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Constructed wetlands are not designed for pathogen removal, but have been designed to remove other water quality constituents such as suspended solids, organic matter (biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand) and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus).
All types of pathogens are expected to be removed in a co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Diaryl-strained-cyclooctynes including dibenzylcyclooctyne (DIBO) have also been used to react with 1,3-nitrones in strain-promoted alkyne-nitrone cycloadditions (SPANC) to yield N-alkylated isoxazolines.
Because this reaction is metal-free and proceeds with fast kinetics (k2 as fast as 60 1/Ms, faster than both the Cu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another common method of converting between fractional and Cartesian coordinates involves the use of a cell tensor which contains each of the basis vectors of the space expressed in Cartesian coordinates. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metal thiolate complexes are commonly prepared by reactions of metal complexes with thiols (RSH), thiolates (RS), and disulfides (RS). The salt metathesis reaction route is common. In this method, an alkali metal thiolate is treated with a transition metal halide to produce an alkali metal halide and the metal thiolat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To meet the NADPH and ATP demands in the mesophyll and bundle sheath, light needs to be harvested and shared between two distinct electron transfer chains. ATP may be produced in the bundle sheath mainly through cyclic electron flow around Photosystem I, or in the M mainly through linear electron flow depending on the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Paucimannosylation has been extensively studied and documented in insects, nematodes and plants over the past decades. The paucimannosidic proteins are constitutively and broadly expressed across tissues in these organisms under normal physiology. It is widely recognised that paucimannosylation is a central component o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This reaction is a considerable subject area of research with implications for fuel cell design.
Its main utility lies in the removal of carbon monoxide (CO) from the fuel cell's feed gas. CO poisons the catalyst of most low-temperature fuel cells.
Carbon monoxide is often produced as a by-product from steam reforming ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A nested intronic gene lies within the non-coding intronic region of a larger gene, and occurs relatively frequently, especially in the introns of metazoans and higher eukaryotes. Because only eukaryotic DNA contains intronic regions, this type of gene does not occur in bacteria or archaea.
The human genome contains a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The simultaneous carrying out of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is an example of a futile cycle, represented by the following equation:
For example, during glycolysis, fructose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in a reaction catalysed by the enzyme phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK-1).
But during gluconeog... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A multiple hearth furnace also known as a vertical calciner, is used for continuous preparation and calcining of materials. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The pulsatile flow profile changes its shape depending on the Womersley number
For , viscous forces dominate the flow, and the pulse is considered quasi-static with a parabolic profile.
For , the inertial forces are dominant in the central core, whereas viscous forces dominate near the boundary layer. Thus, the velocit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The normal and the bigger alkylcycloalkanes are very stable like alkanes and their reactions (cf. radicalic chain reactions) are like alkanes.
The small alkylcycloalkanes - particularly alkylcyclopropane - has a lower stability due to the Bayer tension. They react similar to alkenes, though they don't react with the EA... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A Pythagorean siphon is composed of 4 chambers with 1 chamber in the center that liquids can escape through. As liquid fills up the 4 chambers, the pressure acting on the liquids remains constant and so the level of liquid in each chamber remains the same. Once the liquid reaches the top of the Pythagorean siphon it be... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Environmental engineers apply scientific and engineering principles to evaluate if there are likely to be any adverse impacts to water quality, air quality, habitat quality, flora and fauna, agricultural capacity, traffic, ecology, and noise. If impacts are expected, they then develop mitigation measures to limit or pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After 125 years of study, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene yielded a second polymorph. The usual form has the space group Pbca, but in 2004, a second polymorph was obtained in the space group Pca2 when the compound was crystallised in the presence of an additive, trisindane. This experiment shows that additives can induce the app... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The phosphatases in the PHLPP family, PHLPP1 and PHLPP2 have been shown to directly dephosphorylate, and therefore inactivate, distinct Akt isoforms, at one of the two critical phosphorylation sites required for activation: Serine473. PHLPP2 dephosphorylates AKT1 and AKT3, whereas PHLPP1 is specific for AKT2 and AKT3.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the late 1800s, working-class women discovered that lead poisoning caused by ingesting diachylon could cause abortion, or, as they described it, "bring on their period." "Diachylon was readily at hand in every working-class home for use on cuts and sores, as a plaster and for drawing milk away after parturition. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The inscription is undated, and contains a eulogy of a king named Candra, whose dynasty it does not mention. The identity of this king, and thus the date of the pillar, has been the subject of much debate. The various viewpoints about the identity of the issuer were assembled and analyzed in a volume edited by M. C. Jo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The number concentration is defined as the number of entities of a constituent in a mixture divided by the volume of the mixture :
The SI unit is 1/m. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bacteria are inoculated on a medium containing sodium citrate and a pH indicator such as bromothymol blue. The medium also contains inorganic ammonium salts, which are utilized as sole source of nitrogen. Use of citrate involves the enzyme citrate lyase, which breaks down citrate to oxaloacetate and acetate. Oxaloacet... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most widely used technique to monitor the dispersion state of a product, and to identify and quantify destabilization phenomena, is multiple light scattering coupled with vertical scanning. This method, known as turbidimetry, is based on measuring the fraction of light that, after being sent through the sample, it ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Suggested in 1919, the centrifugal process was first successfully performed in 1934. American scientist Jesse Beams and his team at the University of Virginia developed the process by separating two chlorine isotopes through a vacuum ultracentrifuge. It was one of the initial isotopic separation means pursued during th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A caesium-137 capsule went missing from a steam power plant in Prachin Buri province, Thailand on 23 February 2023, triggering a search by officials from Thailand's Office of Atoms for Peace (OAP) and the Prachin Buri provincial administration. However, the Thai public was not notified until 14 March.
On 20 March, the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Human proteins containing this domain include:
* ABL1; ABL2
* BCAR3; BLK; BLNK; BMX; BTK
* CHN2; CISH; CRK; CRKL; CSK
* DAPP1
* FER; FES; FGR; FRK; FYN
* GRAP; GRAP2; GRB10; GRB14; GRB2; GRB7
* HCK; HSH2D
* INPP5D; INPPL1; ITK; JAK2; LCK; LCP2; LYN
* MATK; NCK1; NCK2
* PIK3R1; PIK3R2; PIK3R3; PLCG1; PLCG2; PTK6; PTPN1... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It has been shown by Fulda et al. that the naturally occurring compound resveratrol (a polyphenol found in grapes and red wine) can be used as a sensitizer for anticancer drug-induced apoptosis by the action of causing cell cycle arrest. This cell cycle arrest causes a dramatic decline in survivin levels in the cells, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In plants and some algae, another enzyme, RuBisCO activase (Rca, , ), is required to allow the rapid formation of the critical carbamate in the active site of RuBisCO. This is required because ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) binds more strongly to the active sites of RuBisCO when excess carbamate is present, preventin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This parameter is often used in biomechanics, when describing the motion of joints of the body. For any period of time, joint motion can be seen as the movement of a single point on one articulating surface with respect to the adjacent surface (usually distal with respect to proximal). The total translation and rotatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aluminothermic reactions are exothermic chemical reactions using aluminium as the reducing agent at high temperature. The process is industrially useful for production of alloys of iron. The most prominent example is the thermite reaction between iron oxides and aluminium to produce iron itself:
: FeO + 2 Al → 2... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An interesting way of achieving chiral distinction on a CSP is the use of selectors with chiral cavity. These chiral selectors are attached to the stationary phase support material. In this category, there are basically three types of cavity chiral selectors namely cyclodextrins, crown ethers and macrocyclic glycopepti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most biofilters use media such as sand, crushed rock, river gravel, or some form of plastic or ceramic material shaped as small beads and rings. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
New NA inhibitor analogues were synthesized, based on Zanamivir, Oseltamivir and Peramivir, with rational structure-based drug design and can be categorized into four groups. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Currently the most important application is due to the special magnetic properties of some ferromagnetic metallic glasses. The low magnetization loss is used in high efficiency transformers (amorphous metal transformer) at line frequency and some higher frequency transformers. Amorphous steel is a very brittle material... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, a ladder polymer is a type of double stranded polymer with the connectivity of a ladder. In a typical one-dimensional polymer, e.g. polyethylene and polysiloxanes, the monomers form two bonds, giving a chain. In a ladder polymer the monomers are interconnected by four bonds. Inorganic ladder polymers ar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2004, Panek and his co-workers reported an approach which takes advantage of chiral crotylsilane-based C-C bond construction methodology to obtain the absolute stereochemistry of the three subunits of (+)-discodermolide. One of the key features of the Paterson approach is the utilization of hydrozirconation-cross-c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In soil mechanics and petroleum engineering the water saturation or degree of saturation, , is defined as
where is the porosity, in terms of the volume of void or pore space and the total volume of the substance . Values of S can range from 0 (dry) to 1 (saturated). In reality, S never reaches 0 or 1 - these are idea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Other challenges of the cyanosulfidic prebiotic synthesis approach is that the reductant, sulfide, has low solubility in water except in alkaline conditions and the main catalyst, copper, has a relatively low abundance in Earth’s crust. To address these problems, an alternative scheme for prebiotic systems chemistry ca... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Levetiracetam is available as regular and extended release oral formulations and as intravenous formulations.
The immediate release tablet has been available as a generic in the United States since 2008, and in the UK since 2011. The patent for the extended release tablet will expire in 2028.
The branded version Keppra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many metal foam manufacturing techniques are accomplished by the introduction of a gaseous phase into a precursor matrix, which can occur in either molten metal or a powdered metal form. Due to titanium's high melting point (1670 °C) and high chemical affinity with oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen (which dissolve ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The discoverer of the inner sphere mechanism was Henry Taube, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1983 for his pioneering studies. A particularly historic finding is summarized in the abstract of the seminal publication.
)Cl is reduced by Cr in M [meaning 1 M] HClO, 1 Cl appears attached to Cr for each Cr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A wide range of biological changes may follow the irradiation of animals. These vary from rapid death following high doses of penetrating whole-body radiation, to essentially normal lives for a variable period of time until the development of delayed radiation effects, in a portion of the exposed population, following ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SFRS1 is a proto-oncogene, and thus ASF/SF2 can act as an oncoprotein; it can alter the splicing patterns of crucial cell cycle regulatory genes and suppressor genes. ASF/SF2 controls the splicing of various tumor suppressor genes, kinases, and kinase receptors, all of which have the potential to be alternatively splic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Silver(I) forms , a rare example of a tetrahedral aquo complex. Palladium(II) and platinum(II) were once thought to form square planar aquo complexes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A further occurrence of ordered columnar arrangement on the macroscale are foam structures confined inside a glass tube. They can be realised experimentally with equal-sized soap bubbles inside a glass tube, produced by blowing air of constant gas flow through a needle dipped in a surfactant solution. By putting the re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Water supply networks usually represent the majority of assets of a water utility. Systematic documentation of maintenance works using a computerized maintenance management system (CMMS) is a key to a successful operation of a water utility. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It was not until the end of the 18th century that Joseph Priestley accidentally discovered the ability of plants to "restore" air that had been "injured" by the burning of a candle. He followed up on the experiment by showing that air "restored" by vegetation was "not at all inconvenient to a mouse." He was later award... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are many ways in which humans may limit the viability of a potential biosignature. The resolution of a telescope becomes important when vetting certain false-positive mechanisms, and many current telescopes do not have the capabilities to observe at the resolution needed to investigate some of these. In addition,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A common concept in materials science is that, at ambient conditions, smaller features (like grain size or absolute size) generally lead to stronger materials (see Hall-Petch strengthening, Weibull statistics). However, due to the high-level of porosity in the dealloyed materials, their strengths and stiffnesses are re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Active targeting of drug-loaded nanoparticles enhances the effects of passive targeting to make the nanoparticle more specific to a target site. There are several ways that active targeting can be accomplished. One way to actively target solely diseased tissue in the body is to know the nature of a receptor on the cell... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Microfluidic structures include micropneumatic systems, i.e. microsystems for the handling of off-chip fluids (liquid pumps, gas valves, etc.), and microfluidic structures for the on-chip handling of nanoliter (nl) and picoliter (pl) volumes. To date, the most successful commercial application of microfluidics is the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Knot theory which categorises chain entanglements. The usage of knot theory is limited to a small percentage of proteins as most of them are unknot. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lead and LBE coolant are more corrosive to steel than sodium, and this puts an upper limit on the velocity of coolant flow through the reactor due to safety considerations. Furthermore, the higher melting points of lead and LBE (327 °C and 123.5 °C respectively) may mean that solidification of the coolant may be a grea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ionic potential is the ratio of the electrical charge (z) to the radius (r) of an ion.
As such, this ratio is a measure of the charge density at the surface of the ion; usually the denser the charge, the stronger the bond formed by the ion with ions of opposite charge.
The ionic potential gives an indication of how st... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aromatic compounds are subject to electrophilic halogenation:
This kind of reaction typically works well for chlorine and bromine. Often a Lewis acidic catalyst is used, such as ferric chloride. Many detailed procedures are available.
Because fluorine is so reactive, other methods, such as the Balz–Schiemann reaction, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dechelation (or de-chelation) is a reverse process of the chelation in which the chelating agent is recovered by acidifying solution with a mineral acid to form a precipitate. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Temperature in the test section:
with = 330 K: = 70 K at = 4
The velocity range is limited by reservoir temperature | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1920 Armstrong and Hilditch first proposed the associative mechanism. In this mechanism CO and HO are adsorbed onto the surface of the catalyst, followed by formation of an intermediate and the desorption of H and CO. In general, HO dissociates onto the catalyst to yield adsorbed OH and H. The dissociated water reac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Devardas alloy (Copper/Aluminium/Zinc) is a reducing agent. When reacted with nitrate in sodium hydroxide solution, ammonia is liberated. The ammonia formed may be detected by its characteristic odor, and by damp red litmus papers turning blue, signalling that it is an alkali — very few gases other than ammonia e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Contact X-ray brachytherapy (also called "CXB", "electronic brachytherapy" or the "Papillon Technique") is a type of radiation therapy using low energy (50 kVp) kilovoltage X-rays applied directly to the tumor to treat rectal cancer. The process involves edoscopic examination first to identify the tumour in the rectum ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Historically, LSD was distributed not for profit, but because those who made and distributed it truly believed that the psychedelic experience could be beneficial for humanity. A limited number of chemists, probably fewer than a dozen, are believed to have manufactured nearly all of the illicit LSD available in the Uni... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
** Nanotubes synthesized hollow carbon molecules and determined their crystal structure for the first time in the soot of arc discharge at NEC, by Japanese researcher Sumio Iijima.
** August — Nanotubes discovered in CVD by Al Harrington and Tom Maganas of Maganas Industries, leading to development of a method to synth... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Lomagundi-Jatuli event (2,300–2,080 Ma) Paleoproterozoic - Positive excursion
*Shunga-Francevillian event (2,080 Ma) Paleoproterozoic - Negative excursion
*Shuram-Wonoka excursion (570–551 Ma) Neoproterozoic - Negative excursion
*Steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion (494.6-492 Ma) Paleozoic - Positive excursion... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reading et al. have explored the use of a broadband QCL combined with thermal expansion measurements. Above, the inability of thermal broadband sources to achieve high spatial resolution is discussed (see history). In this case the frequency of modulation is limited by the mirror speed of the interferometer which, in t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
On January 29, 2008, the U.S. Department of Energy announced that it would pull its funding for the project, mostly due to higher than expected costs. The move is likely to delay the project as other members seek the additional funds that the DOE was to provide. The sudden concern over cost after an Illinois site was c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electroplating is a common surface-treatment technique. It involves bonding a thin layer of another metal such as gold, silver, chromium or zinc to the surface of the product by hydrolysis. It is used to reduce corrosion, create abrasion resistance and improve the product's aesthetic appearance. Plating can even change... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One way of understanding the carcinogenic effects of benzene is by examining the products of biological oxidation. Pure benzene, for example, oxidizes in the body to produce an epoxide, benzene oxide, which is not excreted readily and can interact with DNA to produce harmful mutations. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Wu theory (after Souheng Wu) is also essentially similar to the Owens/Wendt and Fowkes theories, in that it divides surface energy into a polar and a dispersive component. The primary difference is that Wu uses the harmonic means rather than the geometric means of the known surface tensions, and subsequently the us... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although uncompetitive economically, bitumen can be made from nonpetroleum-based renewable resources such as sugar, molasses and rice, corn and potato starches. Bitumen can also be made from waste material by fractional distillation of used motor oil, which is sometimes otherwise disposed of by burning or dumping into ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or the TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle is an 8-step process that takes the pyruvate generated by glycolysis and generates 4 NADH, FADH2, and GTP, which is further converted to ATP. It is only in step 5, where GTP is generated, by succinyl-CoA synthetase, and then conv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The addition of certain alloying elements, such as manganese and nickel, can stabilize the austenitic structure, facilitating heat-treatment of low-alloy steels. In the extreme case of austenitic stainless steel, much higher alloy content makes this structure stable even at room temperature.
On the other hand, such el... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In mathematics and empirical science, quantification (or quantitation) is the act of counting and measuring that maps human sense observations and experiences into quantities. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* B – magnetic field
* L – characteristic length
* σ – electric conductivity
* U – characteristic velocity scale
* ρ – density
* Ha – Hartmann number
* Re – Reynolds number | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Instead of cloning, adaptors containing the endonuclease sequence are ligated to the ends of fragmented genomic DNA or cDNA. The molecules are then self-circularized and digested with endonuclease, releasing the PET. Before sequencing, these PETs are ligated to adaptors to which PCR primers anneal for amplification.
T... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thallium(III) nitrate, also known as thallic nitrate, is a thallium compound with chemical formula Tl(NO). It is normally found as the trihydrate. It is a colorless and highly toxic salt. It is a strong oxidizing agent useful in organic synthesis. Among its many transformations, it oxidizes methoxyl phenols to quinone... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Devereux recruited E A G Liddiard from The British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association (BNF) to be Fulmer's Director of Research
Among other senior staff recruited were:
* Philipp Gross a refugee from Vienna who was an expert in chemical thermodynamics and had been working at International Alloys (another Almin co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In combination with indapamide, perindopril has been shown to significantly reduce the progression of chronic kidney disease and renal complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. In addition, the Perindopril pROtection aGainst REcurrent Stroke Study (PROGRESS) found that whilst perindopril monotherapy demonstrated ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When carbon dioxide is the substrate, the product of the carboxylase reaction is an unstable six-carbon phosphorylated intermediate known as 3-keto-2-carboxyarabinitol-1,5-bisphosphate, which decays rapidly into two molecules of glycerate-3-phosphate. This product, also known as 3-phosphoglycerate, can be used to produ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The carboxy-terminal domain is also the binding site of the cap-synthesizing and cap-binding complex. In eukaryotes, after transcription of the 5 end of an RNA transcript, the cap-synthesizing complex on the CTD will remove the gamma-phosphate from the 5-phosphate and attach a GMP, forming a 5,5-triphosphate linkage. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For molecular biology research different types of markers may be used based on the selection sought. These include:
*Positive or selection markers are selectable markers that confer selective advantage to the host organism. An example would be antibiotic resistance, which allows the host organism to survive antibiotic ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phenolphthalein is used in toys, for example as a component of disappearing inks, or disappearing dye on the "Hollywood Hair" Barbie hair. In the ink, it is mixed with sodium hydroxide, which reacts with carbon dioxide in the air. This reaction leads to the pH falling below the color change threshold as hydrogen ions a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
;Chemical shrinkage (self-desiccation)
The cement hydration process consumes water molecules. The sum of the volumes of the hydration products present in the hardened cement paste is smaller than the sum of the volumes of the reacting mineral phases present in the cement clinker. Therefore, the volume of the fresh and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In quantum mechanics the free rotation of a molecule is quantized, so that the rotational energy and the angular momentum can take only certain fixed values, which are related simply to the moment of inertia, , of the molecule. For any molecule, there are three moments of inertia: , and about three mutually orthogona... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Solubility values of organic acids, bases, and ampholytes of pharmaceutical interest may be obtained by a process called "Chasing equilibrium solubility". In this procedure, a quantity of substance is first dissolved at a pH where it exists predominantly in its ionized form and then a precipitate of the neutral (un-ion... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Formally, amidines are a class of oxoacids. The oxoacid from which an amidine is derived must be of the form RE(=O)OH, where R is a substituent. The −OH group is replaced by an −NH group and the =O group is replaced by =NR, giving amidines the general structure RE(=NR)NR. When the parent oxoacid is a carboxylic acid, t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cephalothin, a first generation cephalosporin for parenteral use was the first cephalosporin to become available for patients in the US in 1964. It was chosen for clinical trials from series of 7-ACA derivatives prepared at Eli Lilly. The second cephalosporin for parenteral use became available little later and was mar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
mRNA binding allows repression of protein translation through direct blocking, degradation or cleavage of mRNA. Certain mRNA binding mechanisms have high specificity, which can act as a form of the intrinsic immune response during certain viral infections. Certain segmented RNA viruses can also regulate viral gene expr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The National Historic Chemical Landmarks program was launched by the American Chemical Society in 1992 to recognize significant achievements in the history of chemistry and related professions. The program celebrates the centrality of chemistry. The designation of such generative achievements in the history of chemistr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These are the Bravais lattice types in three dimensions:
* P – Primitive
* I – Body centered (from the German "Innenzentriert")
* F – Face centered (from the German "Flächenzentriert")
* A – Base centered on A faces only
* B – Base centered on B faces only
* C – Base centered on C faces only
* R – Rhombohedral | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Very commonly when the supersaturation (or degree of supercooling) is high, and sometimes even when it is not high, growth kinetics may be diffusion-controlled. Under such conditions, the polyhedral crystal form will be unstable, it will sprout protrusions at its corners and edges where the degree of supersaturation is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a fission bomb, the fissile fuel is "assembled" quickly by a uniform spherical implosion created with conventional explosives, producing a supercritical mass. In this state, many of the neutrons released by the fissioning of a nucleus will induce fission of other nuclei in the fuel mass, also releasing additional ne... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tic20 is an integral protein thought to have four transmembrane α-helices. It is found in the 1 million dalton TIC complex. Because it is similar to bacterial amino acid transporters and the mitochondrial import protein Tim17 (translocase on the inner mitochondrial membrane), it has been proposed to be part of the TIC ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The conventional method of performing laser-induced fluorescence, as well as other types of spectroscopic measurements, such as infrared, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, phosphorescence, etc., is to use a small transparent laboratory vessel, a cuvette, to contain the sample to be analyzed.
To perform a measurement, t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transposable elements have been recognized as good candidates for stimulating gene adaptation, through their ability to regulate the expression levels of nearby genes. Combined with their "mobility", transposable elements can be relocated adjacent to their targeted genes, and control the expression levels of the gene, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many agrochemicals are toxic, and agrichemicals in bulk storage may pose significant environmental and/or health risks, particularly in the event of accidental spills. In many countries, use of agrichemicals is highly regulated. Government-issued permits for purchase and use of approved agrichemicals may be required. S... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Advanced polymer composites are used in the strengthening and rehabilitation of old structures. These advanced composites can be made using many different methods including prepreg, resin, infusion, filament winding and pultrusion. Advanced polymer composites are used in many airplane structures and their largest marke... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reciprocating steam engines have been used for mechanical power sources since the 18th Century, with notable improvements being made by James Watt. The very first commercial central electrical generating stations in New York and London, in 1882, also used reciprocating steam engines. As generator sizes increased, ev... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Twenty-two DNA repair genes with hypermethylated promoters, and reduced or absent expression, were found to occur among 17 types of cancer, as listed in two review articles. Promoter hypermethylation of MGMT occurs frequently in a number of cancers including 93% of bladder cancers, 88% of stomach cancers, 74% of thyro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transition metal carbonate and bicarbonate complexes are coordination compounds containing carbonate (CO) and bicarbonate (HCO) as ligands. The inventory of complexes is large, enhanced by the fact that the carbonate ligand can bind metal ions in a variety of bonding modes. They illustrate the fate of low valent compl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a polymer solution, a theta solvent (or θ solvent) is a solvent in which polymer coils act like ideal chains, assuming exactly their random walk coil dimensions. Therefore, the Mark–Houwink equation exponent is in a theta solvent. Thermodynamically, the excess chemical potential of mixing between a polymer and a th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The development of extensional rheometers has proceeded more slowly than shear rheometers, due to the challenges associated with generating a homogeneous extensional flow. Firstly, interactions of the test fluid or melt with solid interfaces will result in a component of shear flow, which will compromise the results. S... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In previous stages acetyl-CoA is transferred from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm where fatty acid synthase resides. The acetyl-CoA is transported as a citrate, which has been previously formed in the mitochondrial matrix from acetyl-coA and oxaloacetate. This reaction usually initiates the citric acid cycle, but whe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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