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Polarized liquid interfaces have been used to examine the thermodynamics and kinetics of the transfer of charged species from one phase to another. Two main methods exist. The first is ITIES, "interfaces between two immiscible electrolyte solutions". The second is droplet experiments. Here a reaction at a triple interf... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Giuliana Tesoro (née Cavaglieri) (June 1, 1921 – September 29, 2002) was an Italian-born American chemist who earned more than 125 patents, with her most notable consisting of improvements in fabric comfort, practicality, and flame resistance. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During the 1960s cruising at speeds between Mach 2 to 3 was pursued for commercial and military aircraft. Concorde, North American XB-70 and Lockheed SR-71 used ejector-type supersonic nozzles which had a secondary flow obtained from the inlet upstream of the engine compressor. The secondary flow was used to purge the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Telomerization is a reaction that produces a particular kind of oligomer with two distinct end groups. The oligomer is called a telomer. Some telomerizations proceed by radical pathways, many do not. A generic equation is:
where M is the monomer, and A and B are the end groups, and n is the degree of polymerization.
... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Eukaryotic messages are subject to surveillance by nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), which checks for the presence of premature stop codons (nonsense codons) in the message. These can arise via incomplete splicing, V(D)J recombination in the adaptive immune system, mutations in DNA, transcription errors, leaky scanning by... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
CO stripping is one of the methods used to determine the electrochemically active surface area of electrodes and catalysts that irreversibly adsorb carbon monoxide, most notably ones containing platinum and other transition metals. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another property of nanoparticles that is heavily influenced by the surfactants is the solubility of the nanoparticle. One can imagine that a metallic nanoparticle would not dissolve well in organic solvents. By adding the surfactants the nanoparticles will stay more evenly dispersed throughout the solvent. This is due... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Later medieval Latin had alchimia / alchymia "alchemy", alchimicus "alchemical", and alchimista "alchemist". The mineralogist and humanist Georg Agricola (died 1555) was the first to drop the Arabic definite article al-. In his Latin works from 1530 on he exclusively wrote chymia and chymista in describing activity th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some guest molecules are charged compounds, which might be oxidized or reduced by certain chemicals. This type of guest molecule can present redox responsiveness. Some host molecules (i.e., α-CD) or guest molecules (i.e., tetra ammonium ion) are pH-sensitive, different pH can result in different species, which signific... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Elizabeth Joy New AM SFHEA FRSC FRACI FRSN (born 1984) is an Australian chemist and Professor of the School of Chemistry, University of Sydney. She won the 2018 Australian Museum 3M Eureka Prize. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Methyl vinyl ketone and ethyl acetoacetate undergo aldol cyclization in the presence of catalytic pyrrolidinum acetate or Triton B or sodium ethoxide to produce Hagemann's ester. This variant is a type of Robinson annulation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
François Stanislas Cloez (24 June 1817 – 12 October 1883) was a French chemist, who authored both as "F. S. Cloez" and "S. Cloez", and is known for his pioneering role in analytical chemistry during the 19th century. He was a founder and later president of the Chemistry Society of France.
In 1851, Cloez and Italian che... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The observed intrinsic KIEs of RuBisCO have been correlated with two aspects of its enzyme kinetics: 1) Its "specificity" for CO over O, and 2) Its rate of carboxylation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Quality scores are normally stored together with the nucleotide sequence in the widely accepted FASTQ format. They account for about half of the required disk space in the FASTQ format (before compression), and therefore the compression of the quality values can significantly reduce storage requirements and speed up an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As noted above, human cells do not express TLR11, but mice cells do. Mouse-specific TLR11 recognizes uropathogenic E.coli and the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. With Toxoplasma its ligand is the protein profilin and the ligand for E. coli is flagellin. The flagellin from the enteropathogen Salmonella is also ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One strand of the DNA, the template strand (or noncoding strand), is used as a template for RNA synthesis. As transcription proceeds, RNA polymerase traverses the template strand and uses base pairing complementarity with the DNA template to create an RNA copy (which elongates during the traversal). Although RNA polyme... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A maltoside is a glycoside with maltose as the glycone (sugar) functional group. Among the most common are alkyl maltosides, which contain hydrophobic alkyl chains as the aglycone. Given their amphiphilic properties, these comprise a class of detergents, where variation in the alkyl chain confers a range of detergent p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Second generation proton sponges are known with even higher basicity. 1,8-bis(hexamethyltriaminophosphazenyl)naphthalene or HMPN is prepared from 1,8-diaminonaphthalene by reaction with tris(dimethylamino)bromophosphonium bromide in the presence of triethylamine. HMPN has a pK of 29.9 in acetonitrile which is more than... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This compound is prepared by oxidation of 4-aminodimethylaniline in the presence of sodium thiosulfate to give the quinonediiminothiosulfonic acid, reaction with dimethylaniline, oxidation to the indamine, and cyclization to give the thiazine:
A green electrochemical procedure, using only dimethyl-4-phenylenediamine an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CRISPR-associated transposons have been harnessed for in vitro and in vivo gene editing at different targets, in different hosts, and with different payloads. All CAST components of the Tn6677 system from Vibrio cholerae have been combined into a single plasmid and confirmed to deliver up to 10kb transposons at near 10... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Zinc (Zn) was incorporated into living cells in two waves. Four to three Ga, anaerobic prokaryotes arose, and the atmosphere was full of HS and highly reductive. Thus most zinc was in the form of insoluble ZnS. However, because seawater at the time was slightly acidic, some Zn(II) was available in its ionic form and be... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Butyric acid is an inhibitor that is selective for class I HDACs in humans. HDACs are histone-modifying enzymes that can cause histone deacetylation and repression of gene expression. HDACs are important regulators of synaptic formation, synaptic plasticity, and long-term memory formation. Class I HDACs are known to b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In research, whole-genome sequencing can be used in a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) – a project aiming to determine the genetic variant or variants associated with a disease or some other phenotype. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Surfactants can destabilize toxic organic compounds in paint which can enter the environment and have negative effects. Water-soluble surfactants can wash out of dried paints and enter the environment. Some of these surfactants are directly toxic to animals and the environment as well as increase the ability of other t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Jehle pointed out that, when immersed in a liquid and intermingled with other molecules, charge fluctuation forces favor the association of identical molecules as nearest neighbors. In accord with this principle, the multiple copies of a polypeptide encoded by a gene often undergo molecular recognition with each other... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The rate of change of momentum of a particle is given by the Lorentz equation:
By using this equation and the Vlasov Equation, the momentum equation for each fluid becomes
where is the pressure tensor. The material derivative is
The pressure tensor is defined as the particle mass times the covariance matrix of the vel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The precise mechanism of action of modafinil for narcolepsy and other sleep disorders remains unclear. Although modafinil may have interactions with neurotransmitter systems, its exact mode of action is not fully understood.
From laboratory research, modafinil has little to no affinity for serotonin or norepinephrine t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By linking the rivers, vast amount of land areas which will not otherwise be irrigated and are unusable for agriculture become fertile. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This unusual triad occurs only in one superfamily of amidases. In this case, the lysine acts to polarise the middle serine. The middle serine then forms two strong hydrogen bonds to the nucleophilic serine to activate it (one with the side chain hydroxyl and the other with the backbone amide). The middle serine is held... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Xenon isotope geochemistry uses the abundance of xenon (Xe) isotopes and total xenon to investigate how Xe has been generated, transported, fractionated, and distributed in planetary systems. Xe has nine stable or very long-lived isotopes. Radiogenic Xe and fissiogenic Xe isotopes are of special interest in geochemical... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules are metal carbonyl complexes that are being developed as potential drugs to release CO. At low concentrations, CO functions as a vasodilatory and an anti-inflammatory agent. CO-RMs have been conceived as a pharmacological strategic approach to carry and deliver controlled amounts of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Depending on the source material, product quality varies. High quality oxidized lignite (brown coal), usually referred to as leonardite, is the best source material for extraction of large quantities of potassium humate. The less oxidized the coal, the less potassium humate extracted. Sources low in ash produce the bes... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ethanol precipitation is a widely used method for purifying and concentrating nucleic acids, including plasmid DNA. The basic principle of this method is that nucleic acids are insoluble in ethanol or isopropanol but soluble in water. Therefore, it works by using ethanol as an antisolvent of DNA, causing it to precipit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Ritchie equation, derived in 1972, is another free-energy relationship:
where N is the nucleophile dependent parameter and k the reaction rate constant for water. In this equation, a substrate-dependent parameter like s in the Swain–Scott equation is absent. The equation states that two nucleophiles react with the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unlike a classical ideal gas, whose pressure is proportional to its temperature
where P is pressure, k is Boltzmanns constant, N is the number of particles—typically atoms or molecules—, T is temperature, and V' is the volume, the pressure exerted by degenerate matter depends only weakly on its temperature. In particu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sugar alcohols, a class of low molecular weight polyols, are commonly obtained by hydrogenation of sugars. They have the formula (CHOH)H, where n = 4–6.
Sugar alcohols are added to foods because of their lower caloric content than sugars; however, they are also, in general, less sweet, and are often combined with high-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kirchhoff showed in 1858 that, in thermochemistry, the variation of the heat of a chemical reaction is given by the difference in heat capacity between products and reactants:
Integration of this equation permits the evaluation of the heat of reaction at one temperature from measurements at another temperature. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first to mention premelting might have been Michael Faraday in 1842 for ice surfaces. He compared the effect which holds a snowball together to that which makes buildings from moistured sand stable. Another interesting thing he mentioned is that two blocks of ice can freeze together. Later Tammann (1910) and Strans... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Science History Institutes magazine, Distillations, appeared in print three times a year until 2019, when content became digital-only. As an online resource, it continues to present stories about the history of science for a popular readership. Distillations first appeared in spring 2015, as a publication of the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The main exposure to UFPs is through inhalation. Owing to their size, UFPs are considered to be respirable particles. Contrary to the behaviour of inhaled PM and PM, ultrafine particles are deposited in the lungs, where they have the ability to penetrate tissue and undergo interstitialization, or to be absorbed directl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The orthoborate ion is known in the solid state, for example, in calcium orthoborate , where it adopts a nearly trigonal planar structure. It is a structural analogue of the carbonate anion , with which it is isoelectronic. Simple bonding theories point to the trigonal planar structure. In terms of valence bond theory,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Leray projection has the following properties:
# The Leray projection is a projection: for all .
# The Leray projection is a divergence-free operator: for all .
# The Leray projection is simply the identity for the divergence-free vector fields: for all such that .
# The Leray projection vanishes for the vect... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The MAPK/ERK pathway (also known as the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway) is a chain of proteins in the cell that communicates a signal from a receptor on the surface of the cell to the DNA in the nucleus of the cell.
The signal starts when a signaling molecule binds to the receptor on the cell surface and ends when the DNA in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Kurchatov Medal (1989)
*Lise Meitner Prize of the European Physical Society (2000)
*Lomonosov Gold Medal (2018) "for fundamental research in the fields of interaction of complex nuclei and experimental evidence of existence of an island of stability for superheavy elements"
*Demidov Prize (2019)
*UNESCO-Russia Mendele... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most biological oxidation processes for treating industrial wastewaters have in common the use of oxygen (or air) and microbial action. Surface-aerated basins achieve 80 to 90% removal of BOD with retention times of 1 to 10 days. The basins may range in depth from and utilize motor-driven aerators floating on the surf... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A good ion source should provide a strong ion beam without consuming much of the gas. For hydrogen isotopes, production of atomic ions is favored over molecular ions, as atomic ions have higher neutron yield on collision. The ions generated in the ion source are then extracted by an electric field into the accelerator ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The reactions involving charged transition metal complexes (cationic or anionic) are dramatically influenced by solvation, especially in the polar media. As high as 30-50 kcal/mol changes in the potential energy surface (activation energies and relative stability) were calculated if the charge of the metal species was ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Landau and Levich split the entire flow regime into two regimes, a lower regime and an upper regime. In the lower regime closer to the liquid surface, the flow is assumed to be static, leading to the problem of the Young–Laplace equation (a static meniscus). In the upper region far away from the liquid surface, the thi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Mobile Phone Based Remote Monitoring and Control system For Individualized Healthcare. First AMA-IEEE Medical Technology on Individualized Healthcare, Washington DC, US.2010
*Connected Healthcare Solution Using Cell phone. ASME's 5th Frontiers in Biomedical Devices Conference & Exhibition, California, US.2010
*Automat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the European Union (EU), the European Medicines Agency (EMA) defines a drug as "orphan" if it is intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a life-threatening or chronically and seriously debilitating condition affecting not more than 5 in 10,000 EU people. EMA also qualifies a drug as orphan if – withou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Historically, the three main divisions of radiation therapy are:
* external beam radiation therapy (EBRT or XRT) or teletherapy;
* brachytherapy or sealed source radiation therapy; and
* systemic radioisotope therapy or unsealed source radiotherapy.
The differences relate to the position of the radiation source; extern... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, the carbon number of a compound is the number of carbon atoms in each molecule.
The properties of hydrocarbons can be correlated with the carbon number, although the carbon number alone does not give an indication of the saturation of the organic compound. When describing a particular molecule, th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The rearrangements of heavy-chains are different from the light chains because DNA undergoes rearrangements of V-D-J gene segments in the heavy chains. These reorganizations of gene segments produce gene sequence from 5 prime to 3 prime ends such as a short leader exon, an intron, a joined VDJ segment, a second intron ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vilma Espín Guillois was born on 7 April 1930, in Santiago de Cuba. She was the daughter of a wealthy Cuban lawyer, Jose Espín and wife Margarita Guillois. She had four siblings, Nilsa, Iván, Sonia and José. Espín attended Academia Pérez-Peña for primary school and studied ballet and singing at the Asociación Pro-Arte ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Barium chlorate is used to produce chloric acid, the formal precursor to all chlorate salts, through its reaction with dilute sulfuric acid, which results in a solution of chloric acid and insoluble barium sulfate precipitate:
:Ba(ClO) + HSO → 2 HClO + BaSO
Both the chlorate and the acid should be prepared as dilute so... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several estimations of the reaeration rate exist, which generally follow the equation
where
* is a constant.
* is the flow velocity [m/s].
* is the depth [m].
* is a constant.
* is a constant.
The constants depend on the system to which the equation is applied, i.e. the flow velocity and the size of the stream or ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PT clearly plays a central role in the pathogenesis of pertussis although this was discovered only in the early 1980s. The appearance of pertussis is quite recent, compared with other epidemic infectious diseases. The earliest mention of pertussis, or whooping cough, is of an outbreak in Paris in 1414. This was publish... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The worm-like chain model (WLC) takes the energy required to bend a molecule into account. The variables are the same except that , the persistence length, replaces . Then, the force follows this equation:
Therefore, when there is no distance between chain ends (r=0), the force required to do so is zero, and to fully e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An alternative model has been developed by S. Gronert based not on breaking molecules into fragments but based on 1,2 and 1,3 interactions
The Gronert equation reads:
The pentanes are now calculated as:
* n-pentane = 4CC + 12CH + 9HCH + 18HCC + 3CCC + (5C + 12H) = - 35.1 kcal/mol
* isopentane = 4CC + 12CH + 10HCH + ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Anhydrous zinc chloride or its hydrates is not known in nature. However, the related zinc chloride hydroxide monohydrate is known as simonkolleite in nature. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In case the body moves as well, with velocity , the Morison equation becomes:
where the total force contributions are:
* a: Froude–Krylov force,
* b: hydrodynamic mass force,
* c: drag force.
Note that the added mass coefficient is related to the inertia coefficient as . | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For humans, porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) pose a concern when using porcine tissues and organs in xenotransplantion, the transplanting of living cells, tissues, and organs from an organism of one species to an organism of different species. Although pigs are generally the most suitable donors to treat human o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Another aspect is the similarity of arsenic effects to the heat shock response. Short-term arsenic exposure has effects on signal transduction inducing heat shock proteins with masses of 27, 60, 70, 72, 90, and 110 kDa as well as metallothionein, ubiquitin, mitogen-activated [MAP] kinases, extracellular regulated kinas... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Agmatine has been shown to enhance glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and to exert nephroprotective effects. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Wyckoff positions are named after Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff, an American X-ray crystallographer who authored several books in the field. His 1922 book, The Analytical Expression of the Results of the Theory of Space Groups, contained tables with the positional coordinates, both general and special, permitted b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A scaffold or matrix serves as a temporary supporting structure (extracellular matrix), the initial architecture, on which the cells can grow three-dimensionally into the desired tissue. A scaffold must provide the environment needed for cellular growth and differentiation; it must provide the strength to withstand mec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A flow tracer is any fluid property used to track the flow velocity (i.e., flow magnitude and direction) and circulation patterns. Tracers can be chemical properties, such as radioactive material, or chemical compounds, physical properties, such as density, temperature, salinity, or dyes, and can be natural or artific... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When pullulan is modified with a hydrophobic functionality, such as cholesterol, the pullulan derivative forms self-assembled vesicles that can encapsulate a hydrophobic drug. With the hydrophobic functional group, the pullulan derivative is an amphiphilic molecule, which when in an aqueous environment forms a micelle.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These are directly measurable physical quantities in which no allowance has been made for biological effects. Radiation fluence is the number of radiation particles impinging per unit area per unit time, kerma is the ionising effect on air of gamma rays and X-rays and is used for instrument calibration, and absorbed do... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In genetics, DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs) are regions of chromatin that are sensitive to cleavage by the DNase I enzyme. In these specific regions of the genome, chromatin has lost its condensed structure, exposing the DNA and making it accessible. This raises the availability of DNA to degradation by enzymes, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In course of his research and scholastic endeavors, Achinewhu has visited many universities and has received a number of international as well as local awards. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Organocatalysis refers to a form of catalysis, where the rate of a chemical reaction is increased by an organic compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur and other non-metal elements.
When the organocatalyst is chiral, then enantioselective synthesis can be achieved;
for example a number of carbon–carbon bond for... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2009, Gaunts group reported a copper catalyzed meta-selective C–H arylation reaction on anilide derivatives. Despite the intrinsic ortho-/para- selectivity of the amido group, the arylation occurs exclusively on the meta position on a variety of anilide substrates. Remarkably, the regioselectivity is totally differe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (DEHPA or HDEHP) is an organophosphorus compound with the formula (CHO)POH. The colorless liquid is a diester of phosphoric acid and 2-ethylhexanol. It is used in the solvent extraction of uranium, vanadium and the rare-earth metals. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules from a gas, liquid or dissolved solid to a surface. This process creates a film of the adsorbate on the surface of the adsorbent. This process differs from absorption, in which a fluid (the absorbate) is dissolved by or permeates a liquid or solid (the absorbent).... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Degeneracy is the redundancy of the genetic code. This term was given by Bernfield and Nirenberg. The genetic code has redundancy but no ambiguity (see the codon tables below for the full correlation). For example, although codons GAA and GAG both specify glutamic acid (redundancy), neither specifies another amino acid... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Wittig's contributions also include the preparation of phenyllithium and the discovery of the 1,2-Wittig rearrangement and the 2,3-Wittig rearrangement.
Wittig was well known in the chemistry community for being a consummate experimenter and observer of chemical transformations, while caring very little for the theoret... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* CRC atlas of spectral data and physical constants for organic compounds, Volume 3 (1975)
* Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy, Part 1 (1976)
* Chemical applications of Raman spectroscopy (1981)
* The Analytical approach (1983)
* 1985 International Conference on Fourier and Computerized Infrared Spectroscopy (1985)
* Han... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The practice of tin mining likely began circa 3000 B.C. in Western Asia, British Isles and Europe. Tin was an essential ingredient of bronze production during the Bronze Age.
The practice of tinning ironware to protect it against rust is an ancient one. This may have been the work of the whitesmith. This was done after... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Integration was the watchword as the various processes were brought together by large corporations, from mining the iron ore to shipping the finished product to wholesalers. The typical steelworks was a giant operation, including blast furnaces, Bessemer converters, open-hearth furnaces, rolling mills, coke ovens and f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In crystallography, interstitial sites, holes or voids are the empty space that exists between the packing of atoms (spheres) in the crystal structure.
The holes are easy to see if you try to pack circles together; no matter how close you get them or how you arrange them, you will have empty space in between. The same... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ζ-Carotene (zeta-carotene) is a carotenoid. It is different from α-carotene and β-carotene because it is acyclic. ζ-Carotene is similar in structure to lycopene, but has an additional 4 hydrogen atoms. ζ-carotene can be used as an intermediate in forming β-carotene. A dehydrogenation reaction converts ζ-carotene into... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although engineered and modified in a laboratory setting, ELPs share structural characteristics with intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) naturally found in the body, such as tropoelastin, from which ELPs were given their name. The repeat sequences found in the biopolymer give each ELP a distinct structure, as well... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Epothilone D, with the generic drug name utidelone, was approved in China in 2021 for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Utidelone has shown benefits in a phase III breast cancer trial when added to capecitabine.
One synthetic analog, ixabepilone, was approved in October 2007 by the United States Food and Drug ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate is a very strong alkylating agent, although the hazards are diminished because it is non-volatile. It releases strong acid upon contact with water. The properties of the methyl derivative are similar. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Scientists at the CSIRO conducted small-scale test work on copper sulfide concentrate in 1979, using the CSIRO's 50 kg Sirosmelt test rig. These trials included producing copper matte containing 40–52% copper and, in some cases, converting the matte to produce blister copper.
The results of this work were sufficiently ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Neopeltolide was originally isolated from sponges near the Jamaican coast and exhibits nanomolar cytoxic activity against several lines of cancer cells. The synthesis of the neopeltolide macrocyclic core displays a hydrogenation controlled by the ground state conformation of the macrocycle. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The meteorite fell to Earth after the retreat of glaciers from the area. All fragments recovered were found at the surface, partly buried, some on unstable terrain. The largest fragment was recovered in an area where the landscape consists of "flowing" gravel or clay-like sediments on permafrost, indicating that it had... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The set of all lines through the origin in three-dimensional space forms a space called the real projective plane. This plane is difficult to visualize, because it cannot be embedded in three-dimensional space.
However, one can visualize it as a disk, as follows. Any line through the origin intersects the southern hemi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Klein-Seetharaman was born in Germany. She completed her undergraduate training at the University of Cologne, where she earned dual honours in biology and chemistry. After earning her doctorate, she moved to the United States, where she worked in the laboratory of Har Gobind Khorana at the Massachusetts Institute of Te... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
1,4-dioxane is a recently-identified contaminant of concern. The regulatory criteria for 1,4-dioxane is constantly changing as more is learned about this contaminant. 1,4-dioxane has a high solubility in water and a low Henry's Law constant which combine to present complex challenges associated with remediation. At amb... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The purpose of the refractory lining is to insulate the steel shell from the high temperatures inside the kiln, and to protect it from the corrosive properties of the process material. It may consist of refractory bricks or cast refractory concrete, or may be absent in zones of the kiln that are below approximately 25... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While if both ends of a siphon are at atmospheric pressure, liquid flows from high to low, if the bottom end of a siphon is pressurized, liquid can flow from low to high. If pressure is removed from the bottom end, the liquid flow will reverse, illustrating that it is pressure driving the siphon. An everyday illustrati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), also known as tert-butyl methyl ether, is an organic compound with a structural formula (CH)COCH. MTBE is a volatile, flammable, and colorless liquid that is sparingly soluble in water. Primarily used as a fuel additive, MTBE is blended into gasoline to increase its octane rating and kno... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
By 1971, solid-state cells and batteries based on rubidium silver iodide (RbAgI) have been designed and tested in a wide range of temperatures and discharge currents. Despite the relatively high conductivity of RbAgI, they have never been commercialized due to a low overall energy content per unit weight (ca. 5 W·h/kg)... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The metal reagents used in this reaction include lithium bromide and silver acetate. In this method, the metal coordinates to the nitrogen in order to activate the substrate for deprotonation. Another way to form azomethine ylides from imines is by prototropy and by alkylation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The rms charge radius is a measure of the size of an atomic nucleus, particularly the proton distribution. The proton radius is about one femtometre = . It can be measured by the scattering of electrons by the nucleus. Relative changes in the mean squared nuclear charge distribution can be precisely measured with atomi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If R and R (note equation at top of page) are different substituents, there is a new stereocenter formed at the alpha position when an enol converts to its keto form. Depending on the nature of the three R groups, the resulting products in this situation would be diastereomers or enantiomers. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The chemical composition for fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that fats contain considerably fewer oxygen atoms in proportion to atoms of carbon and hydrogen. When listed on nutritional information tables, fats are generally divided into six categories: total fats, saturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Exclusion chromatography.
Fractionation Range of Globular Proteins and Dextrans (Da).
Ion-exchange chromatography. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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