text stringlengths 105 4.57k | label int64 0 1 | label_text stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|---|
Only 20.35% of the catchment of the lake is covered by forest.
Demographic growth and lack of employment are some of the factors that have promoted conversion of forested areas into subsistence agriculture, especially following the coffee price crisis.
The loss of forest cover is particularly critical on steep terrains... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In coordination chemistry, a pi-donor ligand is a kind of ligand endowed with filled non-bonding orbitals that overlap with metal-based orbitals. Their interaction is complementary to the behavior of pi-acceptor ligands. The existence of terminal oxo ligands for the early transition metals is one consequence of this ki... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After graduating the Winter school 2, students take Final KChO. It is held on January or February. It is divided into two parts; Theories and Experiments. Organic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry questions in the theory are important for choosing the representatives. In the experiment, students solve one Organic Chemi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Neurotransmitters are tiny signal molecules stored in membrane-enclosed synaptic vesicles and released via exocytosis. Indeed, a change in electrical potential in the presynaptic cell triggers the release of these molecules. By attaching to transmitter-gated ion channels, the neurotransmitter causes an electrical alter... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Superfluidity is the characteristic property of a fluid with zero viscosity which therefore flows without any loss of kinetic energy. When stirred, a superfluid forms vortices that continue to rotate indefinitely. Superfluidity occurs in two isotopes of helium (helium-3 and helium-4) when they are liquefied by cooling ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When several species are compared, similarity values allow organisms to be arranged in a phylogenetic tree; it is therefore one possible approach to carrying out molecular systematics. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Radon has been produced commercially for use in radiation therapy, but for the most part has been replaced by radionuclides made in particle accelerators and nuclear reactors. Radon has been used in implantable seeds, made of gold or glass, primarily used to treat cancers.
The gold seeds were produced by filling a long... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, an alkyl group is an alkane missing one hydrogen.
The term alkyl is intentionally unspecific to include many possible substitutions.
An acyclic alkyl has the general formula of . A cycloalkyl group is derived from a cycloalkane by removal of a hydrogen atom from a ring and has the general formula... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transcriptional initiation, termination and regulation are mediated by “DNA looping” which brings together promoters, enhancers, transcription factors and RNA processing factors to accurately regulate gene expression. Chromosome conformation capture (3C) and more recently Hi-C techniques provided evidence that active c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Foldit is an online puzzle video game about protein folding. It is part of an experimental research project developed by the University of Washington, Center for Game Science, in collaboration with the UW Department of Biochemistry. The objective of Foldit is to fold the structures of selected proteins as perfectly as ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Double-stranded DNA is sheared using one of these methods: sonication, enzymatic digestion, or nebulization. Fragments are size selected using Ampure XP beads. Gel-based size selection is not recommended since it can cause melting of DNA double strands and DNA damage due to UV exposure. The size of selected fragments o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gram-negative bacteria produce N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHL) as their signaling molecule. Usually AHLs do not need additional processing, and bind directly to transcription factors to regulate gene expression.
Some gram-negative bacteria may use the two-component system as well. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The objective of acoustic foam is to enhance the sonic properties of a room by effectively managing unwanted reverberations. For this reason, acoustic foam is often used in restaurants, performance spaces, and recording studios. Acoustic foam is also often installed in large rooms with large, reverberative surfaces lik... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Batchelor vortex is an approximate solution to the Navier–Stokes equations obtained using a boundary layer approximation. The physical reasoning behind this approximation is the assumption that the axial gradient of the flow field of interest is of much smaller magnitude than the radial gradient.
<br>
The axial, r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TTFB (4,5,6,7-Tetrachloro-2-trifluoromethylbenzimidazole) is a halogenated benzimidazole derivative that acts as an uncoupling agent. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The regulation of Ler and its transcript, ler, is complex and many-fold. The plasmid encoded regulator (per) directly activates the region of the LEE1 operon which encodes Ler. Integration host factor is also a direct activator of ler and binds upstream of its promoter.
Jeannette Barba and her colleagues at the Nationa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some examples of macromolecules are synthetic polymers (plastics, synthetic fibers, and synthetic rubber), graphene, and carbon nanotubes. Polymers may be prepared from inorganic matter as well as for instance in inorganic polymers and geopolymers. The incorporation of inorganic elements enables the tunability of prope... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In biochemistry, equilibrium unfolding is the process of unfolding a protein or RNA molecule by gradually changing its environment, such as by changing the temperature or pressure, pH, adding chemical denaturants, or applying force as with an atomic force microscope tip. If the equilibrium was maintained at all steps, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids (KCPC) is a research centre of the School of Chemistry established by the Australian Research Council Research Centres Program. While the KCPC is known for polymers and colloids, it comprises several groups that can specialise in different areas like self-assembly, virus mimics,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A supersonic wind tunnel is a wind tunnel that produces supersonic speeds (1.2<M<5)
The Mach number and flow are determined by the nozzle geometry. The Reynolds number is varied by changing the density level (pressure in the settling chamber). Therefore, a high pressure ratio is required (for a supersonic regime at M=4... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
First Example: Let gas 1 be H and gas 2 be O. (This example is solving for the ratio between the rates of the two gases)
Therefore, hydrogen molecules effuse four times faster than those of oxygen.
Graham's Law can also be used to find the approximate molecular weight of a gas if one gas is a known species, and if ther... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Within mathematics, inexact differentials are usually just referred more generally to as differential forms which are often written just as . | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If the disturbances to the steady planar flame sheet are of the form , where is the transverse coordinate system that lies on the undisturbed stationary flame sheet, is the time, is the wavevector of the disturbance and is the temporal growth rate of the disturbance, then the dispersion relation is given by
where ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
SK3 (small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel 3) also known as K2.3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNN3 gene.
SK3 is a small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel partly responsible for the calcium-dependent after hyperpolarisation current (I). It belongs to a family of channels k... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Hollow tube dispensers are plastic twist-tie type dispensers, plastic hollow fibers or plastic hollow microfibers fibers, filled with synthetic sex pheromone and placed throughout the area to be protected.
*Pheromone Baits and Stations are a stationary, attract and kill type of dispensers. Some are relatively large pl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Moroidin is a biologically active compound found in the plants Dendrocnide moroides and Celosia argentea. It is a peptide composed of eight amino acids, with unusual leucine-tryptophan and tryptophan-histidine cross-links that form its two rings. Moroidin has been shown to be at least one of several bioactive compounds... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Particles can be electrically charged or uncharged:
Particle radiation can be emitted by an unstable atomic nucleus (via radioactive decay), or it can be produced from some other kind of nuclear reaction. Many types of particles may be emitted:
*protons and other hydrogen nuclei stripped of their electrons
*positively ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The type II receptors phosphorylate the type I receptors; the type I receptors are then enabled to phosphorylate cytoplasmic R-Smads, which then act as transcriptional regulators. Signaling is initiated by the binding of TGF-β to its serine/threonine receptors. The serene/threonine receptors are the type II and type I ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bacteriological water analysis is a method of analysing water to estimate the numbers of bacteria present and, if needed, to find out what sort of bacteria they are. It represents one aspect of water quality. It is a microbiological analytical procedure which uses samples of water and from these samples determines the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Laser Doppler velocimetry is used in hemodynamics research as a technique to partially quantify blood flow in human tissues such as skin or the eye fundus. Within the clinical environment, the technology is often referred to as laser Doppler flowmetry; when images are made, it is referred to as laser Doppler imaging. T... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Trimethylenemethane cycloaddition is the formal (3+2) annulation of trimethylenemethane (TMM) derivatives to two-atom pi systems. Although TMM itself is too reactive and unstable to be stored, reagents which can generate TMM or TMM synthons in situ can be used to effect cycloaddition reactions with appropriate electron... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The slides are then immersed in a solution that cause the cells to lyse. The lysis solution often used in the comet assay consists of a highly concentrated aqueous salt (often, common table salt can be used) and a detergent (such as Triton X-100 or sarcosinate). The pH of the lysis solution can be adjusted (usually bet... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Charge exchange (or charge exchange collision) is a process in which a neutral atom or molecule collides with an ion, resulting in the neutral atom acquiring the charge of the ion. The reaction is typically expressed as
This reaction has various diagnostic applications, such as in plasma physics and mass spectrometry. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DNA-dependent ATPase, abbreviated Dda and also known as Dda helicase and Dda DNA helicase, is the 439-amino acid 49,897-atomic mass unit protein coded by the Dda gene of the bacteriophage T4 phage, a virus that infects enterobacteria. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biological oxidation of organic matters has led to the innovation of a low cost secondary treatment of the waste water emissions and industrial air emissions. The process of biodegradation offers a very fast method which typically offers 4,000 catalytic cycles per minute. Destruction rate efficiency is generally greate... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stills
*Alembic
*Retort
**Retort stand
Vessels
*Aludel
*Crucible
**Hessian crucible
*Cupels
*Mortar and pestle
Heating devices
*Athanor
*Bain-marie
*Sand bath | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several formulas are used to calculate T values. Some formulas are more accurate in predicting melting temperatures of DNA duplexes. For DNA oligonucleotides, i.e. short sequences of DNA, the thermodynamics of hybridization can be accurately described as a two-state process. In this approximation one neglects the possi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transport of material in stagnant fluid or across streamlines of a fluid in a laminar flow occurs by molecular diffusion. Two adjacent compartments separated by a partition, containing pure gases A or B may be envisaged. Random movement of all molecules occurs so that after a period molecules are found remote from thei... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the four tables below, the minor branches of decay (with the branching probability of less than 0.0001%) are omitted. The energy release includes the total kinetic energy of all the emitted particles (electrons, alpha particles, gamma quanta, neutrinos, Auger electrons and X-rays) and the recoil nucleus, assuming th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In molecular biology, a stop codon (or termination codon) is a codon (nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA) that signals the termination of the translation process of the current protein. Most codons in messenger RNA correspond to the addition of an amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain, which may ultimately bec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sustainable crop production is becoming increasingly important, if humans are to support a growing population and avoid a collapse of production systems. While the understanding and incorporation of tritrophic interactions in pest control offers a promising control option, the sustainable biological control of pests re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A turbidity current is most typically an underwater current of usually rapidly moving, sediment-laden water moving down a slope; although current research (2018) indicates that water-saturated sediment may be the primary actor in the process. Turbidity currents can also occur in other fluids besides water.
Researchers... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When a plant or animal dies or an animal expels waste, the initial form of nitrogen is organic. Bacteria or fungi convert the organic nitrogen within the remains back into ammonium (), a process called ammonification or mineralization. Enzymes involved are:
* GS: Gln Synthetase (cytosolic & plastic)
* GOGAT: Glu 2-oxog... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The genomes of Melainabacteria organisms isolated from ground water indicate that the organism has the capacity to fix nitrogen. Melainabacteria lack linked electron transport chains but have multiple methods to generate a membrane potential which can then produce ATP via ATP synthase. They are able to use Fe hydroge... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An important occurrence of phosphates in biological systems is as the structural material of bone and teeth. These structures are made of crystalline calcium phosphate in the form of hydroxyapatite. The hard dense enamel of mammalian teeth may contain fluoroapatite, a hydroxy calcium phosphate where some of the hydroxy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An expression vector must have elements necessary for gene expression. These may include a promoter, the correct translation initiation sequence such as a ribosomal binding site and start codon, a termination codon, and a transcription termination sequence. There are differences in the machinery for protein synthesis b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ratio average (RA) plot is an integer-based version of an MA plot for visualizing two-condition count data. Its distinctive arrow-like shape derives from the way it includes condition-unique (0,n) or (n,0) points into the plot via an epsilon factor. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
From studies and predictions such as Dreyer and Bennett's, it shows that the light chains and heavy chains are encoded by separate multigene families on different chromosomes. They are referred to as gene segments and are separated by non-coding regions. The rearrangement and organization of these gene segments during... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The binding constant is a special case of the equilibrium constant . It is associated with the binding and unbinding reaction of receptor (R) and ligand (L) molecules, which is formalized as:
The reaction is characterized by the on-rate constant and the off-rate constant , which have units of 1/(concentration time) an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the history of gunpowder there are a range of theories about the transmission of the knowledge of gunpowder and guns from Imperial China to the rest of the world following the Song, Jin and Yuan dynasties. The earliest bronze guns found in China date back to the 13th century, with archaeological and textual evidence... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Downregulation of protein kinase A occurs by a feedback mechanism and uses a number of cAMP hydrolyzing phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes, which belong to the substrates activated by PKA. Phosphodiesterase quickly converts cAMP to AMP, thus reducing the amount of cAMP that can activate protein kinase A. PKA is also regul... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The multidisciplinary approach in Environmental Engineering Science gives the student expertise in technical fields related to their own personal interest. While some graduates choose to use this major to go to graduate school, students who choose to work often go into the fields of civil and environmental engineering... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since the start of the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric concentration have been increasing, causing global warming and ocean acidification. In October 2023 the average level of in Earth's atmosphere, adjusted for seasonal variation, was 422.17 parts per million by volume (ppm). Figures are published monthly by the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Found within The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended, are several passages that directly mention the land of Atlantis. The first such passage is part of his Short Chronicle which indicates his belief that Homer's Ulysses left the island of Ogygia in 896 BC. In Greek mythology, Ogygia was home to Calypso, the daughte... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
She earned her PhD in chemical sciences at the University of Florence in 2004. She was a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Pisa, where she worked on the mechanisms by which metal-complexes that are used as anti-cancer agents activate. She used both spectroscopy, including mass spectrometry imaging, and molecular... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SPR can be used to study the real-time kinetics of molecular interactions. Determining the affinity between two ligands involves establishing the equilibrium dissociation constant, representing the equilibrium value for the product quotient. This constant can be determined using dynamic SPR parameters, calculated as th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most important aspect of disulfide bonds is their scission, as the bond is usually the weakest bond in a molecule. Many specialized organic reactions have been developed to cleave the bond.
A variety of reductants reduce disulfides to thiols. Hydride agents are typical reagents, and a common laboratory demonst... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The development started with early work on the underlying sensor technology. One of the first portable, chemistry-based sensors was the glass pH electrode, invented in 1922 by Hughes. The basic concept of using exchange sites to create permselective membranes was used to develop other ion sensors in subsequent years. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1934)
* Fellow of the Indiana Academy of Science (1935)
* American Chemical Society
* Phi Beta Kappa
* Sigma Xi
* Tau Kappa Alpha
* Phi Lambda Upsilon
* Alpha Chi Sigma
* Lambda Chi Alpha | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell received the 1994 Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology for the discovery of the G Protein System. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Meyers early work featured explored the coordination chemistry of uranium with small molecules such as carbon dioxide and light alkanes. Additionally, Meyers group synthesized novel tripodal N-heterocyclic carbene ligands to stabilize reactive intermediates such as an iron(IV) nitride. In 2011, in collaboration with Pr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Relatively few in-situ reactions have been reported involving gray arsenic due to its low solubility, although it reacts in air to form gaseous AsO . Two examples of the reactivity of gray arsenic towards transition metals are known. In these reactions, cyclopentadienyl complexes of molybdenum, tungsten and chromium pr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Spatiotemporal gene expression is the activation of genes within specific tissues of an organism at specific times during development. Gene activation patterns vary widely in complexity. Some are straightforward and static, such as the pattern of tubulin, which is expressed in all cells at all times in life. Some, on t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Macrocycles can access a number of stable conformations, with preferences to reside in those that minimize the number of transannular nonbonded interactions within the ring. Medium rings (8-11 atoms) are the most strained with between 9-13 (kcal/mol) strain energy; analysis of the factors important in considering larg... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Research chemicals are chemical substances scientists use for medical and scientific research purposes. One characteristic of a research chemical is that it is for laboratory research use only; a research chemical is not intended for human or veterinary use. This distinction is required on the labels of research chemic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Anders Gustaf Ekeberg (16 January 1767 in Stockholm, Sweden – 11 February 1813 in Uppsala, Sweden) was a Swedish analytical chemist who discovered tantalum in 1802.
He was notably deaf. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The town of Hinkley, California, located in the Mojave Desert, had its groundwater contaminated with hexavalent chromium starting in 1952, resulting in a legal case against Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) and a multimillion-dollar settlement in 1996. The legal case was dramatized in the film Erin Brockovich, released in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Liquid is forced through a tube of constant cross-section and precisely known dimensions under conditions of laminar flow. Either the flow-rate or the pressure drop are fixed and the other measured. Knowing the dimensions, the flow-rate can be converted into a value for the shear rate and the pressure drop into a valu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metal smiths demonstrated increasing technical sophistication, producing both utilitarian and status-linked items. During the latter phase, Michoacán emerged as a technological hub, with metal artifacts also appearing at the adjacent zones of Guerrero and Jalisco.
Alloys became more prevalent during the second phase, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A variety of minimally bioreactive metals are routinely implanted. The most commonly implanted form of stainless steel is 316L. Cobalt-chromium and titanium-based implant alloys are also permanently implanted. All of these are made passive by a thin layer of oxide on their surface. A consideration, however, is that m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Certain types of venom, such as those produced by venomous snakes, can also cause proteolysis. These venoms are, in fact, complex digestive fluids that begin their work outside of the body. Proteolytic venoms cause a wide range of toxic effects, including effects that are:
* cytotoxic (cell-destroying)
* hemotoxic (blo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
N-linked glycans have intrinsic and extrinsic functions.
Within the immune system, the N-linked glycans on an immune cell's surface will help dictate that migration pattern of the cell, e.g. immune cells that migrate to the skin have specific glycosylations that favor homing to that site. The glycosylation patterns on ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ostrowska-Czubenko attended the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, majoring in chemistry. She graduated in 1972, defended her doctoral thesis eight years later, and completed her habilitation in 2002. She is associate professor in the Department of Chemistry at the Nicolaus Copernicus University, where she specia... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carpanone is a naturally occurring lignan-type natural product most widely known for the remarkably complex way nature prepares it, and the similarly remarkable success that an early chemistry group, that of Orville L. Chapman, had at mimicking natures pathway. Carpanone is an organic compound first isolated from the c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Osteryoung was appointed to the faculty at Montana State University in 1967. She moved to Colorado State University a year later, where she worked in the Departments of Civil Engineering and Microbiology. In 1977, Osteryoung moved to the National Science Foundation, where she was the program director for chemical analy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Jacques-Louis Soret died in Geneva on 13 May 1890.
His son was Charles Soret, a recognized physicist and chemist in his own right. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Indene is deprotonated by butyl lithium and related reagents to give the equivalent of the indenyl anion:
:CH + BuLi → LiCH + BuH
The resulting lithium indenide can be used to prepare indenyl complexes by salt metathesis reactions of metal halides. When the metal halide is easily reduced, the trimethylstannylind... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The peptization of a liquid mixture is the process of converting the mixture into a colloid by shaking it with a suitable electrolyte called a peptizing agent. That is, the insoluble solid particles which have settled out of the mixture (i.e. the precipitate) are reformed into microscopic particles suspended in the mix... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A prominent early synthetic application of organoniobium chemistry was the use of dimethoxyethane niobium trichloride, NbCl(DME), as a reagent for the reductive coupling of imines with carbonyl compounds to form amino alcohols. This reagent has found further use in other pinacol-type reductive couplings. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Anomerization is the process of conversion of one anomer to the other. For reducing sugars, anomerization is referred to as mutarotation and occurs readily in solution and is catalyzed by acid and base. This reversible process typically leads to an anomeric mixture in which eventually an equilibrium is reached between ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The classic method for obtaining bismuthyl salts was the treatment of bismuth oxide () with nitric acid. This reaction produces bismuthyl salts such as BiO(NO and BiO(OH)(NO) as end products. The same bismuthyl salts precipitate when strongly acidic solutions of various bismuth compounds are diluted.
The formation of b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pharmaceutical fraud involves deceptions which bring financial gain to a pharmaceutical company. It affects individuals and public and private insurers. There are several different schemes used to defraud the health care system which are particular to the pharmaceutical industry. These include: Good Manufacturing Pract... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The following were named after V. G. Khlopin:
*By resolution of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Radium Institute was named after V. G. Khlopin (1950).
*The V. G. Khlopin Prize was established for the best work in the field of radiochemistry (1950).
*Since 1970, the Radium Institute has held Khlopin r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The plate height given as:
with the column length and the number of theoretical plates can be estimated from a chromatogram by analysis of the retention time for each component and its standard deviation as a measure for peak width, provided that the elution curve represents a Gaussian curve.
In this case the plate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In biology, glycosylation is the process by which a carbohydrate is covalently attached to an organic molecule, creating structures such as glycoproteins and glycolipids. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In physical chemistry, when referring to surface processes, saturation denotes the degree at which a binding site is fully occupied. For example, base saturation refers to the fraction of exchangeable cations that are base cations. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In metazoans, in order to respond to environmental stress, differentiate properly, and progress normally through the cell cycle, a eukaryotic cell needs a specific and coordinated gene expression program, which involves the highly regulated transcription of thousands of genes. This gene regulation is in large part cont... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For all human uses and all forms, selegiline is pregnancy category C: studies in pregnant lab animals have shown adverse effects on the fetus but there are no adequate studies in humans. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Experiments performed in microgravity on the Space Shuttle Columbia suggest that the typical face-centered cubic structure may be induced by gravitational stresses. Crystals tend to exhibit the hcp structure alone (random stacking of hexagonally close-packed crystal planes), in contrast with a mixture of (rhcp) and fac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Hammett substituent constant, , is composed of two independent terms: an inductive effect and a resonance polar effect . These components represent the consequences of the presence of a particular substituent on reactivity through sigma and pi bonds, respectively. For a particular substituent, the value of is gen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cementite changes from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic upon heating to its Curie temperature of approximately .
A natural iron carbide (containing minor amounts of nickel and cobalt) occurs in iron meteorites and is called cohenite after the German mineralogist Emil Cohen, who first described it. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Children and adolescents who use tanning beds are at greater risk because of biological vulnerability to UV radiation. Epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to artificial tanning increases the risk of malignant melanoma and that the longer the exposure, the greater the risk, particularly in individuals expos... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A pneumatic gripper is a specific type of pneumatic actuator that typically involves either parallel or angular motion of surfaces, A.K.A. “tooling jaws or fingers” that will grip an object. The gripper makes use of compressed air which powers a piston rod inside the tool.Grippers exist both internal with and external... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The NAPCO partnership was formed in 1877 by Queenslanders William Collins, William Forrest and Sir Thomas McIlwraith, with Englishmen John Warner and Sir William Ingram. The first station acquired was Alexandria Downs in the Northern Territory.
Francis Foster invested in NAPCO in 1937 taking an 18% interest which grew ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term clone is used in horticulture to refer to descendants of a single plant which were produced by vegetative reproduction or apomixis. Many horticultural plant cultivars are clones, having been derived from a single individual, multiplied by some process other than sexual reproduction. As an example, some Europea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An easy way to produce fermented water is to obtain turbo yeast kits (contains Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strain, enzymes, vitamins, and minerals) that instructs on the package the quantity of white sugar, and tap water needed.
* Inverted sugar syrup
** Water
** Sugars in wine: White sugar (or crystallized sucrose)... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Silver overlay is an electroplated coating of silver on a non-conductive surface such as porcelain or glass. Most techniques used to create silver overlay involve the use of special flux which contains silver and turpentine oil. This is then painted on the glass ornament as a design. After the painting is complete, the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The rotary kiln was invented in 1873 by Frederick Ransome. He filed several patents in 1885-1887, but his experiments with the idea were not a commercial success. Nevertheless, his designs provided the basis for successful kilns in the US from 1891, subsequently emulated worldwide. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oxaloacetate forms in several ways in nature. A principal route is upon oxidation of -malate, catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase, in the citric acid cycle. Malate is also oxidized by succinate dehydrogenase in a slow reaction with the initial product being enol-oxaloacetate. <br>
It also arises from the condensation of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Pasteur point is a level of oxygen (about 0.3% by volume which is less than 1% of Present Atmospheric Level or PAL) above which facultative aerobic microorganisms and facultative anaerobes adapt from fermentation to aerobic respiration. It is also used to mark the level of oxygen in the early atmosphere of the Eart... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.