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The step → P680 is performed by an imperfectly understood structure embedded within PSII called the water-splitting complex or oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). It catalyzes a reaction that splits water into electrons, protons and oxygen,
using energy from P680. The actual steps of the above reaction possibly occur in th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A-values provide another measure of the bulk of substituents. A-values are derived from equilibrium measurements of monosubstituted cyclohexanes. The extent that a substituent favors the equatorial position gives a measure of its bulk. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nanorobots have the potential to transform drug delivery processes and biological computing. Llopis-Lorente and co. developed a nanorobot that can perform logic operations and process information on glucose and urea. Thubagere and coworkers designed a DNA molecular nanorobot capable of sorting chemical cargo. The syste... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The enzyme cytochrome c oxidase or Complex IV, (was , now reclassified as a translocase [https://www.enzyme-database.org/query.php?name=EC+7.1.1.9&search=search_all&display=show_all&order=ec_num&nr=50 EC 7.1.1.9]) is a large transmembrane protein complex found in bacteria, archaea, and the mitochondria of eukaryotes.
I... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Eulerian approach to turbulent diffusion focuses on an infinitesimal volume at a specific space and time in a fixed frame of reference, at which physical properties such as mass, momentum, and temperature are measured. The model is useful because Eulerian statistics are consistently measurable and offer great appli... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In order to celebrate its centenary, in 2022 the Institution produced a website with short articles about historic matters in the history of chemical engineering and of the IChemE and to host videos and webinars during the year. [https://www.chemengevolution.org/ ChemEng Evolution] | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polyphenols of several classes are widespread in plants, including anthocyanins, phytoestrogens, and tannins. Polyphenols are secondary metabolites produced by almost every part of plants, including fruits, flowers, leaves and bark. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Once the gel has set, the comb is removed, leaving wells where DNA samples can be loaded. Loading buffer is mixed with the DNA sample before the mixture is loaded into the wells. The loading buffer contains a dense compound, which may be glycerol, sucrose, or Ficoll, that raises the density of the sample so that the DN... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Baubotanik is a building method in which architectural structures are created through the interaction of technical joints and plant growth. The term entails the practice of designing and building living structures using living plants. In this regard, living and non-living elements are intertwined in such a way that th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In reversed-phase (e.g. aqueous mobile phase) elution, the aqueous phase is used as the mobile phase with a less polar stationary phase. In countercurrent chromatography the same solvent system may be used in either normal or reversed phase mode simply by switching the direction of mobile phase flow through the column. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photostimulation is notable for its temporal precision, which may be used to obtain an accurate starting time of activation of caged effectors. In conjunction with caged inhibitors, the role of biomolecules at specific timepoints in an organism's lifecycle may be studied. A caged inhibitor of N-ethylmaleimide sensitiv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Previously a chart recorder and more recently a data logger or personal computer records the detector output as a function of time so that each sample output appears as a peak whose height depends on the analyte level in the sample. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the original paper Ginzburg and Landau observed the existence of two types of superconductors depending
on the energy of the interface between the normal and superconducting states. The Meissner state breaks down when the applied magnetic field is too large. Superconductors can be divided into two classes according... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Golden Gate assembly protocol was defined by Engler et al. 2008 to define a DNA assembly method that would give a final construct without a scar sequence, while also lacking the original restriction sites. This allows the protein to be expressed without containing unwanted protein sequences which could negatively a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Urea can be irritating to skin, eyes, and the respiratory tract. Repeated or prolonged contact with urea in fertilizer form on the skin may cause dermatitis.
High concentrations in the blood can be damaging. Ingestion of low concentrations of urea, such as are found in typical human urine, are not dangerous with additi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* H. J. M. Bowen, Trace Elements in Biochemistry. Academic Press, 1966.
* H. J. M. Bowen, Properties of Solids and their Structures. McGraw-Hill, 1967.
* H. J. M. Bowen, Environmental Chemistry of the Elements. Academic Press, 1979. . | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When a chemical reactor is being brought into operation, the concentrations, temperatures, species compositions, and reaction rates are changing with time until operation reaches its nominal process variables. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some of the applications of multiplex PCR include:
# Pathogen Identification
# High Throughput SNP Genotyping
# Mutation Analysis
# Gene Deletion Analysis
# Template Quantitation
# Linkage Analysis
# RNA Detection
# Forensic Studies
# Diet Analysis | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ADP/ATP translocase transports ATP synthesized from oxidative phosphorylation into the cytoplasm, where it can be used as the principal energy currency of the cell to power thermodynamically unfavorable reactions. After the consequent hydrolysis of ATP into ADP, ADP is transported back into the mitochondrial matrix, wh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Primer pheromones trigger a change of developmental events (in which they differ from all the other pheromones, which trigger a change in behavior). They were first described in Schistocerca gregaria by Maud Norris in 1954. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In free radical polymerization, branching occurs when a chain curls back and bonds to an earlier part of the chain. When this curl breaks, it leaves small chains sprouting from the main carbon backbone. Branched carbon chains cannot line up as close to each other as unbranched chains can. This causes less contact betwe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A trickling filter is a type of wastewater treatment system. It consists of a fixed bed of rocks, coke, gravel, slag, polyurethane foam, sphagnum peat moss, ceramic, or plastic media over which sewage or other wastewater flows downward and causes a layer of microbial slime (biofilm) to grow, covering the bed of media.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nines are used in a similar manner to describe computer system availability. In this context, a "one nine" (90%) uptime indicates a system that is available 90% of the time or, as is more commonly described, unavailable 10% of the time – about 72 hours per month. A "five nines" (99.999%) uptime describes a system that ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The sclerometer, also known as the Turner-sclerometer (from meaning "hard"), is an instrument used by metallurgists, material scientists and mineralogists to measure the scratch hardness of materials. It was invented in 1896 by Thomas Turner (1861–1951), the first Professor of metallurgy in Britain, at the University ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* 999.99—five nines fine: The purest silver ever produced. This was achieved by the Royal Silver Company of Bolivia.
* 999.9—four nines fine: ultra-fine silver used by the Royal Canadian Mint for their Silver Maple Leaf and other silver coins
* 999—fine silver or three nines fine: used in Good Delivery bullion bars and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A spiropyran is a 2H-pyran isomer that has the hydrogen atom at position two replaced by a second ring system linked to the carbon atom at position two of the pyran molecule in a spiro way. So there is a carbon atom which is common on both rings, the pyran ring and the replaced ring. The second ring, the replaced one, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Researchers in structural geology are concerned with the orientations of planes and lines for a number of reasons. The foliation of a rock is a planar feature that often contains a linear feature called lineation. Similarly, a fault plane is a planar feature that may contain linear features such as slickensides.
These ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gastrointestinal symptoms are the most common side effects of potassium supplements, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea. Taking potassium with meals or taking a microencapsulated form of potassium may reduce gastrointestinal side effects.
Hyperkalemia is the most serious adverse reaction ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Proteins are also known to contain [FeS] centres, which feature one iron less than the more common [FeS] cores. Three sulfide ions bridge two iron ions each, while the fourth sulfide bridges three iron ions. Their formal oxidation states may vary from [FeS] (all-Fe form) to [FeS] (all-Fe form). In a number of iron–sulf... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Agriculture-
Gravity separation tables are used for the removal of impurities, admixture, insect damage and immature kernels from the following examples: wheat, barley, oilseed rape, peas, beans, cocoa beans, linseed. They can be used to separate and standardize coffee beans, cocoa beans, peanuts, corn, peas, rice, whe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In biochemistry, the hydrophobic effect can be used to separate mixtures of proteins based on their hydrophobicity. Column chromatography with a hydrophobic stationary phase such as phenyl-sepharose will cause more hydrophobic proteins to travel more slowly, while less hydrophobic ones elute from the column sooner. To ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Methylotrophs use the electron transport chain to conserve energy produced from the oxidation of compounds. An additional activation step is required in methanotrophic metabolism to allow degradation of chemically-stable methane. This oxidation to methanol is catalyzed by MMO, which incorporates one oxygen atom from ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In A. thaliana, the main feedback loop is proposed to involve a transcriptional regulation between several proteins. The three main components of this loop are TOC1 (also known as PRR1), CCA1 and LHY. Each individual component peaks in transcriptions at different times of day. PRR 9, 7 and 5 each significantly reduce t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For turbulent flow, methods for finding the friction factor include using a diagram, such as the Moody chart, or solving equations such as the Colebrook–White equation (upon which the Moody chart is based), or the Swamee–Jain equation. While the Colebrook–White relation is, in the general case, an iterative method, th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For many years, gene mapping was limited to identifying organisms by traditional phenotypes markers. This included genes that encoded easily observable characteristics such as blood types or seed shapes. The insufficient number of these types of characteristics in several organisms limited the mapping efforts that cou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
N-heterocyclic carbenes are similar to cyanide in reactivity. Like cyanide, they have an unusual chemical ambivalence, which allows them to trigger umpolung in reactions where they are involved. The carbene has six electrons - two each in the carbon-nitrogen single bonds, two in its sp-hybridized orbital, and an empty ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ocean acidification threatens the Great Barrier Reef by reducing the viability and strength of coral reefs. The Great Barrier Reef, considered one of the seven natural wonders of the world and a biodiversity hotspot, is located in Australia. Similar to other coral reefs, it is experiencing degradation due to ocean acid... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Final Phase of the IEAGHG Weyburn-Midale CO Monitoring and Storage Project is utilizing scientific experts from most of the world's leading carbon capture and storage research organizations and universities to further develop and build upon the most scrutinized CO geological storage data set in the world.
The pro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermodynamic work is one of the principal processes by which a thermodynamic system can interact with its surroundings and exchange energy. This exchange results in externally measurable macroscopic forces on the system's surroundings, which can cause mechanical work, to lift a weight, for example, or cause changes in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Amalgamated zinc is prepared by treating zinc metal with a 2% solution of mercury(II) chloride. The metal may be in the granulated form or as shavings, wool, or powder. The amalgam forms on the surface of the zinc. After washing to remove salts, the amalgam is placed in a long glass tube, similar to a chromatography c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Levocetirizine is an antihistamine. It acts as an inverse agonist that decreases activity at histamine H1 receptors. This in turn prevents the release of other allergy chemicals and increases the blood supply to the area, providing relief from the typical symptoms of hay fever. Levocetirizine, (R)-(-)-cetirizine, is es... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Solid materials are formed from densely packed atoms, which interact intensely. These interactions produce the mechanical (e.g. hardness and elasticity), thermal, electrical, magnetic and optical properties of solids. Depending on the material involved and the conditions in which it was formed, the atoms may be arrange... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first pass effect (also known as first-pass metabolism or presystemic metabolism) is a phenomenon of drug metabolism at a specific location in the body which leads to a reduction in the concentration of the active drug before it reaches the site of action or systemic circulation. The effect is most associated with ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ion channels containing calixarenes of ring size 3 and 4 have both been reported. For calix[4]arene, two conformations are accessible, and examples of both 1,3-alt and cone conformation have been developed. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The magnetic Reynolds number has a similar form to both the Péclet number and the Reynolds number. All three can be regarded as giving the ratio of advective to diffusive effects for a particular physical field and have the form of the product of a velocity and a length divided by a diffusivity. While the magnetic Reyn... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In column chromatography a mixture of substances is dissolved in a mobile phase and passed over a stationary phase in a column. A selectivity factor is defined as the ratio of distribution coefficients, which describe the equilibrium distribution of an analyte between the stationary phase and the mobile phase. The sele... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Normative mineralogy is a calculation of the composition of a rock sample that estimates the idealised mineralogy of a rock based on a quantitative chemical analysis according to the principles of geochemistry.
Normative mineral calculations can be achieved via either the CIPW Norm or the Barth-Niggli Norm (also known ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Organoberyllium phosphines are another class of compounds that is used in synthesis. Phosphine donates two electrons into the beryllium center. Phosphines are L-type ligands. Unlike most metal ammine complexes, metal phosphine complexes tend to be lipophilic, displaying good solubility in organic solvents. Phosphine li... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. Disturbances in the normal redox state of cells can cause toxic effects through the production of perox... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chrome Azurol S is a histological dye used in biomedical research.
Chrome Azural S (CAS) is a common spectrophotometric reagent for detection of certain metals like aluminum which can be toxic in excess and can contribute to people with neurodegenerative disorders. CAS is used to provide quantitative and qualitative in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When an object is placed on a liquid, its weight depresses the surface, and if surface tension and downward force become equal then it is balanced by the surface tension forces on either side , which are each parallel to the waters surface at the points where it contacts the object. Notice that small movement in the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most common way to measure surface energy is through contact angle experiments. In this method, the contact angle of the surface is measured with several liquids, usually water and diiodomethane. Based on the contact angle results and knowing the surface tension of the liquids, the surface energy can be calculated.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is far more difficult to produce a fermionic superfluid than a bosonic one, because the Pauli exclusion principle prohibits fermions from occupying the same quantum state. However, there is a well-known mechanism by which a superfluid may be formed from fermions: That mechanism is the BCS transition, discovered in 1... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Corpuscularianism is similar to the theory of atomism, except that where atoms were supposed to be indivisible, corpuscles could in principle be divided. In this manner, for example, it was theorized that mercury could penetrate into metals and modify their inner structure, a step on the way towards the production of g... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Eyring equation (occasionally also known as Eyring–Polanyi equation) is an equation used in chemical kinetics to describe changes in the rate of a chemical reaction against temperature. It was developed almost simultaneously in 1935 by Henry Eyring, Meredith Gwynne Evans and Michael Polanyi. The equation follows fr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bubbling through algal cultivation systems can greatly increase productivity and yield (up to a saturation point). Typically, about 1.8 tonnes of CO2| will be utilised per tonne of algal biomass (dry) produced, though this varies with algae species. The Glenturret Distillery in Perthshire percolate CO2| made during th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The structure of SAMs is also dependent on the curvature of the substrate. SAMs on nanoparticles, including colloids and nanocrystals, "stabilize the reactive surface of the particle and present organic functional groups at the particle-solvent interface". These organic functional groups are useful for applications, su... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2017, the European Food Safety Authority concluded that betaine was safe "as a novel food to be used at a maximum intake level of 6 mg/kg body weight per day in addition to the intake from the background diet." | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ethyl bromoacetate is listed by the World Health Organization as a riot control agent, and was first employed for that purpose by French police in 1912. The French army used rifle grenades grenades lacrymogènes filled with this gas against the Germans beginning in August 1914, but the weapons were largely ineffective, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
(AD 800/900–1450)
Utilitarian and ceremonial objects; objects of personal adornment
#Amapa, Nayarit
#Apatzingán, Michoacán
#Atoyac, Jalisco
#Cojumatlán, Michoacán
#Coyuca de Catalán, Guerrero
#Culiacán, Sinaloa
#Jiquilpan, Michoacán
#Peñitas, Nayarit
#Río Balsas, Guerrero
#Tancitaro, Michoacán
#Telpalcátepec, Michoacán... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Using mathematical terms, terminal speed—without considering buoyancy effects—is given by
where
* represents terminal velocity,
* is the mass of the falling object,
* is the acceleration due to gravity,
* is the drag coefficient,
* is the density of the fluid through which the object is falling, and
* is the projected ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Uteroglobin, or blastokinin, also known as secretoglobin family 1A member 1 (SCGB1A1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SCGB1A1 gene.
SCGB1A1 is the founding member of the secretoglobin family of small, secreted, disulfide-bridged dimeric proteins found only in mammals. This antiparallel disulfide linked h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The intermolecular oxidations of olefins with alcohols as nucleophile typically generate ketals, where as the palladium-catalyzed oxidations of olefins with carboxylic acids as nucleophile generates vinylic or allylic carboxylates. In case of diols, their reactions with alkenes typically generate ketals, whereas reacti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During heat treating, a blacksmith causes phase changes in the iron-carbon system to control the material's mechanical properties, often using the annealing, quenching, and tempering processes. In this context, the color of light, or "blackbody radiation", emitted by the workpiece is an approximate gauge of temperature... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Peters died from hospital-acquired COVID-19 on April 13, 2020, four days before his 83rd birthday. He contracted the virus while in a Bloomington hospital recovering from a fall.
Peters name was included in the May 2020 New York Times tribute U.S. Deaths Near 100,000, An Incalculable Loss to the 100,000 Americans who ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Internal liners can be used to either protect the metallic bellows from erosion or reduce turbulence across the bellows. They must be used when purge connectors are included in the design. In order to provide enough clearance in the liner design, appropriate lateral and angular movements must be specified by the design... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tertiary phosphines are often used as ligands in coordination chemistry. The binding of phosphines bind to metals, which serve as Lewis acids. For example, silver chloride reacts with triphenylphosphine to 1;1 and 1:2 complexes:
:PPh + AgCl → ClAgPPh
:PPh + ClAgPPh → ClAg(PPh)
The adducts formed from phosphines and bor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The lime stones selected were those that had the least amount of impurities within them. Limepits were almost always built near the supply of limestone, and a sufficient pile of wood kindling was heaped in great store before the actual burning process began, a supply that was to last between 3 and 7 days of continual b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Toxicants, ionic concentrations, available nutrients, temperature (and light), and dissolved oxygen are key stressors to urban streams. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Water is the medium of the oceans, the medium which carries all the substances and elements involved in the marine biogeochemical cycles.
Water as found in nature almost always includes dissolved substances, so water has been described as the "universal solvent" for its ability to dissolve so many substances. This abi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The M30 Apoptosense® ELISA is a PEVIVA product owned by VLVbio (Nacka, Sweden) and was developed in collaboration with the Karolinska Institute in 2000.
Distributors:
* In the United States and Canada, the Peviva products are distributed by DiaPharma Group, Inc
* In the United Kingdom, the products are distributed by b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photoconductive detection is similar to photoconductive generation. Here, the voltage bias across the antenna leads is generated by the electric field of the THz pulse focused onto the antenna, rather than some external generation. The THz electric field drives current across the antenna leads, which is usually amplifi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Encapsulins serve many physiological functions, including catalysis, mineral storage, response to oxidative stress and secondary metabolism. There are ferritin-like encapsulins as well. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Petite mutants can be generated in the laboratory by using high-efficiency treatments such as acriflavine, ethidium bromide, and other intercalating agents. Their mechanisms work to break down and cause the eventual loss of mitochondrial DNA: if the treatment time increases, the amount of mitochondrial DNA will decreas... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Liquid water is essential for carbon-based life. Chemical bonding of carbon molecules requires liquid water. Water has the chemical property to make compound-solvent pairing. In humans, 55% to 60% of the body is water. Water provides the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Hydration of carbon dioxide is needed in c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermal spraying is a line of sight process and the bond mechanism is primarily mechanical. Thermal spray application is not compatible with the substrate if the area to which it is applied is complex or blocked by other bodies. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR), formerly known as the Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences (German: Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften, IFM-GEOMAR), is a research institute in Kiel, Germany. It was formed in 2004 by merging the Institute for Marine Science (Institut für Meereskund... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transport Phenomena is the first textbook about transport phenomena. It is specifically designed for chemical engineering students. The first edition was published in 1960, two years after having been preliminarily published under the title Notes on Transport Phenomena based on mimeographed notes prepared for a chemic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Daltons atomic theory remained controversial throughout the 19th century. Whilst the Law of definite proportion was accepted, the hypothesis that this was due to atoms was not so widely accepted. For example, in 1826 when Sir Humphry Davy presented Dalton the Royal Medal from the Royal Society, Davy said that the theor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Solid material in wastewater may be dissolved, suspended, or settled. Total dissolved solids or TDS (sometimes called filterable residue) is measured as the mass of residue remaining when a measured volume of filtered water is evaporated. The mass of dried solids remaining on the filter is called total suspended solids... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The discovery of histone acetylation causing changes in transcription activity can be traced back to the work of Vicent Allfrey and colleagues in 1964. The group hypothesized that histone proteins modified by acetyl groups added negative charges to the positive lysines, and thus, reduced the interaction between DNA and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A beta particle, also called beta ray or beta radiation (symbol β), is a high-energy, high-speed electron or positron emitted by the radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus during the process of beta decay. There are two forms of beta decay, β decay and β decay, which produce electrons and positrons respectively.
Beta p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One industrial application is the production of magnesium, which begins with production of magnesium chloride by chlorination of magnesium oxide:
Electrolysis of the resulting molten magnesium chloride is conducted at 700 °C:
Aluminium metal is produced from aluminium oxides by electrolysis of a molten mixture of sodiu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After the explanation of van der Waals forces by Fritz London, several scientists soon realised that his definition could be extended from the interaction of two molecules with induced dipoles to macro-scale objects by summing all of the forces between the molecules in each of the bodies involved. The theory is named a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Laninamivir is approved for the treatment of influenza under the tradename Inavir in Japan but it is still in clinical trial in the USA. Laninamivir is a long acting inhaled drug given as a prodrug (laninamivir octanoate). Laninamivir is given as a single dose and remains active for at least 5 days and up to 7 days. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, a carbazide is a functional group with the general formula RNH-NH(C=O)NH-NHR. They can be derived from the condensation of carbonic acid with a hydrazine. Carbohydrazide is the simplest carbazide, with another common carbazide being diphenylcarbazide, which is used as an analytical reagent.
Diphenylcarbaz... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This method of organ printing uses spatially controlled light or laser to create a 2D pattern that is layered through a selective photopolymerization in the bio-ink reservoir. A 3D structure can then be built in layers using the 2D pattern. Afterwards the bio-ink is removed from the final product. SLA bioprinting allow... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Endoglin has been found to be an auxiliary receptor for the TGF-beta receptor complex. It thus is involved in modulating a response to the binding of TGF-beta1, TGF-beta3, activin-A, BMP-2, BMP-7 and BMP-9. Beside TGF-beta signaling endoglin may have other functions. It has been postulated that endoglin is involved i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Before the development of the silicon microcantilever, gold foil or tungsten wires were used as AFM sensors. A range of designs of quartz crystal resonators have been used, the most famous is the above-mentioned qPlus sensor. A new development which is getting attention is the KolibriSensor, using a length extensional ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
IUPAC defines the temperature programmed chromatography Kovats index equation:
* & retention times of trailing and heading n-alkanes, respectively.
NOTE: TPGC index does depend on temperature program, gas velocity and the column used !
ASTM method D6730 defines the temperature programmed chromatography Kovats index eq... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A cloudburst is an extreme form of production of liquid water from a supersaturated mixture of air and water vapour in the atmosphere. Supersaturation in the vapour phase is related to the surface tension of liquids through the Kelvin equation, the Gibbs–Thomson effect and the Poynting effect.
The International Associa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The burning of octane, CH + / O → 8CO + 9HO has a ΔG° ~ –240 kcal/mol, corresponding to an equilibrium constant of 10, a number so large that it is of no practical significance, since there are only ~5 × 10 molecules in a kilogram of octane. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Yellow H-A or Reactive Yellow 3 has a formula of CHClNOS and a molecular weight of 593 g/mol, containing a monochlorotriazine ring. On agarose as supporting matrix, it was seen to purify cholesteryl ester transfer protein. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metal carbonato and bicarbonate complexes are of no direct commercial importance. Several minerals are metal carbonates, and a few feature molecular carbonate complexes, e.g. hellyerite ([Ni(CO)(HO)]HO.
In the biological sphere, zinc bicarbonate complexes are central intermediates in the action of the carbonic anhydra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
More generally, stereographic projection may be applied to the unit -sphere in ()-dimensional Euclidean space . If is a point of and a hyperplane in , then the stereographic projection of a point is the point of intersection of the line with . In Cartesian coordinates (, from 0 to ) on and (, from 1 to n) on... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Scarlett served on several committees, including as the Chairman of the ISO Committee TC/24- “Methods of Particle Sizing other than Sieving”, Chairman of the Particle Size group of the Royal Society of Chemistry, and Secretary of the Particle Technology Subject group of the Institution of Chemical Engineers. He was a m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In addition, there are 4 other mammalian enzymes named CPA-3 through CPA-6, and none of these are expressed in the pancreas. Instead, these other CPA-like enzymes have diverse functions.
* CPA3 (also known as mast-cell CPA) is involved in the digestion of proteins by mast cells.
* CPA4 (previously known as CPA-3, but... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Jumping libraries or junction-fragment libraries are collections of genomic DNA fragments generated by chromosome jumping. These libraries allow the analysis of large areas of the genome and overcome distance limitations in common cloning techniques.
A jumping library clone is composed of two stretches of DNA that are ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The potential for transcription and translation to regulate each other was recognized by the team of Marshall Nirenberg, who discovered that the processes are physically connected through the formation of a DNA-ribosome complex. As part of the efforts of Nirenbergs group to determine the genetic code that underlies pro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With primary amines, thionyl chloride gives sulfinylamine derivatives (RNSO), one example being N-sulfinylaniline. Thionyl chloride reacts with primary formamides to form isocyanides and with secondary formamides to give chloroiminium ions; as such a reaction with dimethylformamide will form the Vilsmeier reagent.
By a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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