertaken to model the minimum velocity of gas required f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When a photon hits a piece of semiconductor, one of three things can happen:
# The photon can pass straight through the semiconductor — this (generally) happens for lower energy photons.
# The photon can reflect off the surface.
# The photon can be absorbed by the semiconductor if the photon energy is higher than the b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The following genes encode the polypeptide components for various acid phosphatase isoenzymes:
*ACP1
*ACP2
*ACPP (ACP3), prostatic acid phosphatase
*ACP5, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
*ACP6
*ACPT, testicular acid phosphatase
*Tissue acid phosphatase, or lysosomal acid phosphatase | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
[RhH(CO)(PPh)] was first prepared by the reduction of [RhCl(CO)(PPh)], e.g. with sodium tetrahydroborate, or triethylamine and hydrogen, in ethanol in the presence of excess triphenylphosphine:
:[RhCl(CO)(PPh)] + NaBH + PPh → [RhH(CO)(PPh)] + NaCl + BH
It can also be prepared from an aldehyde, rhodium tric... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Solid-state NMR spectroscopy serves as an effective analytical tool in biological, organic, and inorganic chemistry due to its close resemblance to liquid-state spectra while providing additional insights into anisotropic interactions.
It is used to characterize chemical composition, supramolecular structure, local mot... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The idea of creating "a library of reference and a chemical museum" in the United States can be found in the Proceedings of the first meeting of the American Chemical Society (ACS) in 1876.
The idea of a Science History Institute dates to 1976, when the nations bicentennial and the ACS centennial stimulated interest in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The density of aluminium granules ranges from 1.0 to 1.8 g/cm and is much higher compared to aluminium powder. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
E–Z configuration, or the E–Z convention, is the IUPAC preferred method of describing the absolute stereochemistry of double bonds in organic chemistry. It is an extension of cis–trans isomer notation (which only describes relative stereochemistry) that can be used to describe double bonds having two, three or fo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A solution describes a homogeneous mixture where the dispersed particles will not settle if the solution is left undisturbed for a prolonged period of time.
A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture where the dispersed particles have at least in one direction a dimension roughly between 1 nm and 1 µm or that in a system dis... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phred uses a four-phase procedure as outlined by Ewing et al. to determine a sequence of base calls from the processed DNA sequence tracing:
# Predicted peak locations are determined, based on the assumption that fragments are relatively evenly spaced, on average, in most regions of the gel, to determine the correct n... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When dissolved in water, the dye has a blue-violet colour with an absorbance maximum at 590 nm and an extinction coefficient of 87,000 M cm. The colour of the dye depends on the acidity of the solution. At a pH of +1.0, the dye is green with absorption maxima at 420 nm and 620 nm, while in a strongly acidic solution (p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This method uses a rod which is lowered into a test liquid. The rod is then pulled out of the liquid and the force required to pull the rod is precisely measured. The method isn't standardized but is sometimes used. The Du Noüy-Padday rod pull tensiometer will take measurements quickly and will work with liquids with a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Elections for membership are held annually with candidates for membership being nominated and elected exclusively by existing EMBO members, membership cannot be applied for directly. Three types of membership exist:
# EMBO Member, for scientists living (or who have lived) in a European Molecular Biology Conference (EMB... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A biomolecular complex, also called a biomacromolecular complex, is any biological complex made of more than one biopolymer (protein, RNA, DNA,
carbohydrate) or large non-polymeric biomolecules (lipid). The interactions between these biomolecules are non-covalent.
Examples:
* Protein complexes, some of which are multie... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sulfimides (also called a sulfilimines) are sulfur–nitrogen compounds of structure RS=NR′, the nitrogen analog of sulfoxides. They are of interest in part due to their pharmacological properties. When two different R groups are attached to sulfur, sulfimides are chiral. Sulfimides form stable α-carbanions.
Sulfoximides... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluorene, the repeat unit in polyfluorene derivatives, was isolated from coal tar and discovered by Marcellin Berthelot prior to 1883.
Its name originates from its interesting fluorescence (and not to fluorine, which is not one of its elements).
Fluorene became the subject of chemical-structure related color variation ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Soundproofing is any means of impeding sound propagation. There are several basic ways to reduce sound: increasing the distance between source and receiver, decoupling, using noise barriers to reflect or absorb the energy of the sound waves, using damping structures such as sound baffles for absorption, or using active... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The covalent pair-wise interaction between boronic acids and hydroxy groups as found in alcohols and acids is rapid and reversible in aqueous solutions. The equilibrium established between boronic acids and the hydroxyl groups present on saccharides has been successfully employed to develop a range of sensors for sacch... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mitochondria and plastids evolved from free-living prokaryotes into current cytoplasmic organelles through endosymbiotic evolution. Mitochondria are thought to be necessary for eukaryotic life to exist. They are known as the cell's powerhouses because they provide the majority of the energy or ATP required by the cell.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A cubane-type cluster is an arrangement of atoms in a molecular structure that forms a cube. In the idealized case, the eight vertices are symmetry equivalent and the species has O symmetry. Such a structure is illustrated by the hydrocarbon cubane. With chemical formula , cubane has carbon atoms at the corners of a cu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Work is progressing on bypassing the conventional route of atomising wrought feedstock or sponge and the inherent cost associated with the traditional Kroll process. Several of these processes, such as the FFC, MER Corporation, OS, Ginatta and BHP Billiton processes rely on the electrolytic reduction of TiO (a cheap an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Atmospheric pollutant concentrations expressed as mass per unit volume of atmospheric air (e.g., mg/m, µg/m, etc.) at sea level will decrease with increasing altitude because the atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude.
The change of atmospheric pressure with altitude can be obtained from this equation:... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Another common system uses Greek letter prefixes as locants, which is useful in identifying the relative location of carbon atoms as well as hydrogen atoms to other functional groups.
The α-carbon (alpha-carbon) refers to the first carbon atom that attaches to a functional group, such as a carbonyl. The second carbon a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 1971 – M.L. Lieberman reports growth of three different graphitic like filaments; tubular, twisted, and balloon like. TEM images and diffraction data shows that the hollow tubes are multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT).
* 1976 – A. Oberlin, Morinobu Endo, and T. Koyama reported CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) growth... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Zinc is an essential trace element for humans and other animals, for plants and for microorganisms. Zinc is required for the function of over 300 enzymes and 1000 transcription factors, and is stored and transferred in metallothioneins. It is the second most abundant trace metal in humans after iron and it is the only ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Butyric acid (pK 4.82) is fully ionized at physiological pH, so its anion is the material that is mainly relevant in biological systems.
It is one of two primary endogenous agonists of human hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (, also known as GPR109A), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR),
Like other short-chain fatty a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chloroplasts alone make almost all of a plant cell's amino acids in their stroma except the sulfur-containing ones like cysteine and methionine. Cysteine is made in the chloroplast (the proplastid too) but it is also synthesized in the cytosol and mitochondria, probably because it has trouble crossing membranes to get ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Types of living soil biota can be divided into categories of plants (flora), animals (fauna), and microorganisms. Plants play a role in soil chemistry by exchanging nutrients with microorganisms and absorbing nutrients, creating concentration gradients of cations and anions. In addition to this, the differences in wate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Typically, metallacycles are cyclic compounds with two metal carbon bonds.
Many compounds containing metals in rings are known, for example chelate rings. Usually, such compounds are not classified as metallacycles, but the naming conventions are not rigidly followed. Within the area of coordination chemistry and sup... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One study that was done by Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) in rat model shows that a recessive mutation in a receptor tyrosine kinase gene, mertk results in a premature stop codon and impaired phagocytosis function by RPE cells. This mutation causes the accumulation of outer segment debris in the subretinal space, whic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Australian Synroc (synthetic rock) is a more sophisticated way to immobilize such waste, and this process may eventually come into commercial use for civil wastes (it is currently being developed for U.S. military wastes). Synroc was invented by Ted Ringwood, a geochemist at the Australian National University. The ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The process may be likened to how yeast ferments sugars to produce ethanol for wine, beer, or fuel, but the organisms that carry out the ABE fermentation are strictly anaerobic (obligate anaerobes). The ABE fermentation produces solvents in a ratio of 3 parts acetone, 6 parts butanol to 1 part ethanol. It usually uses ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Under thermal effect, the end of polymer chain departs, and forms low free radical which has low activity. Then according to the chain reaction mechanism, the polymer loses the monomer one by one. However, the molecular chain doesn't change a lot in a short time. The reaction is shown below. This process is common for ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Judd–Ofelt theory is a theory in physical chemistry describing the intensity of electron transitions within the 4f shell of rare-earth ions in solids and solutions.
The theory was introduced independently in 1962 by Brian R. Judd of the University of California, Berkeley, and PhD candidate George S. Ofelt at Johns Hopk... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Microcystinase is a protease that selectively degrades Microcystin, an extremely potent cyanotoxin that results in marine pollution and human and animal food chain poisoning. The enzyme is naturally produced by a number of bacteria isolated in Japan and New Zealand. As of 2012, the chemical structure of this enzyme ha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fatty acid metabolism consists of various metabolic processes involving or closely related to fatty acids, a family of molecules classified within the lipid macronutrient category. These processes can mainly be divided into (1) catabolic processes that generate energy and (2) anabolic processes where they serve as buil... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At constant pressure and temperature, the root-mean-square speed and therefore the effusion rate are inversely proportional to the square root of the molecular weight. Gases with a lower molecular weight effuse more rapidly than gases with a higher molecular weight, so that the number of lighter molecules passing throu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In biochemistry, glycoside hydrolases (also called glycosidases or glycosyl hydrolases) are a class of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in complex sugars. They are extremely common enzymes, with roles in nature including degradation of biomass such as cellulose (cellulase), hemicellulose, and s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Eddy permitting and eddy resolving models are used to examine the effect of eddy saturation and eddy compensation in the ACC. In these models resolution is of great importance. Ocean observations do not have a high enough resolution to fully estimate the degree of eddy saturation and eddy compensation. Idealized studie... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The catalytic cracking process involves the presence of solid acid catalysts, usually silica-alumina and zeolites. The catalysts promote the formation of carbocations, which undergo processes of rearrangement and scission of C-C bonds. Relative to thermal cracking, cat cracking proceeds at milder temperatures, which s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Monoaminergic cell groups refers to collections of neurons in the central nervous system that have been demonstrated by histochemical fluorescence to contain one of the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine or epinephrine. Thus, it represents the combination of catecholaminergic cell groups and serotone... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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