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Lockyer was born in Rugby, Warwickshire. His early introduction to science was through his father, who was a pioneer of the electric telegraph. After a conventional schooling supplemented by travel in Switzerland and France, he worked for some years as a civil servant in the British War Office. He settled in Wimbledon,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Maxwell’s thermodynamic surface is an 1874 sculpture made by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879). This model provides a three-dimensional space of the various states of a fictitious substance with water-like properties. This plot has coordinates volume (x), entropy (y), and energy (z). It was based on ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An important aspect of improving chemical reactions is the understanding of the underlying reaction mechanism. To answer this question for C-H activation, time-resolved spectroscopic techniques can be used to follow the dynamics of the chemical reaction. This technique requires a trigger for initiating the process, whi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Where the viscosity is naturally high, such as polymer solutions and polymer melts, flow is normally laminar. The Reynolds number is very small and Stokes' law can be used to measure the viscosity of the fluid. Spheres are allowed to fall through the fluid and they reach the terminal velocity quickly, from which the vi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the sixth chapter puṇya (virtue) and pāpa (sin) are examined both as moral precepts and as discussed in the Vedas and Upanishads. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For caisson closures, it is crucial to maintain the largest effective flow profile possible during installation. Additionally, the discharge coefficient must be as high as possible, indicating the degree to which flow is obstructed by the caisson's shape. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Immunofluorescence (IF) is a light microscopy-based technique that allows detection and localization of a wide variety of target biomolecules within a cell or tissue at a quantitative level. The technique utilizes the binding specificity of antibodies and antigens. The specific region an antibody recognizes on an anti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Knowing Newton’s Second Law stating force is equivalent to mass times acceleration, or , and that acceleration is the derivative of velocity, or (characteristic speed/time) in the case of fluid mechanics, we see
Since characteristic speed can be represented as length per unit time, , we get
where,
: m = mass,
: U = ch... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When radiation enters the body, it will interact with the atoms and molecules of the cells (mainly made of water) to produce free radicals and molecules that are able to diffuse far enough to reach the critical target in the cell, the DNA, and damage it indirectly through some chemical reaction. This is the main damage... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In geometric phase analysis, crystallographic quantities are not determined at one particular point of the input image. Instead, they are quantified across the whole image resulting in a two-dimensional map of given quantity. Quantities which can be mapped with geometric phase analysis include interplanar distances (d-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a solar photoelectrochemical process, hydrogen can be produced by electrolysis. To use sunlight in this process, a photoelectrochemical cell can be used, where one photosensitized electrode converts light into an electric current that is then used for water splitting. One such type of cell is the dye-sensitized sola... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Maintenance respiration in plants refers to the amount of cellular respiration, measured by the carbon dioxide (CO) released or oxygen (O) consumed, during the generation of usable energy (mainly ATP, NADPH, and NADH) and metabolic intermediates used for (i) resynthesis of compounds that undergo renewal (turnover) in t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After DNA has been separated and purified by standard biochemical methods, one has a sample in a jar much like in the figure at the top of this article. Below are the main steps involved in generating structural information from X-ray diffraction studies of oriented DNA fibers that are drawn from the hydrated DNA samp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chemistry of inorganic compounds, chemical thermodynamics of inorganic systems, crystal chemistry and electronic structure of inorganic substances etc. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Radioactivity is generally used in life sciences for highly sensitive and direct measurements of biological phenomena, and for visualizing the location of biomolecules radiolabelled with a radioisotope.
All atoms exist as stable or unstable isotopes and the latter decay at a given half-life ranging from attoseconds to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An alternative method of decarburising pig iron was the finery forge, which seems to have been devised in the region around Namur in the 15th century. By the end of that century, this Walloon process spread to the Pay de Bray on the eastern boundary of Normandy, and then to England, where it became the main method of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Technetium (Tc) exametazime is a radiopharmaceutical sold under the trade name Ceretec, and is used by nuclear medicine physicians for the detection of altered regional cerebral perfusion in stroke and other cerebrovascular diseases. It can also be used for the labelling of leukocytes to localise intra-abdominal infect... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metal complexes that have unpaired electrons are magnetic. Considering only monometallic complexes, unpaired electrons arise because the complex has an odd number of electrons or because electron pairing is destabilized. Thus, monomeric Ti(III) species have one "d-electron" and must be (para)magnetic, regardless of th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
All seven STAT proteins share a common structural motif consisting of an N-terminal domain followed by a coiled-coil, DNA-binding domain, linker, Src homology 2 (SH2), and a C-terminal transactivation domain. Much research has focused on elucidating the roles each of these domains play in regulating different STAT isof... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to labeling experiments carried out in 1997, ammonium is biologically oxidized by hydroxylamine, most likely derived from nitrite, as the probable electron acceptor. The conversion of hydrazine to dinitrogen gas is hypothesized to be the reaction that generates the electron equivalents for the reduction of n... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Unlike simple dehydration in plants and animals, lichens may experience a complete loss of body water in dry periods. Lichens are capable of surviving extremely low levels of water content (poikilohydric). They quickly absorb water when it becomes available again, becoming soft and fleshy.
In tests, lichen survived and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Due to the initial lack of a formal definition after the initial conception, the term inherent chirality was utilized to describe a variety of chiral molecules that don't fall into other defined chirality types. The first fully formulated definition of inherent chirality was published in 2004 by Mandolini and Schiaffi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Adult plant resistance (APR) is a specialist term referring to quantitative resistance that is not effective in the seedling stage but is effective throughout many remaining plant growth stages. The difference between adult plant resistance and seedling resistance is especially important in annual crops.
Seedling res... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A proposed alternative source to chemiosmotic energy developing across membranous structures is if an electron acceptor, ferricyanide, is within a vesicle and the electron donor is outside, quinones transported by carbonaceous meteorites pick up electrons and protons from the donor. They would release electrons across ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cobalt oleate is an organometallic compound with the formula Co(CHO). When cobalt oleate is added to non-polar solvents, the viscosity rapidly increases, and then continues increasing over time. This unusual viscosity effect is caused by the formation of a weak coordination complex with the solvent molecules. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tarenflurbil, Flurizan or R-flurbiprofen, is a single enantiomer of the racemate NSAID flurbiprofen. For several years, research and trials for the drug were conducted by Myriad Genetics, to investigate its potential as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease; that investigation concluded in June 2008 when the company ann... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In pharmacology, bioavailability is a subcategory of absorption and is the fraction (%) of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation.
By definition, when a medication is administered intravenously, its bioavailability is 100%. However, when a medication is administered via routes other than intravenous... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (; 12 March 1824 – 17 October 1887) was a German physicist and mathematician who contributed to the fundamental understanding of electrical circuits, spectroscopy, and the emission of black-body radiation by heated objects.
He coined the term black-body radiation in 1860.
Several different sets ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polymers are susceptible to attack by atmospheric oxygen, especially at elevated temperatures encountered during processing to shape. Many process methods such as extrusion and injection moulding involve pumping molten polymer into tools, and the high temperatures needed for melting may result in oxidation unless preca... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Andrée Marquet and her collaborators have been interested in reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry, in particular those involving carbanions (enolates, alpha anions of sulfoxides), and have used the results of these studies in synthesis, for example for total synthesis of biotin.
She then turned to mechanistic enzym... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rotating-polarization coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy, (RP-CARS) is a particular implementation of the coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS). RP-CARS takes advantage of polarization-dependent selection rules in order to gain information about molecule orientation anisotropy and direction within the opt... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The game of Tetris is a puzzle game in which blocks of 4 are adsorbed onto a surface during game play. Scientists have used Tetris blocks "as a proxy for molecules with a complex shape" and their "adsorption on a flat surface" for studying the thermodynamics of nanoparticles. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The nomenclature of modified GFPs is often confusing due to overlapping mapping of several GFP versions onto a single name. For example, mGFP often refers to a GFP with an N-terminal palmitoylation that causes the GFP to bind to cell membranes. However, the same term is also used to refer to monomeric GFP, which is of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cleavage stimulatory factor or cleavage stimulation factor (CstF or CStF) is a heterotrimeric protein, made up of the proteins CSTF1 (55kDa), CSTF2 (64kDa) and CSTF3 (77kDa), totalling about 200 kDa. It is involved in the cleavage of the 3 signaling region from a newly synthesized pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. Cst... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transcriptomics allows identification of genes and pathways that respond to and counteract biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. The non-targeted nature of transcriptomics allows the identification of novel transcriptional networks in complex systems. For example, comparative analysis of a range of chickpea lines ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The popularity and success of the Joback method mainly originates from the single group list for all properties. This allows one to get all eleven supported properties from a single analysis of the molecular structure.
The Joback method additionally uses a very simple and easy to assign group scheme, which makes the m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The solid-gas flow systems are present in many industrial applications, as dry, catalytic reactors, settling tanks, pneumatic conveying of solids, among others. Obviously, in industrial operations the drag rule is not simple as a single sphere settling in a stationary fluid. However, this knowledge indicates how drag b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electrochemical reactions in water are better analyzed by using the ion-electron method, where H, OH ion, HO and electrons (to compensate the oxidation changes) are added to the cell's half-reactions for oxidation and reduction. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Homochirality is a uniformity of chirality, or handedness. Objects are chiral when they cannot be superposed on their mirror images. For example, the left and right hands of a human are approximately mirror images of each other but are not their own mirror images, so they are chiral. In biology, 19 of the 20 natural am... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The basis for the COD test is that nearly all organic compounds can be fully oxidized to carbon dioxide with a strong oxidizing agent under acidic conditions. The amount of oxygen required to oxidize an organic compound to carbon dioxide, ammonia, and water is given by:
This expression does not include the oxygen deman... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unlike ideal gases, the temperature of a real gas will change during a Joule expansion. At temperatures below their inversion temperature gases will cool during Joule expansion, while at higher temperatures they will heat up. The inversion temperature of a gas is typically much higher than room temperature; exceptions ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vinylphosphonic acid can be prepared by the reaction of PCl and acetaldehyde:
:PCl + CHCHO → CHCH(O)
This adduct reacts with acetic acid:
: CHCH(O) + 2 CHCOH → CHCH(Cl)PO(OH) + 2 CHCOCl
This chloride undergoes dehydrochlorination to afford the target:
:CHCH(Cl)PO(OH) → CH=CHPO(OH) + HCl
In the Kinnear–Perren reaction ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In electrochemistry, the Butler–Volmer equation (named after John Alfred Valentine Butler and Max Volmer), also known as Erdey-Grúz–Volmer equation, is one of the most fundamental relationships in electrochemical kinetics. It describes how the electrical current through an electrode depends on the voltage difference be... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thalidomide, sold under the brand names Contergan and Thalomid among others, is an oral medication used to treat a number of cancers (e.g., multiple myeloma), graft-versus-host disease, and many skin disorders (e.g., complications of leprosy such as skin lesions). While thalidomide has been used in a number of HIV-ass... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photofermentation via purple nonsulfur producing bacteria has been explored as a method for the production of biofuel. The natural fermentation product of these bacteria, hydrogen gas, can be harnessed as a natural gas energy source. Photofermentation via algae instead of bacteria is used for bioethanol production, amo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Triatomic hydrogen or H is an unstable triatomic molecule containing only hydrogen. Since this molecule contains only three atoms of hydrogen it is the simplest triatomic molecule and it is relatively simple to numerically solve the quantum mechanics description of the particles. Being unstable the molecule breaks up i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Taurates (or taurides) are a group of mild anionic surfactants. They are composed of a hydrophilic head group, consisting of N-methyltaurine (2-methylaminoethanesulfonic acid) and a lipophilic residue, consisting of a long-chain carboxylic acid (fatty acid), both linked via an amide bond. The fatty acids used could be ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Protein foams contain natural proteins as the foaming agents. Unlike synthetic foams, protein foams are bio-degradable. They flow and spread slower, but provide a foam blanket that is more heat-resistant and more durable.
Protein foams include regular protein foam (P), fluoroprotein foam (FP) (a mixture of protein foam... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Synthetic accessibility is a simple approach to network simulation whose goal is to predict which metabolic gene knockouts are lethal. The synthetic accessibility approach uses the topology of the metabolic network to calculate the sum of the minimum number of steps needed to traverse the metabolic network graph from t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In biochemistry, the Corey-Pauling rules are a set of three basic statements that govern the secondary nature of proteins, in particular, the CO-NH peptide link. They were originally proposed by Robert Corey and Linus Pauling.
The rules are as follows:
#The atoms in a peptide link all lie on the same plane.
#The nitrog... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oxygen saturation (symbol S) is a relative measure of the concentration of oxygen that is dissolved or carried in a given medium as a proportion of the maximal concentration that can be dissolved in that medium at the given temperature. It can be measured with a dissolved oxygen probe such as an oxygen sensor or an op... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The crystal field stabilization energy (CFSE) is the stability that results from placing a transition metal ion in the crystal field generated by a set of ligands. It arises due to the fact that when the d-orbitals are split in a ligand field (as described above), some of them become lower in energy than before with re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many examples exist that demonstrate the utility of DCvC in macrocycle synthesis. This type of chemistry is effective for large macrocycle synthesis because the thermodynamic template effect is well suited to stabilize ring structures. Furthermore, the error-correcting ability inherent to DCvC allows large structures t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
NPP3 is probably a major contributor to nucleotide metabolism in the intestine and liver.
Intestinal NPP3 would be involved in hydrolyzing food-derived nucleotides.
The liver releases ATP and ADP into the bile to regulate bile secretion. It subsequently reclaims adenosine via a pathway that probably contains NPP3. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The most general form of the equation, suitable for use in thermodynamics in case of (quasi) steady flow, is:
Here is the enthalpy per unit mass (also known as specific enthalpy), which is also often written as (not to be confused with "head" or "height").
Note that
where is the thermodynamic energy per unit mass, a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide consists of two nucleosides joined by pyrophosphate. The nucleosides each contain a ribose ring, one with adenine attached to the first carbon atom (the 1' position) (adenosine diphosphate ribose) and the other with nicotinamide at this position.
The compound accepts or donates the equ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Large dams and the production of hydropower are an important part of today's energy supply and cover a broad part of river engineering. The approach of releasing small quantities of water through turbines responds to the growing power demand from rapidly growing cities; however, it also flattens the rivers hydrographs,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the case of capillary rise between two parallel plates, height of capillary rise can be predicted as Jurin's height if plates are rigid. Longer the plates, more flexible they become, consequently plates coalesce as a result of deformation induced by capillary force. As observed, length of capillary rise L between el... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2013, Dr. Earle McBride, a researcher studying sandstone diagenesis and the textual and compositional maturation of sand during transportation, mixed samples collected from Omaha Beach in 1988 with a blue epoxy, creating an "artificial sandstone", before slicing it into thin sections. Utilising an optical microscope... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Evidence showing neurturin’s role in neuron survival and management has made it a popular candidate for the potential treatment or reversal of neurodegeneration. In addition, mice models have shown the dying neurons exposed to trophic factors can be rescued. Neurturin is an example of a trophic factor that is difficul... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Lippmann-Schwinger equation for Green's operator is called the resolvent identity,
Its solution by iteration leads to the Born series for the full Green's operator | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Siderophile (from sideron, "iron", and phileo, "love") elements are the transition metals which tend to sink into the core because they dissolve readily in iron either as solid solutions or in the molten state, although some sources include elements which are not transition metals in their list of siderophiles, such as... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since DPP-4 is a protease, it is not unexpected that inhibitors would likely have a peptide nature and this theme has carried through to contemporary research. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Signatures of mass-anomalous sulfur isotope fractionation preserved in the rock record have been an important piece of evidence for understanding the Great Oxidation Event, the sudden rise of oxygen on the ancient Earth. Nonzero values of ΔS and ΔS are present in the sulfur-bearing minerals of Precambrian rock formed g... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cyanate is an ambidentate ligand which can donate the pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom or the oxygen atom, or both. Structurally the isomers can be distinguished by the geometry of the complex. In N-bonded cyanate complexes the M−NCO unit sometimes has a linear structure, but with O-bonded cyanate the M−O−C unit ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The structure of active centers in Ziegler–Natta catalysts is well established only for metallocene catalysts. An idealized and simplified metallocene complex CpZrCl represents a typical precatalyst. It is unreactive toward alkenes. The dihalide reacts with MAO and is transformed into a metallocenium ion CpCH, which ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
AOAC International's technical contributions center on the creation, validation, and global publication of reliable analytical test methods. Their areas of focus include, but are not limited to, safety of foods, beverages, dietary supplements, fertilizers, animal feeds, soil and water, and veterinary drugs. The aim of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The name modon was coined by M. E. Stern as a pun on the joint USA-USSR oceanographic research program POLYMODE. The modon is a dipole-vortex solution to the potential-vorticity equation that was theorized in order to explain anomalous atmospheric blocking events and eddy structures in rotating fluids, and the first so... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As rivers flow onward towards the sea, they experience a considerable diminution in their fall, and a progressive increase in the basin which they drain, owing to the successive influx of their various tributaries. Thus, their current gradually becomes more gentle and their discharge larger in volume and less subject t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Improving the resolution and enhancing the instrumentation with user-friendly hardware and software will make AFM/NSOM coupled with IR/Raman a useful characterization tool in many areas including biomedical, materials and life sciences. For example, this technique was used in detecting the spin-cast thin film of poly(d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Non-ferrous metals were the first metals used by humans for metallurgy. Gold, silver and copper existed in their native crystalline yet metallic form. These metals, though rare, could be found in quantities sufficient to attract the attention of humans. Less susceptible to oxygen than most other metals, they can be fou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The oxygen-evolving complex is the site of water oxidation. It is a metallo-oxo cluster comprising four manganese ions (in oxidation states ranging from +3 to +4) and one divalent calcium ion. When it oxidizes water, producing oxygen gas and protons, it sequentially delivers the four electrons from water to a tyrosine ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Calx is Latin for chalk or limestone, from the Greek χάλιξ (khaliks, “pebble”). (It is not to be confused with the Latin homonym meaning heelbone (or calcaneus in modern medical Latin), which has an entirely separate derivation.) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Constructing a THz-TDS experiment using low temperature grown GaAs (LT-GaAs) based antennas requires a laser whose photon energy exceeds the band gap of the material. Ti:sapphire lasers tuned to around 800 nm, matching the energy gap in LT-GaAs, are ideal as they can generate optical pulses as short as 10 fs. These las... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In order to measure the pore size by capillary flow porometry it is necessary to impregnate the samples with a wetting liquid. An inert gas flow is used to displace the liquid that is in the pores and the pressure required to empty the most constricted part of the pore is measured. The most constricted part of the pore... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Each one of the assumptions listed below adds to the complexity of the problems solution. As the density of a gas increases with rising pressure, the intermolecular forces play a more substantial role in gas behavior which results in the ideal gas law no longer providing "reasonable" results. At the upper end of the en... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Triphenylphosphine dichloride is usually prepared fresh by the addition of chlorine to triphenylphosphine.
:PhP + Cl → PhPCl
Both reagents are typically used in solution to ensure the correct stoichiometry.
PhPCl can also be obtained by the reaction of iodobenzene dichloride (PhICl) and triphenylphosphine.
Alternativel... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In microholography, focused beams of light are used to record submicrometre-sized holograms in a photorefractive material, usually by the use of collinear beams. The writing process may use the same kinds of media that are used in other types of holographic data storage, and may use two–photon processes to form the hol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbon dioxide is also available as a spray and is used to treat a variety of benign spots. Less frequently, doctors use carbon dioxide "snow" formed into a cylinder or mixed with acetone to form a slush that is applied directly to the treated tissue. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Another part of Crabtrees research centers on a novel form of hydrogen bonding that involves metal hydrides, resulting in unconventional bonding interactions. Traditional hydrogen bonds feature a protic hydrogen donor and an electronegative acceptor, while Crabtrees discoveries include aromatic ring π electrons as weak... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, an ynone is an organic compound containing a ketone () functional group and a triple bond. Many ynones are α,β-ynones, where the carbonyl and alkyne groups are conjugated. Capillin is a naturally occurring example. Some ynones are not conjugated. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Camille Alphonse Faure (21 May 1840, Vizille – 14 September 1898) was a French chemical engineer who in 1881 significantly improved the design of the lead-acid battery, which had been invented by Gaston Planté in 1859. Faure's improvements greatly increased the capacity of such batteries and led directly to their... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An external voltage divider is used to apply 100 volts to the acceleration optics (for electron detection), each MCP, the gap between the MCPs, the backside of the last MCP, and the collector (anode). The last voltage dictates the time of flight of the electrons and in this way, the pulse-width.
The anode is a 0.4 mm t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The equation also explains the energy required to create an emulsion. To form the small, highly curved droplets of an emulsion, extra energy is required to overcome the large pressure that results from their small radius.
The Laplace pressure, which is greater for smaller droplets, causes the diffusion of molecules out... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Iron-sulfur proteins are involved in various biological electron transport processes, such as photosynthesis and cellular respiration, which require rapid electron transfer to sustain the energy or biochemical needs of the organism. To serve their various biological roles, iron-sulfur proteins effect rapid electron tra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Advance earthquake warning is possible by detecting the nondestructive primary waves that travel more quickly through the Earth's crust than do the destructive secondary and Rayleigh waves.
The amount of warning depends on the delay between the arrival of the P wave and other destructive waves, generally on the order o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemical WorkBench has an extensive library of physicochemical models:
*Thermodynamic Models
*Gas-Phase Kinetic Models
*Flame model
*Heterogeneous Kinetic Models
*Non-Equilibrium Plasma Models
*Detonation and Aerodynamic Models
*Membrane Separation Models
*Mechanism Analysis and Reduction | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Simple modelling will enable many properties of fully developed, turbulent plumes to be investigated. Many of the classic scaling arguments were developed in a combined analytic and laboratory study described in an influential paper by Bruce Morton, G.I. Taylor and Stewart Turner and this and subsequent work is describ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Redox buffers were developed in part to control oxygen fugacities in laboratory experiments to investigate mineral stabilities and rock histories. Each of the curves plotted in the fugacity-temperature diagram is for an oxidation reaction occurring in a buffer. These redox buffers are listed here in order of decreasing... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The adapters that annealed successfully are extended and synthesized by a DNA polymerase to complete a double-stranded adapter containing complementary tags (Figure 1). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the flow of compressible fluids such as air, and particularly the high-speed flow of compressible fluids, (the dynamic pressure) is no longer an accurate measure of the difference between stagnation pressure and static pressure. Also, the familiar relationship that stagnation pressure is equal to total pressure do... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1855 he was a lecturer on chemistry and natural science at Scotch College, having been engaged for the position before leaving Scotland.
In 1857 he was awarded an MD ad eundem from the University of Melbourne in acknowledgment of his MD from the University of Glasgow.
In 1857-1858 he also taught at Geelong Church of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*ARPES, Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
*UPS, Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
*PES, Photoemission spectroscopy
*ZEKE, Zero electron kinetic energy spectroscopy
*AES, Auger electron spectroscopy
*EDS, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, (EDX or EDXRF)
*PEEM, Photoelectron emission microscopy | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dead time is the time for the solutions to go from the mixing point to the observation point, it is the part of the kinetics which cannot be observed. So the lower the dead time, the more information the user can get. In older instruments this could be of the order of 1 ms, but improvements now allow a dead time of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Specific protein complexes, known as histone-modifying complexes catalyze addition or removal of various chemical elements on histones. These enzymatic modifications include acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination and primarily occur at N-terminal histone tails. Such modifications affect the bindi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Iron export occurs in a variety of cell types, including neurons, red blood cells, macrophages and enterocytes. The latter two are especially important since systemic iron levels depend upon them. There is only one known iron exporter, ferroportin. It transports ferrous iron out of the cell, generally aided by cerulopl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After starting her career in pharmacy, she went on to study radioactivity at the Sorbonne and work in Marie Curies laboratory from 1907 to 1912. At the Curie Institute, Gleditsch performed a technique called fractional crystallisations', which purified radium. The work, which was highly specialized and few could comple... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The main fuel stored in the bodies of animals is fat. A young adult human's fat stores average between about , but varies greatly depending on age, sex, and individual disposition. In contrast, the human body stores only about of glycogen, of which is locked inside the skeletal muscles and is unavailable to the body ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ammonia exhibits a quantum tunnelling due to a narrow tunneling barrier, and not due to thermal excitation. Superposition of two states leads to energy level splitting, which is used in ammonia masers. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most pharmaceutical drugs are small molecules which elicit a physiological response by "binding" to enzymes or receptors, causing an increase or decrease in the enzymes ability to function. The binding of a small molecule to a protein is governed by a combination of steric, or spatial considerations, in addition to var... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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