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Amines reacts with nitrous acid to give diazonium salts. The alkyl diazonium salts are of little importance because they are too unstable. The most important members are derivatives of aromatic amines such as aniline ("phenylamine") (A = aryl or naphthyl):
Anilines and naphthylamines form more stable diazonium salts, w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Salt metathesis reaction of salts such as KCo(CO) with [Ru(CO)Cl] leads selectively to mixed-metal carbonyls such as RuCo(CO).
:4 KCo(CO) + [Ru(CO)Cl] → 2 RuCo(CO) + 4 KCl + 11 CO | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Radiation embrittlement, also known as neutron embrittlement, is a phenomenon more commonly observed in reactors and nuclear plants as these materials are constantly exposed to a steady amount of radiation. When a neutron irradiates the metal, voids are created in the material, which is known as void swelling. If the m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Among several variants of thermal cracking methods (variously known as the "Shukhov cracking process", "Burton cracking process", "Burton-Humphreys cracking process", and "Dubbs cracking process") Vladimir Shukhov, a Russian engineer, invented and patented, the first in 1891 (Russian Empire, patent no. 12926, November ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In atherosclerosis, a severe disease in modern society, coronary blood vessels occlude. These vessels have to be freed and held open i.e. by stents. Unfortunately after certain time these vessels close again and have to be bypassed to allow for upkeep of circulation. Usually autologous vessels from the patient or synth... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The spacing d between adjacent (hkℓ) lattice planes is given by:
*Cubic:
*Tetragonal:
*Hexagonal:
*Rhombohedral (primitive setting):
*Orthorhombic:
*Monoclinic:
*Triclinic: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a two-layer model, the boundary layer is considered to comprise two layers: inner (close to the surface) and outer. The eddy viscosity is calculated separately for each layer and combined using:
where is the smallest distance from the surface where is equal to .
The inner-region eddy viscosity is given by:
where
w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1912, Frederick Gowland Hopkins demonstrated that unknown accessory factors found in milk, other than carbohydrates, proteins, and fats were necessary for growth in rats. Hopkins received a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1929. By 1913, one of these substances was independently discovered by Elmer McCollum and Mar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aromaticity is found in ions as well: the cyclopropenyl cation (2e system), the cyclopentadienyl anion (6e system), the tropylium ion (6e), and the cyclooctatetraene dianion (10e). Aromatic properties have been attributed to non-benzenoid compounds such as tropone. Aromatic properties are tested to the limit in a class... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The different biomolecules that make up a plant's biogenic substances – particularly those in seed exudates - can be identified by using different varieties of chromatography in a lab environment. For metabolite profiling, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is used to find flavonoids such as quercetin. Compounds can ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The closure member of the valve, plugs are connected to the stem which is slid or screwed up or down to throttle the flow. Plugs are typically of the balance or unbalanced type. Unbalanced plugs are solid and are used with smaller valves or with low pressure drops across the valve. The advantages are simpler design, wi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
HCV research has taken great strides in recent years with the discovery and clinical development of multiple new HCV drugs. Among those drugs are the DAAs which include NS5A inhibitors.
NS5A inhibitors have been found particularly effective in the treatment of HCV where they have been used in combination with other pro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Voltage-gated ion channels open and close in response to membrane potential.
*Voltage-gated sodium channels: This family contains at least 9 members and is largely responsible for action potential creation and propagation. The pore-forming α subunits are very large (up to 4,000 amino acids) and consist of four homologo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fallout can also refer to nuclear accidents, although a nuclear reactor does not explode like a nuclear weapon. The isotopic signature of bomb fallout is very different from the fallout from a serious power reactor accident (such as Chernobyl or Fukushima).
The key differences are in volatility and half-life. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tetramethyl­ammonium fluoride is the quaternary ammonium salt with the formula (CH)NF. This hygroscopic white solid is a source of “naked fluoride": fluoride ions not complexed with a metal atom. Most other soluble salts of fluoride are in fact bifluorides, HF. Historically, there have been two main approaches to p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Push-pull agriculture leads to beneficial economic outcomes on the level of individual smallholder and subsistence farmers through larger income streams coming from the sale of surplus grain, desmodium seeds, fodder, and milk. Economic study has calculated the return on investment of push-pull methods for farmers to b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
R is the net rate of production of species i by chemical reaction and S is the rate of creation by addition from the dispersed phase and the user defined source. J is the diffusion flux of species i, which arises due to concentration gradients and differs in both laminar and turbulent flows. In turbulent flows, computa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The pressure transmitting medium is the compressible fluid that fills the sample chamber and transmits the applied force to the sample. Hydrostatic pressure is preferred for high-pressure experiments because variation in strain throughout the sample can lead to distorted observations of different behaviors. In some exp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
VMA is found in the urine, along with other catecholamine metabolites, including homovanillic acid (HVA), metanephrine, and normetanephrine. In timed urine tests the quantity excreted (usually per 24 hours) is assessed along with creatinine clearance, and the quantity of cortisols, catecholamines, and metanephrines ex... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
"Molecules to the MAX!" is a 41-minute fully animated 3D IMAX film for the Giant Screen. The film re-imagines the characters and story developed for "Molecularium- Riding Snowflakes" for an older audience and a different medium. The film's simulations and rendering were partially computed at the Computational Center fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
C decays by positron emission with a half-life of ca. 20 min. C is one of the isotopes often used in positron emission tomography.
C decays by beta decay, with a half-life of 5730 years. It is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere of the earth, so it occurs at a trace level in the environment. However, it is no... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The compound 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (also called o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile; chemical formula: CHClN), a cyanocarbon, is the defining component of tear gas commonly referred to as CS gas, which is used as a riot control agent.
Exposure causes a burning sensation and tearing of the eyes to the extent that t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Magnus effect is an observable phenomenon commonly associated with a spinning object moving through a fluid. A lift force acts on the spinning object. The path of the object may be deflected in a manner not present when the object is not spinning. The deflection can be explained by the difference in pressure of the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Cholera toxin is an AB toxin that has five B subunints and one A subunit. The toxin acts by the following mechanism: First, the B subunit ring of the cholera toxin binds to GM1 gangliosides on the surface of target cells. If a cell lacks GM1 the toxin most likely binds to other types of glycans, such as Lewis Y and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To describe diffraction by a thick mosaic crystal, it is usually assumed that the constituent crystallites are so thin that each of them reflects at most a small fraction of the incident beam. Primary extinction and other dynamical diffraction effects can then be neglected. Reflections by different crystallites add inc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In eukaryotes, the use of m6A on mRNA involves a methyltransferase complex, commonly termed the Writer, that installs the methyl group. This m6A modification is recognized by special proteins known as Readers. The number of readers varies across different organisms. Notably, in vertebrates, the presence of proteins cat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The cylindrospermopsin biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) was described from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii AWT205 in 2008. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Omeprazole (brand names Losec, Prilosec, Zegerid, Ocid, Lomac, Omepral, Omez, Ultop, Ortanol, Gastrozol)
Omeprazole was the first PPI on the market, in 1988. It is a 1:1 racemate drug with a backbone structure of timoprazole, but substituted with two methoxy and two methyl groups. One of the methoxy group is at posit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Unlike the London Pharmacopoeia, the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia went through many editions and revisions. In the 142 years from initial publication to the merging into the British Pharmacopoeia, the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia had twelve acknowledged editions, the last two in English. Opposition to revision argued that it mad... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In proteomics, the study of the full set of proteins expressed by a genome, identifying diseases biomarkers can involve the usage of stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), that provides isotopic labeled forms of amino acid used to estimate protein levels. In protein recombinant, manipulated pro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Song relocated their capital to Hangzhou and the Jin followed. The fighting that ensued would see the first proto-gun, the fire lance, in action – with earliest confirmed employment by Song dynasty forces against the Jin in 1132 during the siege of De'an (modern Anlu, Hubei), Most Chinese scholars reject the appear... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cotransporters are capable of moving solutes either up or down gradients at rates of 1000 to 100000 molecules per second. They may act as channels or transporters, depending on conditions under which they are assayed. The movement occurs by binding to two molecules or ions at a time and using the gradient of one solute... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Effluent is defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as "wastewater–treated or untreated–that flows out of a treatment plant, sewer, or industrial outfall. Generally refers to wastes discharged into surface waters". The Compact Oxford English Dictionary defines effluent as "liquid waste or sew... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemical nomenclature, the IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry is a method of naming organic chemical compounds as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). It is published in the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (informally called the [https://iupac.org/what-we-do/books/blue... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thermal engineering is a specialized sub-discipline of mechanical engineering that deals with the movement of heat energy and transfer. The energy can be transferred between two mediums or transformed into other forms of energy. A thermal engineer will have knowledge of thermodynamics and the process to convert generat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An empirical application of the principle was in widespread use on steam locomotives before its formal development as the injector, in the form of the arrangement of the blastpipe and chimney in the locomotive smokebox. The sketch on the right shows a cross section through a smokebox, rotated 90 degrees; it can be seen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The department offers undergraduate and graduate programs leading to the degree of chemical engineering:
* Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering (BS ChE) — five-year program leading to the understanding of transport processes, chemical engineering thermodynamics and their applications to unit operations design, t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fusion of a cyclooctyne to two aryl rings increases the reaction rate, and the cyclooctyne reagents of the Bertozzi group proceeded through a series of fusions that sought to increase the ring strain even further. DIBO (dibenzo cyclooctyne) was developed as a precursor to BARAC (biarylazacyclooctynone), although calcul... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Molybdenum is an essential element in most organisms; a 2008 research paper speculated that a scarcity of molybdenum in the Earth's early oceans may have strongly influenced the evolution of eukaryotic life (which includes all plants and animals).
At least 50 molybdenum-containing enzymes have been identified, mostly i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Methoxy arachidonyl fluorophosphonate, commonly referred as MAFP, is an irreversible active site-directed enzyme inhibitor that inhibits nearly all serine hydrolases and serine proteases. It inhibits phospholipase A2 and fatty acid amide hydrolase with special potency, displaying IC values in the low-nanomolar range. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For pure inflow, the implicit solution is given by
and the boundary conditions becomes
Pure inflow is possible only when all constants are real and the solution is given by
where is the complete elliptic integral of the first kind. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a colloidal suspension, particles will settle very slowly or not at all because the colloidal particles carry surface electrical charges that mutually repel each other. This surface charge is most commonly evaluated in terms of zeta potential, the electrical potential at the slipping plane. To induce coagulation, a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Studies suggest dexmedetomidine for sedation in mechanically ventilated adults may reduce time to extubation and ICU stay.
Compared with other sedatives, some studies suggest dexmedetomidine may be associated with less delirium. However, this finding is not consistent across multiple studies. At the very least, when ag... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The phase speed of a cnoidal wave, both for the KdV and BBM equation, is given by:
In this formulation the phase speed is a function of wave height H and parameter m. However, for the determination of wave propagation for waves of infinitesimal height, it is necessary to determine the behaviour of the phase speed at co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, the Keulegan–Carpenter number, also called the period number, is a dimensionless quantity describing the relative importance of the drag forces over inertia forces for bluff objects in an oscillatory fluid flow. Or similarly, for objects that oscillate in a fluid at rest. For small Keulegan–Carpente... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Studies have demonstrated that the oxidative stress generated by arsenic may disrupt the signal transduction pathways of the nuclear transcriptional factors PPARs, AP-1, and NF-κB, as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and TNF-α. The interference of oxidative stress with signal transduction pathways may affec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
High-content screening technology is mainly based on automated digital microscopy and flow cytometry, in combination with IT-systems for the analysis and storage of the data.
“High-content” or visual biology technology has two purposes, first to acquire spatially or temporally resolved information on an event and secon... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The general form can be specialized for full pipe flows. Taking the general form
and exponentiating each side by gives (rounding exponents to 3–4 decimals)
Rearranging gives
The flow rate , so
The hydraulic radius (which is different from the geometric radius ) for a full pipe of geometric diameter is ; the pipe's c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electrophilic amination is a chemical process involving the formation of a carbon–nitrogen bond through the reaction of a nucleophilic carbanion with an electrophilic source of nitrogen. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The amg unit for number density can be converted to the SI unit mol/m by the formula
where ≘ indicates correspondence, since the SI unit is of molar concentration and not number density.
The conversion factor (44.615...) is the Loschmidt number divided by the Avogadro constant.
The number density of an ideal gas at pre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In building services engineering and HVAC, a bell mouth is a tapered expanding or reducing opening in the end of a ventilation duct, so named because the taper can resemble that of a bell shape. They are primarily designed and used for return air or extract air purposes within building ventilation systems, more commonl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, a temperature–entropy (T–s) diagram is a thermodynamic diagram used to visualize changes to temperature () and specific entropy () during a thermodynamic process or cycle as the graph of a curve. It is a useful and common tool, particularly because it helps to visualize the heat transfer during a pro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Spectrochemistry is the application of spectroscopy in several fields of chemistry. It includes analysis of [https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/toolbox/spectra1.html ] in chemical terms, and use of spectra to derive the structure of chemical compounds, and also to qualitatively and quantitively analyze their presenc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Density functional theory seeks to solve for an approximate form of the electronic density of a system. In general, atoms are split into ionic cores and valence electrons. The ionic cores (nuclei plus non-bonding electrons) are assumed to be stable and are treated as a single object. Each valence electron is treated... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chemically, levocetirizine is the active levorotary enantiomer of cetirizine, also called the l-enantiomer of cetirizine. It is a member of the diphenylmethylpiperazine group of antihistamines. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Erosion corrosion, also known as impingement damage, is the combined effect of corrosion and erosion caused by rapid flowing turbulent water. It is probably the second most common cause of copper tube failures behind Type 1 pitting which is also known as Cold Water Pitting of Copper Tube.
Copper Water Tubes
Copper tube... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pertechnetate is actively accumulated and secreted by the mucoid cells of the gastric mucosa, and therefore, technetate(VII) radiolabeled with Tc99m is injected into the body when looking for ectopic gastric tissue as is found in a Meckels diverticulum with Meckels Scans. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Friable macro- or micro-scale solid particles can be ground in a ball mill, a planetary ball mill, or other size-reducing mechanism until enough of them are in the nanoscale size range. The resulting powder can be air classified to extract the nanoparticles. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gibbs paradox arises when entropy is calculated using an dimensional phase space, where is also the number of particles in the gas. These particles are spatially confined to the one-dimensional interval . The volume of the surface of fixed energy is
The subscripts on are used to define the state variables and will ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 18 August 1997, Order of Princess Olga, 3rd class, for outstanding personal contribution to the spiritual revival of Ukraine, solving the problems of family, women and children, professional and social activities for the benefit of the Ukrainian people
* 18 November 2009, Order of Liberty, for outstanding personal co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dilute aqueous zinc chloride was used as a disinfectant under the name "Burnett's Disinfecting Fluid".
From 1839 Sir William Burnett promoted its use as a disinfectant as well as a wood preservative. The Royal Navy conducted trials into its use as a disinfectant in the late 1840s, including during the cholera epidemic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The magnetism of the early full-Heusler compound CuMnAl varies considerably with heat treatment and composition. It has a room-temperature saturation induction of around 8,000 gauss, which exceeds that of the element nickel (around 6100 gauss) but is smaller than that of iron (around 21500 gauss). For early studies see... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ketenes are generally very reactive, and participate in various cycloadditions. One important process is the dimerization to give propiolactones. A specific example is the dimerization of the ketene of stearic acid to afford alkyl ketene dimers, which are widely used in the paper industry. AKD's react with the hydroxyl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PtdIns4P, PI-4-P, PI4P, or PIP) is a precursor of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate. PtdIns4P is prevalent in the membrane of the Golgi apparatus.
In the Golgi apparatus, PtdIns4P binds to the GTP-binding protein ARF and to effector proteins, including four-phosphate-adaptor pro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*1994 — Tanner Award for Teaching Excellence
*1995 — NSF Special Creativity Award in Organophosphorus Chemistry
*1998 — ACS Award for Encouraging Disadvantaged Students into Careers in the Chemical Sciences
*Chancellor's Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Education
*Howard University Outstanding Achievement Award | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* In the Markó–Lam deoxygenation, an alcohol could be almost instantaneously deoxygenated by electroreducing its toluate ester.
* In concept, adiponitrile is prepared from dimerizing acrylonitrile:
:In practice,the cathodic hydrodimerization of activated olefins is applied industrially in the synthesis of adiponitrile ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In decay, the weak interaction converts an atomic nucleus into a nucleus with atomic number increased by one, while emitting an electron () and an electron antineutrino (). decay generally occurs in neutron-rich nuclei. The generic equation is:
where and are the mass number and atomic number of the decaying nucleus... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diatomic molecules () are molecules composed of only two atoms, of the same or different chemical elements. If a diatomic molecule consists of two atoms of the same element, such as hydrogen () or oxygen (), then it is said to be homonuclear. Otherwise, if a diatomic molecule consists of two different atoms, such as ca... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Using the Bessemer process, it took between 10 and 20 minutes to convert three to five tons of iron into steel — it would previously take at least a full day of heating, stirring and reheating to achieve this. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many peroxides are used as a radical initiators, e.g., to enable polymerization of acrylates. Industrial resins based on acrylic and/or methacrylic acid esters are invariably produced by radical polymerization with organic peroxides at elevated temperatures. The polymerization rate is adjusted by suitable choice of te... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbon satellites can be used to obtain structural information, which is not available by looking at the main peaks in the NMR spectrum.
This usually occurs when the purely C compound is symmetrical but where the 1% of the compound which has a C atom in it is no longer symmetrical.
For example, it is not possible to te... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In this step, two tagged adapters are ligated from 3’-dT-tails to 3’-dA-tails on both sides of double-stranded DNA library fragments. This process results in double-stranded library fragments that contain two random tags (α and β) on each side that are the reverse complement of each other (Figure 1 and 2). The "DNA: ad... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
1-Tridecanol is an alcohol with the formula CHOH. It is a colorless fatty alcohol that turns white when solid. 1-Tridecanol usually occurs as a mixture of different isomeric to compounds such as 2-tridecanol, 3-tridecanol, 4-tridecanol, 5-tridecanol, 6-tridecanol, and isotridecanol. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes ([http://www.kegg.jp/ KEGG]): a bioinformatics database containing information on genes, proteins, reactions, and pathways. The ‘KEGG Organisms’ section, which is divided into eukaryotes and prokaryotes, encompasses many organisms for which gene and DNA information can be searc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In high-energy nuclear physics, strangeness production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions is a signature and diagnostic tool of quark–gluon plasma (QGP) formation and properties. Unlike up and down quarks, from which everyday matter is made, heavier quark flavors such as strange and charm typically approach chemical ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A definition of thermodynamic entropy can be based entirely on certain properties of the relation of adiabatic accessibility that are taken as axioms in the Lieb-Yngvason approach. In the following list of properties of the operator, a system is represented by a capital letter, e.g. X, Y or Z. A system X whose extens... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a delay line detector the electrons are accelerated to 500 eV between the back of the last MCP and a grid. They then fly for 5 mm and are dispersed over an area of 2 mm. A grid follows. Each element has a diameter of 1 mm and consists of an electrostatic lens focusing arriving electrons through a 30 µm hole of a gro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Options for topical formulation include:
* Cream – Emulsion of oil and water in approximately equal proportions. Penetrates stratum corneum outer layers of skin well.
* Ointment – Combines oil (80%) and water (20%). Effective barrier against moisture loss.
* Gel – Liquefies upon contact with the skin.
* Paste – Combin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A problem with transition state analogue selection approach is that catalytic activity is not a screening criterion. TSAs do not necessarily represent real transition states and so a catalyst obtained from screening could just be the best receptor for a TSA but is not necessarily the best catalyst. To circumvent this p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Viral RNA modifications use the same machinery as cellular RNA. This involves the use of "writer" and "reader" complexes. The writer complex contains the enzyme methyl transferase-like 3 (METTL3) and its cofactors like METTL14, WTP, KIAA1492 and RBM15/RBM15B which adds the mA modification in the nucleus. The family of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1985, MIM commissioned Jameson to undertake a project to improve the sparger design for flotation columns. Instead, he developed the concept of using a jet in a downcomer to create the bubbles and eliminate the need for a sparger in conventional flotation columns.
The concept of the Cell followed when further invest... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The famous controversy between Pasteur and Liebig over the nature of alcoholic fermentation was uncovered by Eduard Büchner, a German chemist and zymologist. Influenced by his brother Hans, who became the famous bacteriologist, Büchner developed an interest in the fermentation process in which yeast breaks down sugar ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* In accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of USSR on 20 October 1956 the Moscow Institute of Fine Chemical Technology named after M. V. Lomonosov awarded the medal "For the development of virgin land";
* In accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of USSR on 11 Febr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The quantity is commonly referred to as the "generalized Rabi frequency." For cases in which , Rabi flopping actually occurs at this frequency, where is the detuning, a measure of how far the light is off-resonance relative to the transition. For instance, examining the above animation at an offset frequency of ±1.73... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the field of molecular physics, microwave spectroscopy is commonly used to probe the rotation of molecules. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The parent metallacyclobenzene has the formula LM(CH). They can be viewed as derivatives of benzene wherein a CH center has been replaced by a transition metal complex. Most metallabenzenes do not feature the M(CH) ring itself, but, instead, some of the H atoms are replaced by other substituents. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When the accumulation charge carrier removes the ground state of the neutral polymer, there is more transmission in the ground state. This is called bleaching . With the excess hole or electrons at the polymer, there will be new transitions at low energy levels, therefore the transmission intensity is reduced , this is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As it is only effective for primary amines, the carbylamine reaction can be used as a chemical test for their presence. In this context, the reaction is also known as Saytzeff's isocyanide test. In this reaction, the analyte is heated with alcoholic potassium hydroxide and chloroform. If a primary amine is present, the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because carbon is more electronegative than magnesium, the carbon attached to magnesium acts as a nucleophile and attacks the electrophilic carbon atom in the polar bond of a carbonyl group. The addition of the Grignard reagent to the carbonyl group typically proceeds through a six-membered ring transition state, as sh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When the particles of a stabilized suspension transition from an immobile state to mobile state, small groupings of particles form hydroclusters, increasing the viscosity. These hydroclusters are composed of particles momentarily compressed together, forming an irregular, rod-like chain of particles akin to a logjam or... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metal carbonyls are used in a number of industrially important carbonylation reactions. In the oxo process, an alkene, hydrogen gas, and carbon monoxide react together with a catalyst (such as dicobalt octacarbonyl) to give aldehydes. Illustrative is the production of butyraldehyde from propylene:
:CHCH=CH + H + CO → C... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bioinformatic analysis identified four methyltransferases within the cluster. Bioinformatics suggest that btmB, is an O-methyltransferase, while the other three, btmC, G and K, are radical S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) methyltransferases. The radical SAM methyltransferases are believed to β-methylate amino acid residues ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ocean dynamics define and describe the flow of water within the oceans. Ocean temperature and motion fields can be separated into three distinct layers: mixed (surface) layer, upper ocean (above the thermocline), and deep ocean.
Ocean dynamics has traditionally been investigated by sampling from instruments in situ.
T... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A pepper-spray projectile, also called a pepper-spray ball, pepper-ball, pepper bomb, or pepper-spray pellet, is a frangible projectile containing a powdered chemical that irritates the eyes and nose in a manner similar to pepper spray. These projectiles are fired from specially designed forced compliance weapons or mo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PEC further opened the following regional offices in the provincial capitals of Pakistan:
* Karachi Branch Office (inaugurated on 23 June 1987)
* Lahore Branch Office (inaugurated on 30 January 1988)
* Quetta Branch Office (inaugurated on 17 February 1988)
* Peshawar Branch Office (inaugurated on 27 March 1988)
* Multa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several synthesis routes exist, the most common being the reaction between alkyl halides and alkali thiocyanate in aqueous media. Illustrative is the preparation of isopropyl thiocyanate by treatment of isopropyl bromide with sodium thiocyanate in boiling ethanol. The main complication with this route is the competing ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) has developed two separate and distinct standards on temperature Measurement, B40.200 and PTC 19.3.
B40.200 provides guidelines for bimetallic-actuated, filled-system, and liquid-in-glass thermometers. It also provides guidelines for thermowells.
PTC 19.3 provides gui... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This bibliography of Rutherford Aris contains a comprehensive listing of the scientific publications of Aris, including books, journal articles, and contributions to other published material. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One of the most commonly used fiber production methods is the crosslinking of sodium alginate by CaCl, where the formed calcium alginate will act as the crosslinking point to link the alginate chains together to form the network and solidified the polymer. Afterward, this alginate hydrogel fiber can be used as a templa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fas signaling pathway involves activating apoptosis (programmed cell death). This happens through the interaction of Fas receptor and Fas ligand. As mentioned, Fas ligand/FasL is a type II transmembrane protein that can exist in both membrane-anchored and soluble forms. The interaction between FasR on an adjacent cell ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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