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Corrosion is an electrochemical process, which reveals itself as rust or tarnish on metals like iron or copper and their respective alloys, steel and brass. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
HDXsite is an online websever which includes some applications such as HDX modeller increasing the resolution of experimental HDX data and modeling protection factors for individual residues. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfamoyl fluorides can be made by treating secondary amines with sulfuryl fluoride (SOF) or sulfuryl chloride fluoride (SOClF). Cyclic secondary amines work as well, provided they are not aromatic.
Sulfamoyl fluorides can also be made from sulfamoyl chlorides, by reacting with a substance that can supply the fluoride ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polymers are chainlike molecules that are made of the same repetition unit. With a few exceptions such as proteins, a polymer consists of a mix of molecules with different chain lengths. Therefore, average values are given for the molecular weight like the number average, the weight average or the viscosity average mol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the finery, a workman known as the "finer" remelted pig iron so as to oxidise the carbon (and silicon). This produced a lump of iron (with some slag) known as a bloom. This was consolidated using a water-powered hammer (see trip hammer) and returned to the finery.
The next stages were undertaken by the "hammerman"... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemical shift is usually expressed in parts per million (ppm) by frequency, because it is calculated from:
where is the absolute resonance frequency of the sample and is the absolute resonance frequency of a standard reference compound, measured in the same applied magnetic field . Since the numerator is usually e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The electrons around a nucleus will circulate in a magnetic field and create a secondary induced magnetic field. This field opposes the applied field as stipulated by Lenzs law and atoms with higher induced fields (i.e., higher electron density) are therefore called shielded, relative to those with lower electron densi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
No applications have been found thus far, although physicist Andreas Hermann states that if the state of matter could be recreated in other materials, it could have many different applications. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dendrimer drug delivery has also shown major promise as a potential solution for many traditionally difficult drug delivery problems. In the case of drug delivery to the brain, dendrimers are able to take advantage of the EPR effect and blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment to cross the BBB effectively in vivo. For exam... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Proteinase K is commonly used in molecular biology to digest protein and remove contamination from preparations of nucleic acid. Addition of Proteinase K to nucleic acid preparations rapidly inactivates nucleases that might otherwise degrade the DNA or RNA during purification. It is highly suited to this application si... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Today, most trichloroethylene is produced from ethylene. First, ethylene is chlorinated over a ferric chloride catalyst to produce 1,2-dichloroethane:
:CH=CH + Cl → ClCHCHCl
When heated to around 400 °C with additional chlorine, 1,2-dichloroethane is converted to trichloroethylene:
:ClCHCHCl + 2 Cl → ClCH=CCl + 3 HCl
T... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Signal transducing histidine kinases are the key elements in two-component signal transduction systems. Examples of histidine kinases are EnvZ, which plays a central role in osmoregulation, and CheA, which plays a central role in the chemotaxis system. Histidine kinases usually have an N-terminal ligand-binding domain ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sulfolipids are a class of lipids which possess a sulfur-containing functional group. An abundant sulfolipid is sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol, which is composed of a glycoside of sulfoquinovose and diacylglycerol. In plants, sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerides (SQDG) are important members of the sulfur cycle. Other imp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The objective of this drug discovery phase is to synthesize lead compounds, new analogs with improved potency, reduced off-target activities, and physiochemical/metabolic properties suggestive of reasonable in vivo pharmacokinetics. This optimization is accomplished through chemical modification of the hit structure, w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) are mammalian glycosaminoglycans with the highest negative charge density of known biological macromolecules. They bind by ionic interactions with a variety of proteins. Heparin is widely used as an injectable anticoagulant. SFRP1 are heparin-binding proteins, with the heparin-bindin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbohydrates have four major functions within the body:
# Energy supply, particularly for the brain in the form of glucose
# Avoiding the breakdown of amino acids for energy
# Avoiding ketosis from the breakdown of fatty acids
# Cellular and protein recognition | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The PoDFA method provides information on the composition and concentration of the inclusions in molten aluminum. PoDFA is widely used for process characterization and optimization, as well as product improvement. It allows to quickly and accurately assess the effects of various operating practices on metal cleanliness ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Laser diffraction analysis is originally based on the Fraunhofer diffraction theory, stating that the intensity of light scattered by a particle is directly proportional to the particle size. The angle of the laser beam and particle size have an inversely proportional relationship, where the laser beam angle increases ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cisplatin has been studied with Auger therapy to increase the therapeutic effects of cisplatin, without increasing normal tissue toxicities. However, due to significant side effects, the search for structurally novel Pt(II) and Pd(II) compounds exhibiting antineoplastic activity is extremely important and aims to devel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since the outer conductor layer is low-impedance copper, and only the center is higher impedance steel, the skin effect gives RF transmission lines with heavy copper-cladding a low impedance at high frequencies, equivalent to that of a solid copper wire.
Tensile strength of copper-clad steel conductors is greater than ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Unlike spin-echo sequence, a gradient echo sequence does not use a 180 degrees RF pulse to make the spins of particles coherent. Instead, the gradient echo uses magnetic gradients to manipulate the spins, allowing the spins to dephase and rephase when required. After an excitation pulse (usually less than 90 degrees), ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are limited examples of small molecules that target RNA and are approved drugs for the treatment of human disease. Ribavirin was approved in 2002 to treat Hepatitis C and viral hemorrhagic fever. As a nucleoside inhibitor, the guanosine analog prodrug is used to stop viral RNA synthesis and viral mRNA capping by ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mandarino, in his review of the Gladstone–Dale relationship in minerals proposed the concept of the Compatibility Index in comparing the physical and optical properties of minerals. This compatibility index is a required calculation for approval as a new mineral species (see IMA guidelines).
The compatibility index (CI... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Valves are found in virtually every industrial process, including water and sewage processing, mining, power generation, processing of oil, gas and petroleum, food manufacturing, chemical and plastic manufacturing and many other fields.
People in developed nations use valves in their daily lives, including plumbing val... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are several techniques to prove the existence of a liquid layer on a well-ordered surface. Basically it is all about showing that there is a phase on top of the solid which has hardly any order (quasi-liquid, see fig. order parameter). One possibility was done by Frenken and van der Veen using proton scattering o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Amplitude modulation was one of the original modes of operation introduced by Binnig and Quate in their seminal 1986 AFM paper, in this mode the sensor is excited just off resonance. By exciting the sensor just above its resonant frequency, it is possible to detect forces which change the resonant frequency by monitori... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A number of software products are available for calculating cut and fill. A simple approach involves defining different earthworks features in a computer program and then adjusting elevations manually to calculate the optimal cut and fill. More sophisticated software is able to automatically balance cut and fill while ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are several research groups around the world currently working on ways to use NQR to detect explosives. Units designed to detect landmines and explosives concealed in luggage have been tested. A detection system consists of a radio frequency (RF) power source, a coil to produce the magnetic excitation field and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Grinding uses an abrasive process to remove material from the workpiece. A grinding machine is a machine tool used for producing very fine finishes, making very light cuts, or high precision forms using an abrasive wheel as the cutting device. This wheel can be made up of various sizes and types of stones, diamonds or... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gene symbols generally are italicised, with only the first letter in uppercase and the remaining letters in lowercase (Shh). Italics are not required on web pages. Protein designations are the same as the gene symbol, but are not italicised and all are upper case (SHH). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many risks and challenges must still be addressed and explored before tissue engineered heart valves can fully be clinically implemented:
* Contamination – Particular source materials can foster a microbiological environment that is conducive to the susceptibility of viruses and infectious diseases. Anytime an external... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The theoretical heat (the standard enthalpy) of reaction required to make high-calcium lime is around 3.15 MJ per kg of lime, so the batch kilns were only around 20% efficient. The key to development in efficiency was the invention of continuous kilns, avoiding the wasteful heat-up and cool-down cycles of the batch kil... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In all of the typical emulsions, there are tiny particles (discrete phase) suspended in a liquid (continuous phase). In an oil-in-water emulsion, oil is the discrete phase, while water is the continuous phase.
What the Bancroft rule states is that contrary to common sense, what makes an emulsion oil-in-water or water-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Clinical trials are closely supervised by appropriate regulatory authorities. All studies involving a medical or therapeutic intervention on patients must be approved by a supervising ethics committee before permission is granted to run the trial. The local ethics committee has discretion on how it will supervise nonin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The induction of NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) in chemical synapses in the brain occurs via a fairly straightforward mechanism. A substantial and rapid rise in calcium ion concentration inside the postsynaptic cell (or more specifically, within the dendritic spine) is most possibly all that is re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Weaknesses of ERH include heat losses on small sites. Treatment volumes that have a large surface area but are thin with respect to depth will have significant heat losses which makes ERH less efficient. The minimum treatment interval for efficient ERH remediation is approximately 10 vertical feet.
*Co-contaminants ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The entropy is given by the entropic equation of state:
Using as before, and integrating the second term using we obtain simply
This is the entropic equation of state for a perfect vdW fluid, or in reduced form | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, the Taylor–Green vortex is an unsteady flow of a decaying vortex, which has an exact closed form solution of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in Cartesian coordinates. It is named after the British physicist and mathematician Geoffrey Ingram Taylor and his collaborator A. E. Green. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Robert Burns Woodward: Architect and Artist in the World of Molecules; Otto Theodor Benfey, Peter J. T. Morris, Chemical Heritage Foundation, April 2001.
* Robert Burns Woodward and the Art of Organic Synthesis: To Accompany an Exhibit by the Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry (Publication / Beckman Center f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The optical properties of materials are determined by their electronic structure and band gap. The energy gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO/LUMO) varies with the size and composition of a nanocluster. Thus, the optical properties of nanoclusters change. Fur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cobalt sensors have been made that capitalize on the breaking of C-O bonds by Co(II) in a fluorescent probe known as Cobalt Probe 1 (CP1). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Neutrophil apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is vital in controlling the duration of the early inflammatory response, thus restricting damage to tissues by the neutrophils. ANCA may be developed either via ineffective apoptosis or ineffective removal of apoptotic cell fragments, leading to the exposure of the immune... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mono Lake is a highly alkaline lake, or soda lake. Alkalinity is a measure of how many bases are in a solution, and how well the solution can neutralize acids. Carbonate (CO) and bicarbonate (HCO) are both bases. Hence, Mono Lake has a very high content of dissolved inorganic carbon. Through supply of calcium ions (Ca)... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The primary reference document for safety pharmacology is ICH S7A, followed by many key regulatory documents which either focus on or mention safety pharmacology:
* ICH S7A: Safety pharmacology studies for human pharmaceuticals. [http://www.ich.org/fileadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Safety/S7A/Step4/S7A... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If the thickness of the diffusion layer is known, the finite-length Warburg element is defined as:
where
where is the thickness of the diffusion layer and is the diffusion coefficient.
There are two special conditions of finite-length Warburg elements: the Warburg Short () for a transmissive boundary, and the Warbur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Site-specific recombination, also known as conservative site-specific recombination, is a type of genetic recombination in which DNA strand exchange takes place between segments possessing at least a certain degree of sequence homology. Enzymes known as site-specific recombinases (SSRs) perform rearrangements of DNA se... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Prehydrated electrons are free electrons that occur in water under irradiation. Usually they form complexes with water molecules and become hydrated electrons. They can also react with the bases of the nucleotides dGMP and dTMP in aqueous solution. This suggests they may also react with the bases of the DNA double heli... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Born and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana, to a professional musician-father and a housewife-mother, Ted Ellis earliest hints of artistic talent began to show at five-years-old. Ellis first attempt at art was a third-grade freehand sketch of a dog from Archie Comics, which he drew so accurately that friends and family ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most studied is neurturin’s role in neurodegenerative disease like Parkinsons disease and Huntingtons, where several rat studies have implicated neurturin’s role in rescuing neurons. However, these results have never been observed in humans. Hirschsprung disease, a autosomal dominant genetic disorder, is characteri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The FLC operon is a conserved eukaryotic locus that is negatively associated with flowering via repression of genes needed for the development of the meristem to switch to a floral state in the plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. FLC expression has been shown be regulated by the presence of [https://www.uniprot.org/un... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1707, Abraham Darby I patented a method of making cast iron pots. His pots were thinner and hence cheaper than those of his rivals. Needing a larger supply of pig iron he leased the blast furnace at Coalbrookdale in 1709. There, he made iron using coke, thus establishing the first successful business in Europe t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
He carried out his doctoral studies at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, United States, obtaining his Ph.D. in 1961 under the tutorship of Prof. F.M. Richards. He did post doctoral work with Prof. Fritz Lipmann at Rockefeller University and with Marshall Warren Nirenberg at NIH.
During the 1960s, his research ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* "Deposition" is said to occur when the drop spreads on the surface at impact and remains attached to the surface during the entire impact process without breaking up. This outcome is representative of impact of small, low-velocity drops onto smooth wetting surfaces.
* The "prompt splash" outcome occurs when the drop ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The fermentation reaction only involves two steps. Pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde by Pdc and then acetaldehyde is converted to ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh). There is no significant increase in the number of Pdc genes in Crabtree-positive compared to Crabtree-negative species and no correlation betwee... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When depositing a droplet on a solid surface with contact angle θ, horizontal force balance is described by Young's equation. However, there is a vertical force balance which while often ignored can be written as:
Where
is the force per unit length in the vertical direction
is the surface tension of a liquid
is th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The relationship between fractional and Cartesian coordinates can be described by the matrix transformation :
Similarly, the Cartesian coordinates can be converted back to fractional coordinates using the matrix transformation : | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
High intensity ultrashort pulse lasers can create ATI features with 20 or more peaks. The photoelectron spectrum of electron energies is continuous since actual light sources contain a spread of energies. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During the same period, Santorio Santorio came up with one of the earliest thermoscopes. In 1612 he published his results on the heating effects from the Sun, and attempts to measure heat from the Moon.
Earlier 1589, Giambattista della Porta reported on the heat resented by his face, emitted by a remote candle and fac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The toxicity of PCBs varies considerably among congeners. The coplanar PCBs, known as nonortho PCBs because they are not substituted at the ring positions ortho to (next to) the other ring, (such as PCBs 77, 126 and 169), tend to have dioxin-like properties, and generally are among the most toxic congeners. Because PCB... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most plant pathogens reprogram host gene expression patterns to directly benefit the pathogen. Reprogrammed genes required for pathogen survival and proliferation can be thought of as “disease-susceptibility genes.” Recessive resistance genes are disease-susceptibility candidates. For example, a mutation disabled an Ar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
at the Pharmacological Institute in Berlin published a survey of literature on antibiotics in the 7 August 1943 issue of Klinische Wochenschrift that included the Oxford team's publications. A copy was acquired by the Japanese embassy in Berlin and taken to Japan on the , which docked at Kure, Hiroshima, on 21 December... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sit Kim Ping is a Singaporean biochemist and an Emeritus Professor at the Department of Biochemistry at the National University of Singapore. She was the Head of the Department of Biochemistry (part of the Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine) from 1996 to 2000. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The latest efforts in integrating nanotechnology and biological research have been successful and show much promise for the future, including in fields such as nanobiomechanics. Since nanoparticles are a potential vehicle of drug delivery, the biological responses of cells to these nanoparticles are continuously being ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Artificial chromosomes are manufactured chromosomes in the context of yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), or human artificial chromosomes (HACs). An artificial chromosome can carry a much larger DNA fragment than other vectors. YACs and BACs can carry a DNA fragment up to 300,0... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The subgroup structure suggests another way to compose an arbitrary isometry:
: Pick a fixed point, and a mirror through it.
# If the isometry is odd, use the mirror; otherwise do not.
# If necessary, rotate around the fixed point.
# If necessary, translate.
This works because translations are a normal subgroup of the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The thermite () reaction was discovered in 1893 and patented in 1895 by German chemist Hans Goldschmidt. Consequently, the reaction is sometimes called the "Goldschmidt reaction" or "Goldschmidt process". Goldschmidt was originally interested in producing very pure metals by avoiding the use of carbon in smelting, but ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
LSAT was originally developed as a substrate for the growth of high T cuprate superconductors thin films, mostly of yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO), for microwave device applications. The motivation for its development was to create a lattice-matched substrate with a similar thermal expansion coefficient and no stru... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While the first reports of its use dated to 1980, it was a further two decades before the technique of SRCD took off largely due to the work of Bonnie Wallace at Birkbeck College, University of London. From around 2000, her aims in the field focused on both enhancing the collection of quality data through technical im... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hattori presented evidence in her Nature paper that, resolved the long-standing debate regarding the timing of the change in ancient Earths surface oxidation. Her findings demonstrated that atmospheric oxygen levels were still low around 2.4 billion years ago, during the early Proterozoic, based on detailed sulfur isot... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Long-chain hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) deficiency is a mitochondrial effect of impaired enzyme function.
LCHAD performs the dehydrogenation of hydroxyacyl-CoA derivatives, facilitating the removal of hydrogen and the formation of a keto group. This reaction is essential for the subsequent steps in beta oxidat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many cross-couplings entail forming carbon–heteroatom bonds (heteroatom = S, N, O). A popular method is the Buchwald–Hartwig reaction: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A sperm bank will aim to provide donor sperm which is safe by checking and screening donors and of their semen. A sperm donor must generally meet specific requirements regarding age and medical history. Requirements for sperm donors are strictly enforced, as in a study of 24,040 potential sperm donors, only 5620, or 23... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In nuclear transitions governed by strong and electromagnetic interactions (which are invariant under parity), the physical laws would be the same if the interaction was reflected in a mirror. Hence the sum of a vector and a pseudovector is not meaningful. However, the weak force, which governs beta decay and the corr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pol III has three classes of initiation, which start with different factors recognizing different control elements but all converging on TFIIIB (similar to TFIIB-TBP; consists of TBP/TRF, a TFIIB-related factor, and a B″ unit) recruiting the Pol III preinitiation complex. The overall architecture resembles that of Pol ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the most simplified quorum sensing systems, bacteria only need two components to make use of autoinducers. They need a way to produce a signal and a way to respond to that signal. These cellular processes are often tightly coordinated and involve changes in gene expression. The production of autoinducers generally i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bacteria proteins, also known as effectors, have been shown to use AMPylation. Effectors such as VopS, IbpA, and DrrA, have been shown to AMPylate host GTPases and cause actin cytoskeleton changes. GTPases are common targets of AMPylators. Rho, Rab, and Arf GTPase families are involved in actin cytoskeleton dynamics an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The CEEES has three major Technical Advisory Boards:
*Mechanical Environments: The aim of this board is to advance methodologies and technologies for quantifying, describing and simulating mechanical environmental conditions experienced by mechanical equipment during its useful life.
*Climatic and Atmospheric Pollution... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In addition to the role of the lactate shuttle in supplying NAD+ substrate for β-oxidation in the peroxisomes, the shuttle also regulates FFA mobilization by controlling plasma lactate levels. Research has demonstrated that lactate functions to inhibit lipolysis in fat cells through activation of an orphan G-protein c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The internal cavity of a carcerand can be as large as 1700 Å (1.7 nm) when six hemicarcerands form a single octahedral compound. This is accomplished by dynamic covalent chemistry in a one-pot condensation of 6 equivalents of a and 12 equivalents of ethylene diamine with trifluoroacetic acid catalyst in chloroform at ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The local variational theory of elliptic LCSs targets material surfaces that locally maximize material shear over the finite time interval of interest. This means that at initial point each point of an elliptic LCS , the tangent space is the plane along which the local Lagrangian shear is maximal (cf. Fig 7).
Intro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The historical background is divided into several subsections. The first is the general background to electrons in vacuum and the technological developments that led to cathode-ray tubes as well as vacuum tubes that dominated early television and electronics; the second is how these led to the development of electron m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An anoxic event describes a period wherein large expanses of Earth's oceans were depleted of dissolved oxygen (O), creating toxic, euxinic (anoxic and sulfidic) waters. Although anoxic events have not happened for millions of years, the geologic record shows that they happened many times in the past. Anoxic events coin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unlike other isotopic dating methods, the "daughter" in fission track dating is an effect in the crystal rather than a daughter isotope. Uranium-238 undergoes spontaneous fission decay at a known rate, and it is the only isotope with a decay rate that is relevant to the significant production of natural fission tracks;... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Apart from the original evidence provided by Männig and Nöth, the total synthesis of (+)-ptilocaulin also demonstrates selective hydroboration of a terminal alkene in the presence of a ketone.
In terms of regioselectivity, the catalyzed hydroboration differs from the uncatalyzed parallel. Depending on the ligands and t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Monophosphine-type ligands were among the first to appear in asymmetric hydrogenation, e.g., the ligand CAMP. Continued research into these types of ligands has explored both P-alkyl and P-heteroatom bonded ligands, with P-heteroatom ligands like the phosphites and phosphoramidites generally achieving more impressive ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
hnRNP has been shown to regulate CD44, a cell-surface glycoprotein, through splicing mechanisms. CD44 is involved in cell-cell interactions and has roles in cell adhesion and migration. Splicing of CD44 and the functions of the resulting isoforms are different in breast cancer cells, and when knocked down, hnRNP reduce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The disulfide bonds are strong, with a typical bond dissociation energy of 60 kcal/mol (251 kJ mol). However, being about 40% weaker than and bonds, the disulfide bond is often the "weak link" in many molecules. Furthermore, reflecting the polarizability of divalent sulfur, the bond is susceptible to scission by pol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Single-strand breaks (SSBs) occur when one strand of the DNA double helix experiences breakage of a single nucleotide accompanied by damaged 5’- and/or 3’-termini at this point. One common source of SSBs is due to oxidative attack by physiological reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide. HO causes SSBs ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mercapturic acids are condensation products formed from the coupling of cysteine with aromatic compounds. They are formed as conjugates in the liver and are excreted in the urine.
Glutathione adducts lose glutamate and glycine portions, and are acetylated to form mercapturic acids, which are excreted.
Levels of mercapt... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Due to its progestogenic activity, levonorgestrel has antigonadotropic effects and is able to suppress the secretion of the gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, from the pituitary gland. This in turn, results in suppression of gonadal activity, including reduction of fertility and gonada... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thirteen people were exposed to caesium-137 in May 2019 at the Research and Training building in the Harborview Medical Center complex. A contract crew was transferring the caesium from the lab to a truck when the powder was spilled. Five people were decontaminated and released, but 8 who were more directly exposed wer... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
where is the velocity of the fluid along a streamline far upstream, and is the velocity of the fluid just prior to the rotor. Written in cylindrical polar co-ordinates, we have the following expression:
where and are the z-components of the velocity far upstream and just prior to the rotor respectively. This is exa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Digital polymerase chain reaction (digital PCR, DigitalPCR, dPCR, or dePCR) is a biotechnological refinement of conventional polymerase chain reaction methods that can be used to directly quantify and clonally amplify nucleic acids strands including DNA, cDNA, or RNA. The key difference between dPCR and traditional PCR... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A pair of forward and reverse reactions may occur simultaneously with comparable speeds. For example, A and B react into products P and Q and vice versa (a, b, p, and q are the stoichiometric coefficients):
The reaction rate expression for the above reactions (assuming each one is elementary) can be written as:
where: ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The priming effect is characterized by intense changes in the natural process of soil organic matter (SOM) turnover, resulting from relatively moderate intervention with the soil. The phenomenon is generally caused by either pulsed or continuous changes to inputs of fresh organic matter (FOM). Priming effects usually r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There is varying impact on local corrosion noted from biofilms formed of diverse microbial communities. For instance, when isolating a sample of biofilm from a pipe within the first week of growth, the corrosion of the pipe accelerated, yet by the end of a month, the same biofilm began to act as a protective layer for ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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Biotite -- | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Uranium tailings are waste by-product materials left over from the rough processing of uranium-bearing ore. They are not significantly radioactive. Mill tailings are sometimes referred to as 11(e)2 wastes, from the section of the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 that defines them. Uranium mill tailings typically also contain ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mikael Kubista (born 13 August 1961) is Czech-born Swedish chemist and entrepreneur who works in the field of molecular diagnostics. Since 2007, he is serving as a Professor of Chemistry and Head of the Department of Gene Expression Profiling at the Biotechnology Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences in the Czech Republ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first two steps in an oxidation reaction involving N-tert-butylbenzenesulfinimidoyl chloride are similar to a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction. A nucleophile, such as an alkoxide (1), attacks the S=N bond in 2. The resulting intermediate (3) collapses and ejects chloride ion, which is a good leaving group. T... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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