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The photons of a light beam have a characteristic energy, called photon energy, which is proportional to the frequency of the light. In the photoemission process, when an electron within some material absorbs the energy of a photon and acquires more energy than its binding energy, it is likely to be ejected. If the pho... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The idea of a quantum harmonic oscillator and its associated energy can apply to either an atom or a subatomic particle. In ordinary atomic physics, the zero-point energy is the energy associated with the ground state of the system. The professional physics literature tends to measure frequency, as denoted by above, u... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Frohring's father, William, a railroad engineer, was born in Bavaria and immigrated to the United States at 1 years old, while his mother, Martha, was born in Ohio to German emigrants. He was married to the former Gertrude Lewis, and had four children. He died of a heart attack at his home on Munn Road in Newbury, Ohi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydroxylamine is a source of nitric oxide anion via a disproportionation:
: K[Ni(CN)] + 2NHOH + KOH → K[Ni(CN))NO] + NH + 2HO + KCN | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Based on the Maxwellian behavior of the hydrogel and observations of erosion via surface plasmon resonance (SPR), the following data results for 3 common R-PEG types at their specified concentrations:
XKCY denotes X thousand daltons of molecular mass and Y carbon atoms.
These values can give us information on the degre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carnobacterium pleistocenium is a recently discovered bacterium from the arctic part of Alaska. It was found in permafrost, seemingly frozen there for 32,000 years. Melting the ice, however, brought these extremophiles back to life. This is the first case of an organism "coming back to life" from ancient ice. These... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Drying of hydrogels under controlled circumstances may yield xerogels and aerogels. A xerogel is a solid that retains significant porosity (15-50%) with a very small pore size (1–10 nm). In an aerogel, the porosity is somewhat higher and the pores are more than an order of magnitude larger, resulting in an ultra-low-de... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a laminar boundary layer, if the initial disturbance spectrum is nearly infinitesimal and random (with no discrete frequency peaks), the initial instability will occur as two-dimensional Tollmien–Schlichting waves, travelling in the mean flow direction if compressibility is not important. However, three-dimensionali... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Protein synthesis within chloroplasts relies on an RNA polymerase coded by the chloroplasts own genome, which is related to RNA polymerases found in bacteria. Chloroplasts also contain a mysterious second RNA polymerase that is encoded by the plants nuclear genome. The two RNA polymerases may recognize and bind to diff... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bronchodilators, antitussives, mucolytics, decongestants, inhaled and systemic corticosteroids, beta2-adrenergic agonists, anticholinergics, mast cell stabilizers, leukotriene antagonists. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The denaturing of proteins by an aqueous solution containing many types of ions is more complicated as all the ions can act, according to their Hofmeister activity, i.e., a fractional number specifying the position of the ion in the series (given previously) in terms of its relative efficiency in denaturing a reference... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Beta radiation consists of particles (high-speed electrons) given off by some fallout. Most beta particles cannot penetrate more than about of air or about of water, wood, or human body tissue; or a sheet of aluminum foil. Avoiding direct exposure with fallout particles will prevent most injuries from beta radiation.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The thermodynamic equilibrium constant, K, for the equilibrium
can be defined as
where {ML} is the activity of the chemical species ML etc. K is dimensionless since activity is dimensionless. Activities of the products are placed in the numerator, activities of the reactants are placed in the denominator. See activity ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are a number of software tools that can directly compute elasticities and control coefficients:
* COPASI (GUI)
* PySCeS (Python)
* SBW (GUI)
* libroadrunner (Python)
* VCell | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Abundances of a particular isotope in a substance are usually given relative to some reference material, as a delta in parts per thousand (‰) from the reference. For example, the ratio of deuterium (H) to hydrogen-1 in a substance x may be given as
where denotes the absolute concentration in x.
In 1961, pursuing a sta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A multidimensional population translation experiment was utilized to determine the detection limits of an ARS device, Populations with small multidimensional separation, in this case aspirin and ibuprofen, were used to determine that tablets with a 0.08 mm difference in thickness, 0.0046 g mass difference, and a differ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The logarithmic law of the wall is a self similar solution for the mean velocity parallel to the wall, and is valid for flows at high Reynolds numbers — in an overlap region with approximately constant shear stress and far enough from the wall for (direct) viscous effects to be negligible:
: with and
where
Fro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In spectroscopy, an isosbestic point is a specific wavelength, wavenumber or frequency at which the total absorbance of a sample does not change during a chemical reaction or a physical change of the sample. The word derives from two Greek words: "iso", meaning "equal", and "sbestos", meaning "extinguishable". | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nuclei are bound together by the residual strong force (nuclear force). The residual strong force is a minor residuum of the strong interaction which binds quarks together to form protons and neutrons. This force is much weaker between neutrons and protons because it is mostly neutralized within them, in the same way t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The alpha effect refers to the increased nucleophilicity of an atom due to the presence of an adjacent (alpha) atom with lone pair electrons. This first atom does not necessarily exhibit increased basicity compared with a similar atom without an adjacent electron-donating atom, resulting in a deviation from the classic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When a crystal is composed of crystallites with varying lattice orientation, topographic contrast arises: In plane-wave topography, only selected crystallites will be in diffracting position, thus yielding diffracted intensity only in some parts of the image. Upon sample rotation, these will disappear, and other crysta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sensitizers absorb light to give redox-active excited states. For many metal-based sensitizers, excitation is realized as a metal-to-ligand charge transfer, whereby an electron moves from the metal (e.g., a d orbital) to an orbital localized on the ligands (e.g. the π* orbital of an aromatic ligand). The initial excit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aerosol partitioning theory governs condensation on and evaporation from an aerosol surface, respectively. Condensation of mass causes the mode of the particle-size distributions of the aerosol to increase; conversely, evaporation causes the mode to decrease. Nucleation is the process of forming aerosol mass from the c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Saturated vapor pressure, <br>
Actual vapor pressure,
: here e[T] is vapor pressure as a function of temperature, T.
::T = the dewpoint temperature at which water condenses.
::T = the temperature of a wet thermometer bulb from which water can evaporate to air.
::T = the temperature of a dry thermometer bulb in air. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Exposure to pyridine would normally lead to its inhalation and absorption in the lungs and gastrointestinal tract, where it either remains unchanged or is metabolized. The major products of pyridine metabolism are N-methylpyridiniumhydroxide, which are formed by N-methyltransferases (e.g., pyridine N-methyltransferase)... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfate may be rapidly and easily titrated thermometrically using standard solutions of Ba as titrant. Industrially, the procedure has been applied to the determination of sulfate in brine (including electrolysis brines), in nickel refining solutions and particularly for sulfate in wet process phosphoric acid, where it... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Typical therapeutic doses of I-131 are between 2220 and 7400 megabecquerels (MBq). Because of this high radioactivity and because the exposure of stomach tissue to beta radiation would be high near an undissolved capsule, I-131 is sometimes administered to human patients in a small amount of liquid. Administration of t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Again, define and to be conjugate pairs, and the to be the natural variables of some potential . We may take the "cross differentials" of the state equations, which obey the following relationship:
From these we get the Maxwell relations. There will be of them for each potential giving a total of equations in al... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Commercially available salts thiamine chloride and thiamine nitrate are produced at scales of thousands of tons annually by chemistry-based manufacturing processes in Europe and Asia. These salts are supplied for formulations for supplementation of human diet and as feed additives for cattle, swine, poultry and fish.
R... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While several experiments yielded negative results, in the 1980s, John Goodkind discovered the first anomaly in a solid by using ultrasound. Inspired by his observation, in 2004 Eun-Seong Kim and Moses Chan at Pennsylvania State University saw phenomena which were interpreted as supersolid behavior. Specifically, they ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Inosine monophosphate is synthesized on a pre-existing ribose-phosphate through a complex pathway (as shown in the figure on the right). The source of the carbon and nitrogen atoms of the purine ring, 5 and 4 respectively, come from multiple sources. The amino acid glycine contributes all its carbon (2) and nitrogen (1... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The MEMO model (version 6.2) is a Eulerian non-hydrostatic prognostic mesoscale model for wind-flow simulation. It was developed by the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in collaboration with the Universität Karlsruhe. The MEMO Model together with the photochemical dispersion model MARS are the two core models of th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Peroxins (or peroxisomal/peroxisome biogenesis factors) represent several protein families found in peroxisomes. Deficiencies are associated with several peroxisomal disorders. Peroxins serve several functions including the recognition of cytoplasmic proteins that contain peroxisomal targeting signals (PTS) that tag th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Practically speaking, diverse methods may be used to reference chemical shifts in an NMR experiment, which can be subdivided into indirect and direct referencing methods. Indirect referencing uses a channel other than the one of interest to adjust chemical shift scale correctly, i.e. the solvent signal in the deuterium... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Until recently, the antibacterial activity of essential oils has been primarily evaluated through direct contact methods between the pathogen and the antimicrobial agent through diffusion and dilution methods, however the role of essential oils in the vapour phase as antimicrobial agents is gaining increasing significa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In acid catalysis and base catalysis, a chemical reaction is catalyzed by an acid or a base. By Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, the acid is the proton (hydrogen ion, H) donor and the base is the proton acceptor. Typical reactions catalyzed by proton transfer are esterifications and aldol reactions. In these reactions,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Vorobiev E., Lebovka N., (2008). Electrotechnologies for Extraction from Food Plants and Biomaterials, . | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Assuming a three-dimensional Bravais lattice and labelling each lattice vector (a vector indicating a lattice point) by the subscript as 3-tuple of integers,
: where
where is the set of integers and is a primitive translation vector or shortly primitive vector. Taking a function where is a position vector from th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Single stranded breaks (SSBs) can severely threaten genetic stability and cell survival if not quickly and properly repaired, so cells have developed fast and efficient SSB repair (SSBR) mechanisms. While global SSBR systems extract SSBs throughout the genome and during interphase, S-phase specific SSBR processes work ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Following hit confirmation, several compound clusters will be chosen according to their characteristics in the previously defined tests. An Ideal compound cluster will contain members that possess:
* high affinity towards the target (less than 1 μM)
* selectivity versus other targets
* significant efficacy in a cellula... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
All atoms that are not carbon or hydrogen are signified by their chemical symbol, for instance Cl for chlorine, O for oxygen, Na for sodium, and so forth. In the context of organic chemistry, these atoms are commonly known as heteroatoms (the prefix hetero- comes from Greek ἕτερος héteros, meaning "other").
Any hydroge... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Özergin completed a B.S. (1987) and M.S. (1989) in chemical engineering at Boğaziçi University. She earned a Ph.D. in chemical engineering at University of Manchester in 1992. Özergin researched Streptomyces coelicolor antibiotic production and bioreactors. Her dissertation was titled Study of antibiotic synthesis by f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pheromones are used in the detection of oestrus in sows. Boar pheromones are sprayed into the sty, and those sows that exhibit sexual arousal are known to be currently available for breeding. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After the molecules travel the length of the column, pass through the transfer line and enter into the mass spectrometer they are ionized by various methods with typically only one method being used at any given time. Once the sample is fragmented it will then be detected, usually by an electron multiplier, which essen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Beauty standards varied by tribes. Cosmetics was typically describing an individuals social class. These tribes tend to have the product on their bodies in addition to their face. In Colombia, cosmetic products used oil or petroleum with various colors for the face and vermillion for the body. More color indicates the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Keblinski et al. had named four main possible mechanisms for the anomalous increase in nanofluids heat transfer which are : | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nucleotide (abbreviated "nt") is a common unit of length for single-stranded nucleic acids, similar to how base pair is a unit of length for double-stranded nucleic acids. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Relatively effective polymer solar cells are built by thermal annealing of caesium carbonate. Caesium carbonate increases the energy effectiveness of the power conversion of solar cells and enhances the life times of the equipment. The studies done on UPS and XPS reveal that the system will do less work due to the ther... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The elongation phase starts once assembly of the elongation complex has been completed, and progresses until a termination sequence is encountered. The post-initiation movement of RNA polymerase is the target of another class of important regulatory mechanisms. For example, the transcriptional activator Tat affects elo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Molecular Imaging and Biology (Editor-in-Chief)
* Journal of Nuclear Medicine (Associate Editor)
* ACS Bioconjugate Chemistry (Editorial Advisory Board)
* Nuclear Medicine and Biology (Associate Editor-in-Chief) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While this polymerization technique did not typically gain fame and popularity until 2010, it was also reported by Aso and Tagami in 1969. In general, LAP involves the usage of a strong nucleophile to initiate polymerization in addition to the employment of an electrophile as a terminator to endcap the polymer chain. I... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In beads-based extraction, addition of a mixture containing magnetic beads commonly made of iron ions binds to plasmid DNA, separating them from unwanted compounds by a magnetic rod or stand. The plasmid-bound beads are then released by removal of the magnetic field and extracted in an elution solution for down-stream... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Fluorosulfonic acid, FSOOH, is a related strong acid with a diminished tendency to evolve hydrogen fluoride.
*Bromosulfonic acid, BrSOOH, is unstable, decomposing at its melting point of 8 °C to give bromine, sulfur dioxide, and sulfuric acid.
*Iodosulfonic acid is not known to occur. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sodium hydroxide is used to detect the presence of flavonoids. About 5 mg of a compound is dissolved in water, warmed, and filtered. 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide is added to 2 ml of this solution. This produces a yellow coloration. A change in color from yellow to colorless on addition of dilute hydrochloric acid is an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A way to identify aglycone is proposed to extract it from Agave spp. by using H-NMR and Heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) experiments. The HMBC experiment can be combined with other techniques such as mass spectrometry to further examine the structure and the function of aglycone.
Samples of glycones and g... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cyclobutadiene is a classic textbook example of an antiaromatic compound. It is conventionally understood to be planar, cyclic, and have 4 π electrons (4n for n=1) in a conjugated system.
However, it has long been questioned if cyclobutadiene is genuinely antiaromatic and recent discoveries have suggested that it may n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As with any material implanted in the body, it is important to minimize or eliminate foreign body response and maximize effectual integration. Neural implants have the potential to increase the quality of life for patients with such disabilities as Alzheimers, Parkinsons, epilepsy, depression, and migraines. With the c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
HNMT is a cytoplasmic protein, meaning that it operates within the cytoplasm of a cell. The cytoplasm fills the space between the outer cell membrane (also known as the cellular plasma membrane) and the nuclear membrane (which surrounds the cell's nucleus). HNMT helps regulate histamine levels by degrading histamine wi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Kroll process is a pyrometallurgical industrial process used to produce metallic titanium from titanium tetrachloride. The Kroll process replaced the Hunter process for almost all commercial production. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The most promising results come from recellularized rat hearts. After only 8 days of maturation, the heart models were stimulated with an electrical signal to provide pacing. The heart models showed a unified contraction with a force equivalent to ~2% of a normal rat heart or ~25% of that of a 16-week-old human heart.
... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
General scenario The Le Chatelier–Braun principle analyzes the qualitative behaviour of a thermodynamic system when a particular one of its externally controlled state variables, say changes by an amount the driving change, causing a change the response of prime interest, in its conjugate state variable all other e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The structure has full tetrahedral symmetry and is composed of one heteroatom surrounded by four oxygen atoms to form a tetrahedron. The heteroatom is located centrally and caged by 12 octahedral units linked to one another by the neighboring oxygen atoms. There are a total of 24 bridging oxygen atoms that link the 12... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consider a system of localized, non-interacting absorbing centers. Based on the semi-classical radiation absorption theory within the electric dipole approximation, the electric vector of the circularly polarized waves propagates along the +z direction. In this system, is the angular frequency, and = n – ik is the co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Precession electron diffraction (PED), invented by Roger Vincent and Paul Midgley in 1994, is a method to collect electron diffraction patterns in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The technique involves rotating (precessing) a tilted incident electron beam around the central axis of the microscope, compensatin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reoxygenating the system water is a crucial part to obtaining high production densities. Fish require oxygen to metabolize food and grow, as do bacteria communities in the biofilter. Dissolved oxygen levels can be increased through two methods, aeration and oxygenation. In aeration air is pumped through an air stone or... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Diazirines are widely used in receptor labeling studies. This is because diazirine-containing analogs of various ligands can be synthesized and incubated with their respective receptors, and then subsequently exposed to light to produce reactive carbenes. The carbene will covalently bond to residues in the binding site... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The carbonation step is characterized by a fast initial reaction rate abruptly followed by a slow reaction rate (Figure 2). The carrying capacity of the sorbent is defined as the number of moles of CO reacted in the period of fast reaction rate with respect to that of the reaction stoichiometry for complete conversion... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane is a non-flammable gas used primarily as a "high-temperature" refrigerant for domestic refrigeration and automobile air conditioners. These devices began using 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane in the early 1990s as a replacement for the more environmentally harmful R-12. Retrofit kits are available... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lead(II) azide is an inorganic compound. More so than other azides, it is explosive. It is used in detonators to initiate secondary explosives. In a commercially usable form, it is a white to buff powder. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Exothermic refers to a transformation in which a closed system releases energy (heat) to the surroundings, expressed by
When the transformation occurs at constant pressure and without exchange of electrical energy, heat is equal to the enthalpy change, i.e.
while at constant volume, according to the first law of therm... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The structural changes that occur during 72-hour hypothermic storage of previously uninjured kidneys have been described by Mackay who showed how there was progressive vacuolation of the cytoplasm of the cells which particularly affected the proximal tubules. On electron microscopy the mitochondria were seen to become ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Irving–Williams series refers to the relative stabilities of complexes formed by transition metals. In 1953 Harry Irving and Robert Williams observed that the stability of complexes formed by divalent first-row transition metal ions generally increase across the period to a maximum stability at copper: Mn(II) < Fe(... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Palladacycles with ring-sizes range from 3 to 10 have been synthesized and characterized, whereas only 5-/6-membered ones are commonly used. Palladacycles of 3-/4-/>6-membered ring-sizes are usually unstable due to their ring strains. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In his 1960 novel Trouble with Lichen, John Wyndham gives the name Lichenin to a biochemical extract of lichen used to extend life expectancy beyond 300 years. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In geophysics, a common assumption is that the rock formations of the crust are locally polar anisotropic (transversely isotropic); this is the simplest case of geophysical interest. Backus upscaling is often used to determine the effective transversely isotropic elastic constants of layered media for long wavelength ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The bead test is a traditional part of qualitative inorganic analysis to test for the presence of certain metals. The oldest one is the borax bead test or blister test. It was introduced by Berzelius in 1812. Since then other salts were used as fluxing agents, such as sodium carbonate or sodium fluoride. The most impor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In general, when scientists determine the amount of a substance that may be hazardous for humans, animals and/or the environment they determine the amount of the substance likely to trigger effects and if possible establish a safe level. In Europe, the European Food Safety Authority produced risk assessments for more t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Before choosing a formula it is worth knowing that in the paper on the Moody chart, Moody stated the accuracy is about ±5% for smooth pipes and ±10% for rough pipes. If more than one formula is applicable in the flow regime under consideration, the choice of formula may be influenced by one or more of the following:
*R... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Generally, levosalbutamol is well tolerated. Common mild side-effects include an elevated heart rate, muscle cramps, and gastric upset (including heartburn and diarrhea).
Symptoms of overdose in particular include: collapse into a seizure; chest pain (possible precursor of a heart attack); fast, pounding heartbeat, whi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Au/MCr2O4 (M = Co, Mn, Fe) catalysts in the oxidations of CO, C2, and C3 hydrocarbons (Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis, 2012, v105, pp69–78).
* Oxidation of CO and propane on Pt-Au/Al2O3 catalysts (Polish Journal of Chemistry, 2008, v82, pp1991-1997).
* Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Isobutane on VOx/oxide ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diffusion-type cloud chambers will be discussed here. A simple cloud chamber consists of the sealed environment, a warm top plate and a cold bottom plate (See Fig. 3). It requires a source of liquid alcohol at the warm side of the chamber where the liquid evaporates, forming a vapor that cools as it falls through the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Each POCIS disk will sample a certain volume of water per day. The volume of water sampled varies from chemical to chemical and is dependent on the physical and chemical properties of the compound as well as the duration of sampling. The sampling rate of POCIS can vary with changes in the water flow, turbulence, temper... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Epitaxy is used in nanotechnology and in semiconductor fabrication. Indeed, epitaxy is the only affordable method of high quality crystal growth for many semiconductor materials. In surface science, epitaxy is used to create and study monolayer and multilayer films of adsorbed organic molecules on single crystalline su... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Homologous series are not unique to organic chemistry. Titanium, vanadium, and molybdenum oxides all form homologous series (e.g. VO for 2 H (with n up to 8) that are analogous to the alkanes, CH. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Quinapril inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme, an enzyme which catalyses the formation of angiotensin II from its precursor, angiotensin I. Angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictor and increases blood pressure through a variety of mechanisms. Due to reduced angiotensin production, plasma concentrations of aldost... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cloning, or more precisely, the reconstruction of functional DNA from extinct species has, for decades, been a dream. Possible implications of this were dramatized in the 1984 novel Carnosaur and the 1990 novel Jurassic Park. The best current cloning techniques have an average success rate of 9.4 percent (and as high a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The energy of a nucleon in a nucleus is its rest mass energy minus a binding energy. In addition to this, there is an energy due to degeneracy: for instance, a nucleon with energy E will be forced to a higher energy E if all the lower energy states are filled. This is because nucleons are fermions and obey Fermi–Dirac ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The thorium fuel cycle is a nuclear fuel cycle that uses an isotope of thorium, , as the fertile material. In the reactor, is transmuted into the fissile artificial uranium isotope which is the nuclear fuel. Unlike natural uranium, natural thorium contains only trace amounts of fissile material (such as ), which are ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Single photon detector used in time-domain diffuse optics require not only a high photon detection efficiency in the wavelength range of optical window, but also a large active area as well as large numerical aperture (N.A.) to maximize the overall light collection efficiency. They also require narrow timing response a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mucoadhesion describes the attractive forces between a biological material and mucus or mucous membrane. Mucous membranes adhere to epithelial surfaces such as the gastrointestinal tract (GI-tract), the vagina, the lung, the eye, etc. They are generally hydrophilic as they contain many hydrogen macromolecules due to th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The activated sludge process was discovered in 1913 in the United Kingdom by two engineers, Edward Ardern and W.T. Lockett, who were conducting research for the Manchester Corporation Rivers Department at Davyhulme Sewage Works. In 1912, Gilbert Fowler, a scientist at the University of Manchester, observed experiments ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It had long been thought that the sigma factor obligatorily leaves the core enzyme once it has initiated transcription, allowing it to link to another core enzyme and initiate transcription at another site. Thus, the sigma factor would cycle from one core to another.
However, fluorescence resonance energy transfer was ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Asakura and Oosawa described the second case as consisting of two plates in a solution of rod like macromolecules. The rod like macromolecules are described as having a length, , where , the area of the plates. As the length of the rods increases, the concentration of the rods between the plates is decreased as it beco... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Multiphoton excitation is a way of focusing the viewing plane of the microscope by taking advantage of the phenomenon where two simultaneous low energy photons are absorbed by a fluorescent moiety which normally absorbs one photon with double their individual energy: say two NIR photons (800 nm) to excite a UV dye (400... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aza Paternò−Büchi reaction involves an ππ* excited state of alkene reacting with a ground state imine. This strategy was developed by the laboratory Sivaguru and co-workers to overcome the shortcomings involving direct excitation of imines. Traditionally addition of excited imines to carbon-carbon double bonds involves... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Known generalisations include monomers with an arbitrary number of functional group types, crosslinking polymerisation, and complex reaction networks. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Physicists overwhelmingly reject any possibility that the zero-point energy field can be exploited to obtain useful energy (work) or uncompensated momentum; such efforts are seen as tantamount to perpetual motion machines.
Nevertheless, the allure of free energy has motivated such research, usually falling in the categ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Crop rotation can help restore tilth in compacted soils. Two processes contribute to this gain. First, accelerated organic matter decomposition from tillage ends under the sod crop. Another way to achieve this is via no-till farming. Second, grass and legume sods develop extensive root systems that continually grow and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In their first paper, Guldberg and Waage suggested that in a reaction such as
the "chemical affinity" or "reaction force" between A and B did not just depend on the chemical nature of the reactants, as had previously been supposed, but also depended on the amount of each reactant in a reaction mixture. Thus the law o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The total synthesis of bottromycin was accomplished in 2009. The synthesis was achieved in 17 steps. Although bottromycin is a peptide-based natural product, it contains an unusual macrocycle and thiazole heterocycle, so that the total synthesis could not be accomplished using traditional solid-phase peptide synthesis.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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