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The four reactions in the Cu–Cl cycle are listed as follows:
#2 Cu + 2 HCl(g) → 2 CuCl(l) + H(g) (430–475 °C)
#2 CuCl + HO(g) → CuOCl + 2 HCl(g) (400 °C)
#2 CuOCl → 4 CuCl + O(g) (500 °C)
#2 CuCl → CuCl(aq) + Cu (ambient-temperature electrolysis)
: Net reaction: 2 HO → 2 H + O
: Legend: (g)—gas; (l)—liquid; (aq)—aqueou... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most noticeable form of foam is foam floating on the stock surface. It is easy to monitor and relatively easy to handle and is more a cosmetic issue. Surface foam may cause problems with liquid levels and give overflow leading to pools of oils around the equipment which is a safety concern.
Additionally, this migh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The salt can be easily prepared by oxidizing a soluble silver salt with excess potassium peroxydisulfate in aqueous pyridine solution, where upon the product precipitates out almost quantitatively.
: 2 AgNO + 8 CHN + 3 KSO → 2 [Ag(CHN)]SO + 2 KSO + 2 KNO | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A common pathological cause for a high BMR is fever, since a rise in body temperature increases the rate of cellular metabolic reactions. It is estimated that for every degree Fahrenheit of rise in body temperature, the BMR increases by 7 percent.
Thyroid disease also has a marked effect on BMR, since thyroid hormones ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the first step, manganese(II) sulphate (at 48% of the total volume) is added to an environmental water sample. Next, potassium iodide (15% in potassium hydroxide 70%) is added to create a pinkish-brown precipitate. In the alkaline solution, dissolved oxygen will oxidize manganese(II) ions to the tetravalent state.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In October 2018, Dr. Khaled received the People First Leader GCC HR Award for his government services at the 6th Annual GOV HR Summit. Abu Dhabi, UAE. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The NGO scandal heavily disturbed his image and also his private life. Even though he cooperated with intelligence agencies in hope of being released, and went back to PAEC; he was declined any partial freedom. He was harshly interrogated for a long time, which also resulted in his death. Bashir Syed, former President ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Different processes and techniques have been developed around melt spinning which offer advantages to the industrial applications and product consistency. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Mandelin reagent is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify alkaloids as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of ammonium metavanadate and concentrated sulfuric acid. Its primary use is for the detection of ketamine and PMA Unlike the most common reagent test chemicals, it has a deep re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thioredoxin reductase uses a cysteine-selenocysteine pair to reduce the disulfide in thioredoxin. The selenocysteine is arranged in an unusual Sec-His-Glu catalytic triad, which tunes its pKa. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Anandamide and N-arachidonoyl dopamine (NADA) have been shown to act on temperature-sensing TRPV1 channels, which are involved in thermoregulation. TRPV1 is activated by the exogenous ligand capsaicin, the active component of chili peppers, which is structurally similar to endocannabinoids. NADA activates the TRPV1 cha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The liver, gastrointestinal tract (GIT), lungs, kidney, and brain are among the tissues that participate in the chiral inversion of medicines. The liver has been shown to be the most crucial organ in the development of this mechanism. Although some studies contend that rat liver homogenates lack the enzymatic mechanis... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Multiple chemical approaches exist to encourage selectivity of α- and β-glycosidic bonds. The highly substrate specific nature of the selectivity and the overall activity of the pyranoside can provide major synthetic difficulties. The overall specificity of the glycosylation can be improved by utilizing approaches whic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Samples for dating need to be converted into a form suitable for measuring the content; this can mean conversion to gaseous, liquid, or solid form, depending on the measurement technique to be used. Before this can be done, the sample must be treated to remove any contamination and any unwanted constituents. This incl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The idea of boosting was originally developed between late 1947 and late 1949 at Los Alamos. The primary benefit of boosting is further miniaturization of nuclear weapons as it reduces the minimum inertial confinement time required for a supercritical nuclear explosion by providing a sudden influx of fast neutrons befo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many elegant structural mimics have been synthesized reproducing the atomic content and connectivity of the active site. The work by Pickett is a prime example of this field. The catalytic activity of these mimics do not however compare to the native enzyme. In contrast, functional mimics, also known as bio-inspired... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The outgassing of volatile silicones on low Earth orbit devices leads to presence of a cloud of contaminants around the spacecraft. Together with atomic oxygen bombardment, this may lead to gradual deposition of thin layers of carbon-containing silicon dioxide. Their poor transparency is a concern in case of optical sy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
p75NTR is a type I transmembrane protein, with a molecular weight of 75 kDa, determined by glycosylation through both N- and O-linkages in the extracellular domain.
It consists of an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain and an intracellular domain. The extracellular domain consists of a stalk domain connecting ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In polymer systems, the general definition () holds; the elementary constituents are now the monomers making up the chains. However, the structure factor being a measure of the correlation between particle positions, one can reasonably expect that this correlation will be different for monomers belonging to the same ch... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The mechanism of action of AVEC relies upon the immunity acquired through vaccination or natural illness against microbials (e.g., viruses, bacteria, etc.) being redirected, amplified, and accelerated against the cancer cells. For example, a person vaccinated against hepatitis B virus, but suffering from HER2+ breast c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Kerogen formation continued to a depth of about 1 km from the Earths surface where temperatures may reach around 50 °C. Kerogen formation represents a halfway point between organic matter and fossil fuels: kerogen can be exposed to oxygen, oxidize and thus be lost, or it could be buried deeper inside the Earths crust a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A longitudinal facial crack is a specialized type of defect that only occurs in continuous casting processes. This defect is caused by uneven cooling, both primary cooling and secondary cooling, and includes molten steel qualities, such as the chemical composition being out of specification, cleanliness of the material... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In host–guest chemistry, an inclusion compound (also known as an inclusion complex) is a chemical complex in which one chemical compound (the "host") has a cavity into which a "guest" compound can be accommodated. The interaction between the host and guest involves purely van der Waals bonding. The definition of incl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plants in temperate and polar regions adapt to winter and sub zero temperatures by relocating nutrients from leaves and shoots to storage organs. Freezing temperatures induce dehydrative stress on plants, as water absorption in the root and water transport in the plant decreases. Water in and between cells in the plant... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Canada deuterium uranium fuel (CANDU) fuel bundles are about long and in diameter. They consist of sintered (UO) pellets in zirconium alloy tubes, welded to zirconium alloy end plates. Each bundle weighs roughly , and a typical core loading is on the order of 4500–6500 bundles, depending on the design. Modern types t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Human fat was mentioned in European pharmacopoeias since the 16th century as an important fatty component of quality deemed ointments and other pharmaceuticals in Europe. In old recipes human adipose tissue was mentioned as Pinguedo hominis, or Axungia hominis. The German medicinal Johann Agricola (1496–1570) described... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Methanesulfonyl chloride react with primary and secondary amines to give methanesulfonamides. Unlike methanesulfonates, methanesulfonamides are very resistant toward hydrolysis under both acidic and basic conditions. When used as a protecting group, they can be converted back to amines using lithium aluminium hydride o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A sperm bank, semen bank, or cryobank is a facility or enterprise which purchases, stores and sells human semen. The semen is produced and sold by men who are known as sperm donors. The sperm is purchased by or for other persons for the purpose of achieving a pregnancy or pregnancies other than by a sexual partner. Spe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oxide dispersion strengthened alloys (ODS) are alloys that consist of a metal matrix with small oxide particles dispersed within it. They have high heat resistance, strength, and ductility. Alloys of nickel are the most common but includes iron aluminum alloys.
Applications include high temperature turbine blades and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Note: The table only lists a few examples, there are many more crosses. The possibilities of this technology are great; however, not all species are easily put into protoplast culture. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As hyrax middens have been developed as palaeoenvironmental archives, there has been increasing emphasis on the application of stable isotope analyses to midden sequences. Initially this focussed on the use of bulk C data, with an emphasis on identifying changes in the relative abundance of C/C/CAM vegetation and assoc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transposon mutagenesis was first studied by Barbara McClintock in the mid-20th century during her Nobel Prize-winning work with corn. McClintock received her BSc in 1923 from Cornell’s College of Agriculture. By 1927 she had her PhD in botany, and she immediately began working on the topic of maize chromosomes. In the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This experiment shows the catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide (HO) decomposes into water and oxygen gas, which is in the form of foam, but normally the reaction is too slow to be easily perceived or measured:
In normal conditions, this reaction takes place very slowly, therefore a catalyst i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Time crystals seem to break time-translation symmetry and have repeated patterns in time even if the laws of the system are invariant by translation of time. The time crystals that are experimentally realized show discrete time-translation symmetry breaking, not the continuous one: they are periodically driven systems ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most commonly used surface modification protocols are plasma activation, wet chemical treatment, including grafting, and thin-film coating. Surface energy mimicking is a technique that enables merging the device manufacturing and surface modifications, including patterning, into a single processing step using a sin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
OVERFLOW was developed as part of a collaborative effort between NASAs Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas and NASA Ames Research Center (ARC) in Moffett Field, California. The driving force behind this work was the need for evaluating the flow about the Space Shuttle launch vehicle. Originally developed in the earl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mediated transport refers to transport mediated by a membrane transport protein. Substances in the human body may be hydrophobic, electrophilic, contain a positively or negatively charge, or have another property. As such there are times when those substances may not be able to pass over the cell membrane using protein... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Methane was premixed with fuel in the form of either O, NO, or air and burned at ambient pressure. The source of nitrogen was introduced by addition of 1-5 mole% NH gas and sulfur by 0.01-0.5 mol% HS or SF gas. A steady state concentration of NS within the flame front is observed by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Proto-porcelain material has been discovered dating back to the Neolithic period, with shards of material found in archaeological sites from the Eastern Han period in China. These wares are estimated to have been fired from 1260 °C to 1300 °C. In the 8th century, porcelain was invented in Tang Dynasty, China. Porcelain... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Triplet-triplet annihilation combines the energy of two triplet-excited molecules onto one molecule to produce a higher excited state. Since the higher excited state is an emissive singlet state, TTA can be used to achieve photon upconversion which is a process that converts the energy of two photons into one photon of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydrazones are a class of organic compounds with the structure . They are related to ketones and aldehydes by the replacement of the oxygen =O with the = functional group. They are formed usually by the action of hydrazine on ketones or aldehydes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CellViewer allows to visualize the sample material in four modes widely used in material research:
* 3D model of atomic structure (direct space),
* simulated diffraction pattern (reciprocal space),
* stereographic projection (projection of 3D space of crystallographic planes and directions to 2D),
* inverse pole figure... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kaminsky's discovery of well-defined, high activity homogeneous catalysts led to many innovations in the design of novel cyclopentadienyl ligands. These innovations include ansa-metallocenes, C-symmetric fluorenyl-Cp ligands, constrained geometry catalysts, Some Kaminsky-inspired catalysts use of chiral metallocenes th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most familiar yeast in food production, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been used in brewing and baking for thousands of years.
S. cerevisiae feeds on the sugars present in the bread dough and produces the gas carbon dioxide. This forms bubbles within the dough, causing it to expand and the bread to rise.
Several dif... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
John A. Cranston, who had also come from Glasgow to Aberdeen with Soddy as a research assistant, was drafted in March 1915. Hitchins continued Cranston's research before she herself was drafted for war work in 1916. This research resulted in the successful identification of a new element in the decay chain between ur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A radioligand is a microscopic particle which consists of a therapeutic radioactive isotope and the cell-targeting compound - the ligand. The ligand is the target binding site, it may be on the surface of the targeted cancer cell for therapeutic purposes. Radioisotopes can occur naturally or be synthesized and produced... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In order to be functional, STAT5 proteins must first be activated. This activation is carried out by kinases associated with transmembrane receptors:
* Ligands binding to these transmembrane receptors on the outside of the cell activate the kinases;
* The stimulated kinases add a phosphate group to a specific tyrosine... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Desorption, specifically thermal desorption, can be applied as an environmental remediation technique. This physical process is designed to remove contaminants at relatively low temperatures, ranging from 90 to 560 °C, from the solid matrix. The contaminated media is heated to volatilize water and organic contaminants,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DNA fragmentation is the separation or breaking of DNA strands into pieces. It can be done intentionally by laboratory personnel or by cells, or can occur spontaneously. Spontaneous or accidental DNA fragmentation is fragmentation that gradually accumulates in a cell. It can be measured by e.g. the Comet assay or by th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A widespread application of pneumatic motors is in hand-held tools, impact wrenches, pulse tools, screwdrivers, nut runners, drills, grinders, sanders and so on. Pneumatic motors are also used stationary in a wide range of industrial applications. Though overall energy efficiency of pneumatics tools is low and they req... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is known that the sub critical flow of a stratified fluid past a barrier produce motions upstream of the barrier. Sub critical flow may be defined as a flow for which the Froude number based on channel height is less than 1/π, so that one
or more stationary lee waves would be present. Some of the upstream motions do... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The gray (symbol: Gy) is the unit of ionizing radiation dose in the International System of Units (SI), defined as the absorption of one joule of radiation energy per kilogram of matter.
It is used as a unit of the radiation quantity absorbed dose that measures the energy deposited by ionizing radiation in a unit mass ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Wagner's gene network model is a computational model of artificial gene networks, which explicitly modeled the developmental and evolutionary process of genetic regulatory networks. A population with multiple organisms can be created and evolved from generation to generation. It was first developed by Andreas Wagner in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Diffusion is part of the transport phenomena. Of mass transport mechanisms, molecular diffusion is known as a slower one. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first example of an inverted ligand field was demonstrated in paper form 1995 by James Snyder. In this theoretical paper, Snyder proposed that the [Cu(CF)] complexes reported by Naumann et al. and assigned a formal oxidation state of 3+ at the copper would be better thought of as Cu(I). By comparing the d-orbital o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sepro supplies horizontal slurry pumps, vertical sump pumps, vertical froth pumps, vertical tank pumps and horizontal fluid process pump models which are metal lined or rubber lined, one option being SH46® material for advanced wear resistance. They are designed to operate in the mining, aggregate, chemical and industr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dextromethorphan was once thought to cause Olney's lesions when administered intravenously; however, this was later proven inconclusive, due to lack of research on humans. Tests were performed on rats, giving them 50 mg or more every day for as long as a month. Neurotoxic changes, including vacuolation, have been obser... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aqueous normal-phase chromatography (ANP) is a chromatographic technique that involves the mobile phase compositions and polarities between reversed-phase chromatography (RP) and normal-phase chromatography (NP), while the stationary phases are polar. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
High precision iron isotope measurements are obtained either via thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) or multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Preparation of the trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane was reported by Ingo Ruppert in 1984. In 1989, Prakash and Olah first reported activation of TMSCF by fluoride to perform nucleophilic trifluoromethylation of carbonyl compounds. In the same year, Stahly described similar reactions for the synthesis of trifluoromethylat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Exposure to radioactive waste may cause health impacts due to ionizing radiation exposure. In humans, a dose of 1 sievert carries a 5.5% risk of developing cancer, and regulatory agencies assume the risk is linearly proportional to dose even for low doses. Ionizing radiation can cause deletions in chromosomes. If a dev... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In electron spectroscopy, depending on the technique, irradiating the sample with high-energy particles such as X-ray photons, electron beam electrons, or ultraviolet radiation photons, causes Auger electrons and photoelectrons to be emitted. Figure 1 illustrates this on the basis of a single particle in which, for exa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Wastewater produced by mining industries contribute to the acidity, suspended material and dissolved heavy metal ions in the aquatic environment, causing environmental problems for biological life and discoloration of the receiving waters. The application of settling basins by the Coeur d'Alene mining district of north... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Image formation is a plotting method that produces a color mapping through changing the x–y position of the tip while scanning and recording the measured variable, i.e. the intensity of control signal, to each x–y coordinate. The color mapping shows the measured value corresponding to each coordinate. The image express... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cavicularin is a natural phenolic secondary metabolite isolated from the liverwort Cavicularia densa. This macrocycle is unusual because it was the first compound isolated from nature displaying optical activity solely due to the presence of planar chirality and axial chirality. The specific rotation for (+)-caviculari... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many organic compounds—two examples are ethanol and insulin—are manufactured industrially using organisms such as bacteria and yeast. Typically, the DNA of an organism is altered to express compounds not ordinarily produced by the organism. Many such biotechnology-engineered compounds did not previously exist in nature... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A stinger line is similar to a flow line, but unlike a flow line is not used to maintain circulation. The stinger line is attached to the blowout preventer to allow for the pressure from a blowout to be released. The stinger line usually will run parallel to the flow line. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In many photo-productive systems this charge separation is kinetically isolated by delivery of the electron to a lower energy conductor attached to the p/n junction or into an electron transport chain. In this case some of the energy can be captured to do work. If the electron is not kinetically isolated thermodynamics... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sarfati is a chess FIDE Master, and achieved a draw against former world champion Boris Spassky during a tournament in Wellington in 1988, and was New Zealand's national chess champion in 1987–88.
Although tied with Rey Casse for first place in the Australian Junior Championship of 1981, he was not eligible to share th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As the most prevalent morphology of nanomaterials used in consumer products, nanoparticles have an enormous range of potential and actual applications. Table below summarizes the most common nanoparticles used in various product types available on the global markets.
Scientific research on nanoparticles is intense as t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cytochrome c is widely believed to be localised solely in the mitochondrial intermembrane space under normal physiological conditions. The release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytosol, where it activates the caspase family of proteases, is believed to be the primary trigger leading to the onset of apoptosis... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In binary compounds the more electropositive element is placed first in the formula. The formal list is used. The name of the most electronegative element is modified to end in -ide and the more electropositive elements name is left unchanged.
Taking the binary compound of sodium and chlorine: chlorine is found first i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Silicon carbide was the first commercially important semiconductor material. A crystal radio "carborundum" (synthetic silicon carbide) detector diode was patented by Henry Harrison Chase Dunwoody in 1906. It found much early use in shipboard receivers. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This technique is also used for detection of illicit drugs in various samples. The most common method of drug detection has been an immunoassay. This method is much more convenient. However, convenience comes at the cost of specificity and coverage of a wide range of drugs, therefore, HPLC has been used as well as an a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Interspecies hydrogen transfer (IHT) is a form of interspecies electron transfer. It is a syntrophic process by which H is transferred from one organism to another, particularly in the rumen and other anaerobic environments.
IHT was discovered between Methanobacterium bryantii strain M.o.H and an "S" organism in 1967 b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lacking any other plausible explanation, the anomalous excess heat produced during such electrolysis was attributed by Pons and Fleischmann to cold fusion. Later, it was discovered that such excess heat can easily be the product of conventional chemistry, i.e. internal recombination of hydrogen and oxygen. Such recombi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many compounds exhibit polymorphism. It has been claimed that "every compound has different polymorphic forms, and that, in general, the number of forms known for a given compound is proportional to the time and money spent in research on that compound." | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The NSEC contains only multiple choice questions. The questions include physical chemistry, organic chemistry, and inorganic chemistry. The stress on biochemistry is more in the NSEC than in the typical school syllabi. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, a polyoxometalate (abbreviated POM) is a polyatomic ion, usually an anion, that consists of three or more transition metal oxyanions linked together by shared oxygen atoms to form closed 3-dimensional frameworks. The metal atoms are usually group 6 (Mo, W) or less commonly group 5 (V, Nb, Ta) and group 7 ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photochromic units have been employed extensively in supramolecular chemistry. Their ability to give a light-controlled reversible shape change means that they can be used to make or break molecular recognition motifs, or to cause a consequent shape change in their surroundings. Thus, photochromic units have been demon... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reactive compatibilization is the process of modifying a mixed immiscible blend of polymers to arrest phase separation and allow for the formation of a stable, long-term continuous phase. It is done via the addition of a reactive polymer, miscible with one blend component and reactive towards functional groups on the s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fermionic condensates are attained at lower temperatures than Bose–Einstein condensates. Fermionic condensates are a type of superfluid. As the name suggests, a superfluid possesses fluid properties similar to those possessed by ordinary liquids and gases, such as the lack of a definite shape and the ability to flow in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Meteorin-like/Meteorin-Beta (Metrnl)/IL-41, also known as subfatin and cometin, is a small (~27kDa) secreted cytokine, protein encoded by a gene called meteorin-like (METRNL). METRNL is highly expressed in mucosal tissues, skin and activated macrophages.
Metrnl has also been described to be a hormone
A screen of human ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A selector gene can be used to distinguish successfully genetically modified cells from unmodified ones. The selector gene is integrated into the plasmid along with the desired target gene, providing the cells with resistance to an antibiotic, such as kanamycin, ampicillin, spectinomycin or tetracycline. The desired ce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transparent conducting electrodes are essential components of solar cells. It is either a continuous film of indium tin oxide or a conducting wire network, in which wires are charge collectors while voids between wires are transparent for light. An optimum density of wire network is essential for the maximum solar cell... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
T can be quantified (relaxometry) by curve fitting the signal expression above as a function of the duration of the spin-lock pulse while the amplitude of spin-lock pulse (γB~0.1-few kHz) is fixed. Quantitative T MRI relaxation maps reflect the biochemical composition of tissues. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pioneering structural studies in the 1980s by Aaron Klug's group provided the first evidence that an octamer of histone proteins wraps DNA around itself in about 1.7 turns of a left-handed superhelix. In 1997 the first near atomic resolution crystal structure of the nucleosome was solved by the Richmond group, showing ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The effects of a particular signal transduction pathway can be very different among distinct cell types. For example, the same signal transduction pathway may promote the survival of one cell type but the maturation of another. This depends both on the nature of a cell but also on its particular state which may change ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
UV curing (ultraviolet curing) is the process by which ultraviolet light initiates a photochemical reaction that generates a crosslinked network of polymers through radical polymerization or cationic polymerization. UV curing is adaptable to printing, coating, decorating, stereolithography, and in the assembly of a va... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Recommended strategies to prevent mold include avoiding mold-contamination; utilization of environmental controls; the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), including skin and eye protection and respiratory protection; and environmental controls such as ventilation and suppression of dust. When mold cannot be pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Obsidian hydration dating was introduced in 1960 by Irving Friedman and Robert Smith of the U.S. Geological Survey. Their initial work focused on obsidians from archaeological sites in western North America.
The use of Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) in the measurement of obsidian hydration dating was introduced... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In canonical notch signaling, ligand proteins bind to the extracellular domain of the notch receptor and induce the cleavage and release of the intracellular domain into the cytoplasm. This subsequently interacts with other proteins, enters the nucleus, and regulates gene expression.
In 2006, a non-canonical branch of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The novel MEMS cantilever approach detects pressure changes in a photoacoustic cell. High sensitivity is achieved by using a cantilever pressure sensor that is over hundred times more sensitive compared to a membrane, which is conventionally used in photoacoustic spectroscopy. A laser-based readout interferometer is ab... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
At a certain voltage E, equilibrium will attain and the forward and backward rates (v and v) will be equal. This is represented by the green curve in the above figure. The equilibrium rate constants will be written as k and k, and the equilibrium concentrations will be written c and c. The equilibrium currents (j and j... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In non-photosynthetic eukaryotes such as animals, insects, fungi, and protozoa, as well as the α-proteobacteria group of bacteria, the committed step for porphyrin biosynthesis is the formation of δ-aminolevulinic acid (δ-ALA, 5-ALA or dALA) by the reaction of the amino acid glycine with succinyl-CoA from the citric ac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ventilation Rate Procedure is rate based on standard and prescribes the rate at which ventilation air must be delivered to space and various means to the condition that air. Air quality is assessed (through CO measurement) and ventilation rates are mathematically derived using constants.
Indoor Air Quality Procedure us... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Needham's "silver age of Chinese alchemy" (c. 800-1300) was from the late Tang to the end of the Song dynasty. During the Tang, literature gradually changed from emphasizing ritual practices to cosmological principles. Early Taiqing tradition texts stress the performance of alchemical rites and ceremonies when compoun... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In aqueous solution, boric acid can act as a weak Brønsted acid, that is, a proton donor, with pK ~ 9. However, it more often acts as a Lewis acid, accepting an electron pair from a hydroxyl ion produced by the water autoprotolysis:
: + 2 + (pK = 8.98)
This reaction is very fast, with characteristic time less tha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Boltzmann equation or Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) describes the statistical behaviour of a thermodynamic system not in a state of equilibrium; it was devised by Ludwig Boltzmann in 1872.
The classic example of such a system is a fluid with temperature gradients in space causing heat to flow from hotter regio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Smelting and melting of copper and its alloys such as leaded bronze was done in crucibles similar to those of the Roman period which have thinner walls and flat bases to sit within the furnaces. The technology for this type of smelting started to change at the end of the Medieval period with the introduction of new tem... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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