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The replacement of dihydropyran ring with a benzene ring increases the lipophilicity of a drug and makes the drug much more stable and more synthetically accessible. Based on the interaction of DANA and NA, the benzoic derivatives were synthesized. They have shown similar or better inhibitory activity compared to Neu5A... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Manufactured foods fortified with vitamin D include some fruit juices and fruit juice drinks, meal replacement energy bars, soy protein-based beverages, certain cheese and cheese products, flour products, infant formulas, many breakfast cereals, and milk.
In 2016 in the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Multispectral imaging captures image data within specific wavelength ranges across the electromagnetic spectrum. The wavelengths may be separated by filters or detected with the use of instruments that are sensitive to particular wavelengths, including light from frequencies beyond the visible light range, i.e. infrare... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If half of the tetrahedral sites of the parent HCP lattice are filled by ions of opposite charge, the structure formed is the wurtzite crystal structure. If all the octahedral sites of the anion HCP lattice are filled by cations, the structure formed is the nickel arsenide structure. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Zintl phases are intermetallic compounds that have a pronounced ionic bonding character. They are made up of a polyanionic substructure and group 1 or 2 counter ions, and their structure can be understood by a formal electron transfer from the electropositive element to the more electronegative element in their composi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In humans, fatty acids are formed from carbohydrates predominantly in the liver and adipose tissue, as well as in the mammary glands during lactation.
The pyruvate produced by glycolysis is an important intermediary in the conversion of carbohydrates into fatty acids and cholesterol. This occurs via the conversion of p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The overall aim of treating sewage is to produce an effluent that can be discharged to the environment while causing as little water pollution as possible, or to produce an effluent that can be reused in a useful manner. This is achieved by removing contaminants from the sewage. It is a form of waste management.
With ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) or RNA replicase is an enzyme that catalyzes the replication of RNA from an RNA template. Specifically, it catalyzes synthesis of the RNA strand complementary to a given RNA template. This is in contrast to typical DNA-dependent RNA polymerases, which all organisms use to catalyze th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the early 17th century, ironworkers in Western Europe had developed the cementation process for carburizing wrought iron. Wrought iron bars and charcoal were packed into stone boxes, then sealed with clay to be held at a red heat continually tended in an oxygen-free state immersed in nearly pure carbon (charcoal) fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The biosynthesis of longifolene begins with farnesyl diphosphate (1) (also called farnesyl pyrophosphate) by means of a cationic polycyclization cascade. Loss of the pyrophosphate group and cyclization by the distal alkene gives intermediate 3, which by means of a 1,3-hydride shift gives intermediate 4. After two add... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2004, Malcolm Grant became provost of UCL. He commissioned external reports on the reorganisation of the college. The distinguished vice-president of the University of Manchester, Richard Alan North FRS, was asked to assess several options for the reorganisation of the Faculty of Life Sciences. One was to create lar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Methane clathrate, also known commonly as methane hydrate, is a form of water ice that contains a large amount of methane within its crystal structure. Potentially large deposits of methane clathrate have been found under sediments on the ocean floors of the Earth, although the estimates of total resource size given by... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Supercritical fluids generally have properties between those of a gas and a liquid. In Table 1, the critical properties are shown for some substances that are commonly used as supercritical fluids.
Table 2 shows density, diffusivity and viscosity for typical liquids, gases and supercritical fluids.
Also, there is no su... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The "official" version of Lavoisiers Easter Memoir appeared in 1778. In the intervening period, Lavoisier had ample time to repeat some of Priestleys latest experiments and perform some new ones of his own. In addition to studying Priestley's dephlogisticated air, he studied more thoroughly the residual air after metal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Iron is a popular research target for many catalytic processes, owing largely to its low cost and low toxicity relative to other transition metals. Asymmetric hydrogenation methods using iron have been realized, although in terms of rates and selectivity, they are inferior to catalysts based on precious metals. In so... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 6 (i.e. CMTM6), previously termed chemokine-like factor superfamily 6 (i.e. CKLFSF6), is a transmembrane protein encoded in humans by the CMTM6 gene (also termed the CKLFSF6, PRO2219, ayoube, or gourari gene). This gene is located in band 22.3 on the short (or "p") arm o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*TXN2 NM_012473
*TXNDC11 NM_015914
*TXNDC12 NM_015913
*TXNDC15 NM_024715
*TXNDC17 NM_032731
*TXNDC9 NM_005783
*TXNL1 NM_004786
*TXNL4A NM_006701
*TXNL4B NM_017853
*TXNRD1 NM_003330 | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are several surface measurement (including flasks and continuous in situ) networks including NOAA/ERSL, WDCGG, and RAMCES. The NOAA/ESRL Baseline Observatory Network, and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Network data are hosted at the CDIAC at ORNL. The World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG), part ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Anthocyanins (), also called anthocyans, are water-soluble vacuolar pigments that, depending on their pH, may appear red, purple, blue, or black. In 1835, the German pharmacist Ludwig Clamor Marquart named a chemical compound that gives flowers a blue color, Anthokyan, in his treatise "Die Farben der Blüthen". Food pla... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In materials science, effective medium approximations (EMA) or effective medium theory (EMT) pertain to analytical or theoretical modeling that describes the macroscopic properties of composite materials. EMAs or EMTs are developed from averaging the multiple values of the constituents that directly make up the composi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Even before the first selective COX-2 inhibitor was marketed, specialists began to suspect that there might be a cardiovascular risk associated with this class of medicines. In the VIGOR study (Vioxx Gastrointestinal Outcomes Research), rofecoxib (Vioxx) was compared to naproxen. After a short time, it became evident t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For educational purposes the European Federation for Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology (EFMC) shared a series of webinars including Best Practices for Hit Finding as well as Hit Generation Case Studies. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thorium fuels have fueled several different reactor types, including light water reactors, heavy water reactors, high temperature gas reactors, sodium-cooled fast reactors, and molten salt reactors. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Measurements of the EMF are obtained using an E-field sensor or H-field sensor which can be isotropic or mono-axial, active or passive.
A mono-axial, omnidirectional probe is a device which senses the Electric (short dipole) or Magnetic field linearly polarized in a given direction.
Using a mono-axial probe implies the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The chemical traffic light is a color-changing redox reaction that is related to the blue bottle experiment. One of the early formulas consists of glucose, sodium hydroxide, indigo carmine (dye), and water. Another formula consists of indigo carmine, ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, copp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The word hydrolysis is applied to chemical reactions in which a substance reacts with water. In organic chemistry, the products of the reaction are usually molecular, being formed by combination with H and OH groups (e.g., hydrolysis of an ester to an alcohol and a carboxylic acid). In inorganic chemistry, the word mos... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As part of Chemfluence14, the final day of the symposium was reserved for EECON14 - the first National Conference on Energy & Environment. Being the first ever symposium to be organised in the university by the student fraternity, the conference begun with the EECON'14 souvenir release and a keynote address by Dr. G. S... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stop codon suppression or translational readthrough occurs when in translation a stop codon is interpreted as a sense codon, that is, when a (standard) amino acid is encoded by the stop codon. Mutated tRNAs can be the cause of readthrough, but also certain nucleotide motifs close to the stop codon. Translational readt... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hammonds postulate is useful for understanding the relationship between the rate of a reaction and the stability of the products. While the rate of a reaction depends just on the activation energy (often represented in organic chemistry as ΔG “delta G double dagger”), the final ratios of products in chemical equilibriu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chelating resins operate similarly to ordinary ion-exchange resins.
Most chelating resins are polymers (copolymers to be precise) with reactive functional groups that chelate to metal ions. The variation in chelating resins arises from the nature of the chelating agents pendant from the polymer backbone. Dowex chelatin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) refers to the measurement of kinetic energy spectra of photoelectrons emitted by molecules which have absorbed ultraviolet photons, in order to determine molecular orbital energies in the valence region. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Muon-catalyzed fusion (abbreviated as μCF or MCF) is a process allowing nuclear fusion to take place at temperatures significantly lower than the temperatures required for thermonuclear fusion, even at room temperature or lower. It is one of the few known ways of catalyzing nuclear fusion reactions.
Muons are unstable ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The image of the sewer recurs in European culture as they were often used as hiding places or routes of escape by the scorned or the hunted, including partisans and resistance fighters in World War II. Fighting erupted in the sewers during the Battle of Stalingrad. The only survivors from the Warsaw Uprising and Warsaw... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The dynamic reciprocity theory states that a cell’s fate depends on the exchange of chemical signals between the extracellular matrix and the nucleus of the cell. Focussing on connections between laminin-111 and other proteins involved in cell-to-cell communication could spark further research that may help to further ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many maritime accidents have been caused by corrosion, and this has led to stringent regulations concerning protective coatings for ballast tanks. The Coating Performance Standard for Ballast Tank Coatings (PSPC), became effective in 2008. It specifies how protective coatings should be applied during vessel constructio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Positional scanning was introduced independently by Furka et al. and Pinilla et al. The method is based on the synthesis and testing of series of sublibraries. in which a certain sequence position is occupied by the same amino acid. The figure shows the nine sublibraries (B1-D3) of a full peptide trimer library (A) mad... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Researchers have invented a nanofluid-based ultrasensitive optical sensor that changes its colour on exposure to extremely low concentrations of toxic cations. The sensor is useful in detecting minute traces of cations in industrial and environmental samples. Existing techniques for monitoring cations levels in indust... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CeCoIn is a member of a rich family of heavy-fermion compounds. CeIn is heavy-fermion metal with cubic crystal structure that orders antiferromagnetically below 10K. With applying external pressure, antiferromagnetism in CeIn is continuously suppressed, and a superconducting dome emerges in the phase diagram near the a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In classical mechanics, the state of an ideal gas of energy U, volume V and with N particles, each particle having mass m, is represented by specifying the momentum vector p and the position vector x for each particle. This can be thought of as specifying a point in a 6N-dimensional phase space, where each of the axes ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In South Africa, modafinil is Schedule V substance, which means that it is legal to use modafinil in South Africa, but only with a valid prescription from a licensed medical practitioner. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Methanation is an important step in the creation of synthetic or substitute natural gas (SNG). Coal or wood undergo gasification which creates a producer gas that must undergo methanation in order to produce a usable gas that just needs to undergo a final purification step.
The first commercial synthetic gas plant open... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The potential for corrosion, leading to pipe failure, is significantly impacted by the corrosivity of soil. Unprotected pipes in highly corrosive soil tend to have shorter lifespans. The lifespan of ductile iron pipe installed in an aggressive environment without appropriate protection may be between 21 and 40 years. T... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several yttrium oxalate double salts are known containing additional cations. Also a mixed-anion compound with carbonate is known. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Trost ligand is a diphosphine used in the palladium-catalyzed Trost asymmetric allylic alkylation. Other C-symmetric ligands derived from trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (DACH) have been developed, such as the (R,R)-DACH-naphthyl ligand derived from 2-diphenylphosphino-1-naphthalenecarboxylic acid. Related bidentate p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Trichloroethylene is an effective solvent for a variety of organic materials. It is mainly used for cleaning. Trichloroethylene is an ingredient in various printing ink, varnishes and industrial paint formulations, as an active ingredient. Other uses include dyeing and finishing operations, adhesive formulations, the r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Molecular medicine is a new scientific discipline in European universities. Combining contemporary medical studies with the field of biochemistry, it offers a bridge between the two subjects. At present only a handful of universities offer the course to undergraduates. With a degree in this discipline, the graduate is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The CC chemokine (or β-chemokine) proteins have two adjacent cysteines (amino acids), near their amino terminus.
There have been at least 27 distinct members of this subgroup reported for mammals, called CC chemokine ligands (CCL)-1 to -28; CCL10 is the same as CCL9. Chemokines of this subfamily usually contain four c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Strontium-90 is classified as high-level waste. Its 29-year half-life means that it can take hundreds of years to decay to negligible levels. Exposure from contaminated water and food may increase the risk of leukemia and bone cancer. Reportedly, thousands of capsules of radioactive strontium containing millions of cur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fused quartz is produced by fusing (melting) high-purity silica sand, which consists of quartz crystals. There are four basic types of commercial silica glass:
* Type I is produced by induction melting natural quartz in a vacuum or an inert atmosphere.
* Type II is produced by fusing quartz crystal powder in a high-tem... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A recent development in calorimetry, however, is that of constant flux cooling/heating jackets. These use variable geometry cooling jackets and can operate with cooling jackets at substantially constant temperature. These reaction calorimeters tend to be much simpler to use and are much more tolerant of changes in the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*4.D.1 The Putative Vectorial Glycosyl Polymerization (VGP) Family
*4.D.2 The Glycosyl Transferase 2 (GT2) Family
*4.D.3 The Glycan Glucosyl Transferase (OpgH) Family | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Brenna was a member of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee advising on the 2015 U.S. Dietary Guidelines for Americans. He was one of four members of the Food Sustainability and Safety subcommittee whose work on sustainability was excluded from consideration by an act of Congress. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The electrochemical window (EW) of a substance is the electrode electric potential range between which the substance is neither oxidized nor reduced. The EW is one of the most important characteristics to be identified for solvents and electrolytes used in electrochemical applications. The EW is a term that is commonl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the kinetic theory, heat is explained in terms of the microscopic motions and interactions of constituent particles, such as electrons, atoms, and molecules. The immediate meaning of the kinetic energy of the constituent particles is not as heat. It is as a component of internal energy.
In microscopic terms, heat is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the liver, bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronic acid by the enzyme glucuronyltransferase, first to bilirubin glucuronide and then to bilirubin diglucuronide, making it soluble in water: the conjugated version is the main form of bilirubin present in the "direct" bilirubin fraction. Much of it goes into the bile a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vasdev has introduced new radiochemical methods and radiopharmaceuticals for imaging the living human brain. The Vasdev Lab is exploring new ways to image neuroinflammation and tau protein. He is the co-inventor of the method patent for the first and only FDA-approved tau-PET radiopharmaceutical Tauvid that has been em... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bronze statuettes were also made in every period of antiquity for votive use, and at least in Hellenistic and Roman times for domestic ornaments and furniture of household shrines. But the art of bronze statuary hardly existed before the introduction of hollow casting, about the middle of the 6th century BC. The most p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Numerous natural processes are capable of fractionating sulfur isotopes. Microbes are capable of a wide variety of sulfur metabolisms, including the oxidation, reduction, and disproportionation (or simultaneous oxidation and reduction) of sulfur compounds. The effect of these metabolisms on sulfur isotopic composition ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cryptophanes were discovered by André Collet and Jacqueline Gabard in 1981 when these researchers created, using template-directed synthesis, the first cryptophane, now known as cryptophane-A. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The geologic component of the carbon cycle operates slowly in comparison to the other parts of the global carbon cycle. It is one of the most important determinants of the amount of carbon in the atmosphere, and thus of global temperatures.
As the biological pump plays an important role in the Earths carbon cycle, sign... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In this example, a cnoidal wave according to the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation is considered. The following parameters of the wave are given:
* mean water depth h = ,
* wave height H = ,
* wave period τ = 7 s, and
* gravitational acceleration g = 9.81 m/s (32 ft/s).
Instead of the period τ, in other cases the wavel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Craig observed that δO and δH isotopic composition of cold meteoric water from sea ice in the Arctic and Antarctica are much more negative than that in warm meteoric water from the tropic. A correlation between temperature (T) and δO was proposed later in the 1970s. Such correlation is then applied to study surface tem... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Histone modification is a well-studied mechanism to transiently adjust chromatin density. Pioneer factors can play a role in this by binding specific enhancers and flagging histone modification enzymes to that specific gene. Repressive pioneer factors can inhibit transcription by recruiting factors that modify histon... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biochemical research in Australia began in the 1920s in the Australian national science agency Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (now the CSIRO). The first university biochemistry department then started at the University of Adelaide under Thorburn Brailsford Robertson. There was initially a joint biochemi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An alternating magnetic field is applied at the atomizer (graphite furnace) to split the absorption line into three components, the π component, which remains at the same position as the original absorption line, and two σ components, which are moved to higher and lower wavelengths, respectively. Total absorption is me... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The following table shows radiation quantities in SI and non-SI units:
The measure of the ionizing effect of gamma and X-rays in dry air is called the exposure, for which a legacy unit, the röntgen, was used from 1928. This has been replaced by kerma, now mainly used for instrument calibration purposes but not for rece... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Kramatorsk radiological accident happened in 1989 when a small capsule 8x4 mm in size of caesium-137 was found inside the concrete wall of an apartment building in Kramatorsk, Ukrainian SSR. It is believed that the capsule, originally a part of a measurement device, was lost in the late 1970s and ended up mixed wit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
People who survive an intoxication episode may develop persistent health problems. This group of persistent health symptoms are called syndrome of irreversible lithium-effectuated neurotoxicity (SILENT). The syndrome presents with irreversible neurological and neuro-psychiatric effects. The neurological signs are cereb... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The hazards which accompany harmful algal blooms have hindered visitors' enjoyment of beaches and lakes in places in the U.S. such as Florida, California, Vermont, and Utah. Persons hoping to enjoy their vacations or days off have been kept away to the detriment of local economies. Lakes and rivers in North Dakota, Min... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are two main advantages to CRDS over other absorption methods:
First, it is not affected by fluctuations in the laser intensity. In most absorption measurements, the light source must be assumed to remain steady between blank (no analyte), standard (known amount of analyte), and sample (unknown amount of analyte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Knowledge of bioaerosols has shaped our understanding of microorganisms and the differentiation between microbes, including airborne pathogens. In the 1970s, a breakthrough occurred in atmospheric physics and microbiology when ice nucleating bacteria were identified.
The highest concentration of bioaerosols is near the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The van der Waals radius, r, of an atom is the radius of an imaginary hard sphere representing the distance of closest approach for another atom.
It is named after Johannes Diderik van der Waals, winner of the 1910 Nobel Prize in Physics, as he was the first to recognise that atoms were not simply points and to demons... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Memory transfer was a biological process proposed by James V. McConnell and others in the 1960s. Memory transfer proposes a chemical basis for memory termed memory RNA which can be passed down through flesh instead of an intact nervous system. Since RNA encodes information living cells produce and modify RNA in reactio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These are turbulence models in which the Reynolds stresses, as obtained from a Reynolds averaging of the Navier–Stokes equations, are modelled by a linear constitutive relationship with the mean flow straining field, as:
where
:* is the coefficient termed turbulence "viscosity" (also called the eddy viscosity)
:* is th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The second part contains 8 free response questions. Complete written explanations and calculations are required for full credit on a question, and partial credit is awarded. More thorough knowledge of basic theories is required, and often there are questions on less-emphasized portions of normal high school chemistry c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The branching ratio of a polymer relates to the number of branch units in a randomly branched polymer and the number of arms in star-branched polymers and was defined by Zimm and Stockmayer as
Where is the mean square radius of branched and linear macromolecules with identical molar masses. By utilizing MALS in conjun... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This is a different class of inhibitors that was identified with HTS. Aromatic heterocyclic-based DPP-4 inhibitors have gained increased attention recently. The first patents describing xanthines (Figure 10) as DPP-4 inhibitors came from Boehringer-Ingelheim(BI) and Novo Nordisk.
When xanthine based DPP-4 inhibitors ar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the highly abundant C isotope does not produce any signal whereas the comparably rare C isotope is easily detected. As a result, carbon isotopomers of a compound can be studied by carbon-13 NMR to learn about the different carbon atoms in the structure. Each individual struct... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most of the reactivity of thioacetic acid arises from the conjugate base, thioacetate. Salts of this anion, e.g. potassium thioacetate, are used to generate thioacetate esters. Thioacetate esters undergo hydrolysis to give thiols. A typical method for preparing a thiol from an alkyl halide using thioacetic acid proceed... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
At equivalent molecular weights, RNA will migrate faster than DNA. However, both RNA and DNA have a negative linear slope between their migration distance and logarithmic molecular weight. That is, samples of less weight are able to migrate a greater distance. This relationship is a consideration when choosing RNA or D... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are different types of drug delivery vehicles, such as polymeric micelles, liposomes, lipoprotein-based drug carriers, nano-particle drug carriers, dendrimers, etc. An ideal drug delivery vehicle must be non-toxic, biocompatible, non-immunogenic, biodegradable, and must avoid recognition by the host's defense mec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Emission microspectroscopy is a sensitive technique with excitation and emission ranging from the ultraviolet, visible and NIR regions. As such, it has numerous biomedical, biotechnological and agricultural applications. There are several powerful, highly specific and sensitive fluorescence techniques that are current... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes with highly differentiated membrane systems. Cyanobacteria have an internal system of thylakoid membranes where the fully functional electron transfer chains of photosynthesis and respiration reside. The presence of different membrane systems lends these cells a unique compl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, functionality is the presence of functional groups in a molecule. A monofunctional molecule possesses one functional group, a bifunctional (or difunctional) two, a trifunctional three, and so forth. In organic chemistry (and other fields of chemistry), a molecule's functionality has a decisive influence o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plastic pipes under water or other fluids experience hydrodynamic forces that can result in fatigue. The pipes reach failure sooner as temperatures and exposure to aggressive substances increase. For static fatigue tests, rotating machines apply weight on the material under study causing it to bend in different directi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The theory of electron capture was first discussed by Gian-Carlo Wick in a 1934 paper, and then developed by Hideki Yukawa and others. K-electron capture was first observed by Luis Alvarez, in vanadium, , which he reported in 1937. Alvarez went on to study electron capture in gallium () and other nuclides. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Power plants that can be dispatched (scheduled) to provide energy to a system include:
* Base load power plants run nearly continually to provide that component of system load that does not vary during a day or week. Baseload plants can be highly optimized for low fuel cost, but may not start or stop quickly during cha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
We now turn to calculating the effect of CO on radiation, using a one-layer model, i.e. we treat the whole troposphere as a single layer:
Looking at a particular wavelength λ up to λ+dλ, the whole atmosphere has an optical depth OD, while the tropopause has an optical depth 0.12*OD; the troposphere... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2018, the Iowa Department of Natural Resources found microcystins at levels of 0.3 µg/L, or micrograms per liter (ppb), in the raw water supplies of 15 out of 26 public water systems tested. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In their study, Fuhrmann et al. (2009), performed a biochemical and structural analysis of the bacterial transcriptional regulators CtsR/McsB stress response. They sort to clarify and outline the exact function of CtsR and McsB in bacterial stress response. So, they screened proteins from various gram-negative bacteria... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nitric acid can be used to convert metals to oxidized forms, such as converting copper metal to cupric nitrate. It can also be used in combination with hydrochloric acid as aqua regia to dissolve noble metals such as gold (as chloroauric acid). These salts can be used to purify gold and other metals beyond 99.9% purity... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Specific areas of the 16S rRNA in the Enterobacteriaceae genus are bound by oligonucleotide probes, which aids in monitoring the quality of drinking water. Specifically, E. coli is labelled with a soybean peroxidase-labeled peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes that bind to a specific sequence in their 16S rRNA. When used ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a mineral, nearly all elements distribute unevenly between the solid and liquid phase. This phenomenon known as chemical fractionation and can be described by an equilibrium constant, which sets a fixed distribution of an element between any two phases at equilibrium. A distribution constant is used to define the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Enantiomer self-disproportionation is a process in stereochemistry describing the separation of a non-racemic mixture of enantiomers in an enantioenriched fraction and a more racemic fraction as a result of the formation of heterochiral or homochiral aggregates. This process is known to occur in achiral column chromato... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since corepressors participate and regulate a vast range of gene expression, it is not surprising that aberrant corepressor activities can cause diseases.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a highly lethal blood cancer characterized by uncontrolled myeloid cell growth. Two homologous corepressor genes, BCOR (BCL6 corepres... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lithium carbonate () is the most commonly used form of lithium, although lithium citrate () and other salts, including lithium sulfate, lithium chloride, and lithium orotate are also used. Nanoparticles and microemulsions have also been invented as drug delivery mechanisms. As of 2020, there is a lack of evidence that ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Applying standard diffraction techniques to crystal powders or polycrystals is tantamount to collapsing the 3D reciprocal space, as obtained via single-crystal diffraction, onto a 1D axis. The resulting partial-to-total overlap of symmetry-independent reflections renders the structure determination process more difficu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
8-Hydroxyguanosine is an RNA nucleoside which is an oxidative derivative of guanosine. Measurement of the levels of 8-hydroxyguanosine is used as a biomarker of oxidative stress causing RNA damage. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The concentration of HCFC-142b in the atmosphere grew to over 20 parts per trillion by year 2010. It has an ozone depletion potential (ODP) of 0.07. This is low compared to the ODP=1 of trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11, R-11), which also grew about ten times more abundant in the atmosphere by year 1985 (prior to intro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbohydrate deficient transferrin increases in the blood with heavy ethanol consumption and can be monitored through laboratory testing.
Transferrin is an acute phase protein and is seen to decrease in inflammation, cancers, and certain diseases (in contrast to other acute phase proteins, e.g., C-reactive protein, whi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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