text stringlengths 105 4.57k | label int64 0 1 | label_text stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|---|
In condensed matter physics and physical chemistry, the Lifshitz theory of van der Waals forces, sometimes called the macroscopic theory of van der Waals forces, is a method proposed by Evgeny Mikhailovich Lifshitz in 1954 for treating van der Waals forces between bodies which does not assume pairwise additivity of the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The SECIS element is found in a wide variety of organisms from all three domains of life (including their viruses). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several commodity chemicals are produced by alkylation. Included are several fundamental benzene-based feedstocks such as ethylbenzene (precursor to styrene), cumene (precursor to phenol and acetone), linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (for detergents). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pyrimidine biosynthesis creates derivatives —like orotate, thymine, cytosine, and uracil— de novo from carbamoyl phosphate and aspartate.
As is often the case with parent heterocyclic ring systems, the synthesis of pyrimidine is not that common and is usually performed by removing functional groups from derivatives. Pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Simple N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-based ligands have proven impractical for asymmetrical hydrogenation.
Some C,N ligands combine an NHC with a chiral oxazoline to give a chelating ligand. NHC-based ligands of the first type have been generated as large libraries from the reaction of smaller libraries of individual NH... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A 2009 study has shown additional benefits of HACs, namely their ability to stably contain extremely large genomic fragments. Researchers incorporated the 2.4Mb dystrophin gene, in which a mutation is a key causal element of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The resulting HAC was mitotically stable, and correctly expressed ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several additives, including polystyrene, cyclen, and polyamines, to the Stöber process allow the creation of shell-core silica particles. Two configurations of the shell-core morphology have been described. One is a silica core with an outer shell of an alternative material such as polystyrene. The second is a silica ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Each tissue returns to its equilibrium state after excitation by the independent relaxation processes of T1 (spin-lattice; that is, magnetization in the same direction as the static magnetic field) and T2 (spin-spin; transverse to the static magnetic field).
To create a T1-weighted image, magnetization is allowed to re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The intake of radioactive material can occur through four pathways: inhalation of airborne contaminants such as radon, ingestion of contaminated food or liquids, absorption of vapors such as tritium oxide through the skin, and injection of medical radioisotopes such as technetium-99m.
Some artificial radioisotopes such... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Boltzmann equation can be used to derive the fluid dynamic conservation laws for mass, charge, momentum, and energy. For a fluid consisting of only one kind of particle, the number density is given by
The average value of any function is
Since the conservation equations involve tensors, the Einstein summation con... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Blastocrithidia nuclear code (translation table 31) is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the trypanosomatid genus Blastocrithidia. This code, along with translation tables 27 and 28, is remarkable in that every one of the 64 possible codons can be a sense codon. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The second part of the B ring synthesis (Scheme 5) was concerned with correct chemistry for the newly formed ethylene bridge connecting the A and C rings. After Scheme 4, this bridge contained an exocyclic methylene group, but in the ultimate taxol molecule this bridge is an α-acylketone. The required conversion was ac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The company collaborates with the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics. In 2020, Sibelektroterm completed several complicated orders for the research work of this scientific organization. In addition, in November 2020, the company won a tender for the supply of magnetic cores for the Siberian Ring Photon Source (SKIF), ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nanofluid-based direct solar collectors are solar thermal collectors where nanoparticles in a liquid medium can scatter and absorb solar radiation. They have recently received interest to efficiently distribute solar energy. Nanofluid-based solar collector have the potential to harness solar radiant energy more effici... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Currently there are four categories of membership: Member (including Student Member), Fellow, Honorary Fellow (the highest honour of the NZIC), and school member. A member of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry is designated with the honorific affix "MNZIC". As the professional body for chemistry in New Zealand, th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Tensorial Anisotropy Index A extends the Zener ratio for fully anisotropic materials and overcomes the limitation of the AU that is designed for materials exhibiting internal symmetries of elastic crystals, which is not always observed in multi-component composites. It takes into consideration all the 21 coefficie... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Scheme 1 shows the synthesis of the oxetane D ring from the C ring starting from the (+) enantiomer of the Wieland-Miescher ketone (1). Reduction of this diketone with sodium borohydride provided unsaturated ketoalcohol 2, which was protected as an acetate. Formation of the ketal was accompanied by alkene rearrangement... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The DNA in an organisms genome can be analyzed to diagnose vulnerabilities to inherited diseases, and can also be used to determine a childs paternity (genetic father) or a person's ancestry. Normally, every person carries two variations of every gene, one inherited from their mother, the other inherited from their fat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In mirror writing a text is deliberately displayed as its mirror image, in order to be read through a mirror. For example, emergency vehicles such as ambulances or fire engines use mirror images in order to be read from a vehicle's rear-view mirror. Some movie theaters also use mirror writing in a Rear Window Captionin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chemi-excitation via oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species or catalysis by enzymes (i.e., peroxidase, lipoxygenase) is a common event in the biomolecular milieu. Such reactions can lead to the formation of triplet excited species, which release photons upon returning to a lower energy level in a process analogous... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Available evidence from geobiological studies of Archean (>2500 Ma) sedimentary rocks indicates that life existed 3500 Ma. Fossils of what are thought to be filamentous photosynthetic organisms have been dated at 3.4 billion years old, consistent with recent studies of photosynthesis. Early photosynthetic systems, such... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The family of long non-coding RNAs includes a variety of different kinds of RNA, including, but not limited to, circular RNA (circRNA), nuclear lncRNA, long intergenic non-coding RNA, and enhancer RNA. The development of next-generation sequencing has made the study of lncRNA more accessible (because lncRNA is not very... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbon-13 (C) is a natural, stable isotope of carbon with a nucleus containing six protons and seven neutrons. As one of the environmental isotopes, it makes up about 1.1% of all natural carbon on Earth. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While rich veins of tin are known to exist in Central and South Africa, whether these were exploited during ancient times is still debated . However, the Bantu culture of Zimbabwe are known to have actively mined, smelted and traded tin between the 11th and 15th centuries AD. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*P. Grathwohl: Diffusion in natural porous media: Contaminant transport, sorption/desorption and dissolution kinetics. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998,
*R. K. M. Thambynayagam: The Diffusion Handbook: Applied Solutions for Engineers. McGraw-Hill, 2011,
*van Brakel, J., Heertjes, P. M. (1974): Analysis of diffusion i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The principle of the Rietveld method is to minimize a function which analyzes the difference between a calculated profile and the observed data . Rietveld defined such an equation as:
where is the statistical weight and is an overall scale factor such that . | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In Malaysia, sago plantations are mostly semi-wild, situated near rivers such as in Sarawak, although Malaysia also imports sago from Sumatra to make noodles. Peatlands are also used by the Jakun people in South East Pahang for hunting, gathering and fishing. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The International Standard for making artificial seawater can be found at ASTM International. The current standard is named ASTM D1141-98 (The original standard was ASTM D1141-52) and describes the standard practice for the preparation of substitute ocean water.
The ASTM D1141-98 standard comes in a ready-made artific... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The momentum conservation equation for this case is given as follows:
This is used in combination with the continuity equation.
The energy equation is also needed, which is:
The above equation, on solving, gives the temperature profile for the fluid region.
When solved as a scalar equation, it can be used to calculate ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hybrid difference scheme is a method used in the numerical solution for convection-diffusion problems. These problems play important roles in computational fluid dynamics. It can be described by the general partial equation as follows:
Where, is density, is the velocity vector, is the diffusion coefficient and is t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Shortly after the invention of the laser by Theodore Maiman in 1960, it was quickly recognized that a laser could act as a point source to evaporate source material in a vacuum chamber for fabricating thin films. In 1965, Smith and Turner succeeded in depositing thin films using a ruby laser, after which Groh deposite... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PET is a functional imaging technique that produces a three-dimensional image of functional processes in the body. The system detects pairs of gamma rays emitted indirectly by a positron-emitting radionuclide (tracer), which is introduced into the body on a biologically active molecule. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Greater-than-normal ceruloplasmin levels may indicate or be noticed in:
* copper toxicity / zinc deficiency
* pregnancy
* oral contraceptive pill use
* lymphoma
* acute and chronic inflammation (it is an acute-phase reactant)
* rheumatoid arthritis
* Angina
* Alzheimer's disease
* Schizophrenia
* Obsessive-compulsive d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Another use of NMMO is in the dissolution of scleroprotein (found in animal tissue). This dissolution occurs in the crystal areas which are more homogeneous and contain glycine and alanine residues with a small number of other residues. How NMMO dissolves these proteins is scarcely studied. Other studies, however, have... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several computer applications attempt to relate the peaks in an electropherogram to specific bacteria in a database. Normally this type of analysis is done by simultaneously resolving several profiles of a single sample obtained with different restriction enzymes. The software then resolves the profile by attempting to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Holton Taxol total synthesis, published by Robert A. Holton and his group at Florida State University in 1994, was the first total synthesis of Taxol (generic name: paclitaxel).
The Holton Taxol total synthesis is a good example of a linear synthesis. The synthesis starts from patchoulene oxide, a commercially avai... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Etching is the immersion of the part into the chemical bath, and the action of the chemical on the part to be milled. The time spent immersed in the chemical bath determines the depth of the resulting etch; this time is calculated via the formula:
where E is the rate of etching (usually abbreviated to etch rate), s is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The bioprinting of biofilms utilizes the same methods as other bioprinting. Oftentimes, the biofilm begins with an extrusion of a polysaccharide to provide structure for biofilm growth. An example of one of these polysaccharides is alginate. The alginate structure can have microbes embedded within the structure. Hydrog... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Weyburn and Midale oil fields were discovered in 1954 near Midale, Saskatchewan.
The Weyburn Oilfield covers an area of some and has a current oil production rate of ~3,067 m3/day. Original oil-in-place is estimated to be . The oil is produced from a total of 963 active wells made up of 534 vertical wells, 138 hor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a laboratory technique combining reverse transcription of RNA into DNA (in this context called complementary DNA or cDNA) and amplification of specific DNA targets using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It is primarily used to measure the amount of a specific ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The symmetry-imposed barrier heights of group transfer reactions can also be analyzed using correlation diagrams. A model reaction is the transfer of a pair of hydrogen atoms from ethane to perdeuterioethylene shown to the right.
The only conserved symmetry element in this reaction is the mirror plane through the cente... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
FG-7142 (ZK-31906) is a drug which acts as a partial inverse agonist at the benzodiazepine allosteric site of the GABA receptor. It has anorectic, anxiogenic and pro-convulsant effects. It also increases release of acetylcholine and noradrenaline, and improves memory retention in animal studies. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Combinatorial chemistry was invented by Furka Á (from Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest, Hungary) who described the principle of it, the combinatorial synthesis and a deconvolution procedure in a document that was notarized in 1982. The principle of the combinatorial method is: synthesize a multi-component compound ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lithium is recommended for the treatment of schizophrenic disorders only after other antipsychotics have failed; it has limited effectiveness when used alone. The results of different clinical studies of the efficacy of combining lithium with antipsychotic therapy for treating schizophrenic disorders have varied. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As mentioned before, scientists Monika Suchanek, Anna Radzikowski, and Christoph Thiele wanted to study protein-protein interaction in their natural environment. Specifically, the membrane proteins (in a complex and are SCAP, Insig-1, and SREBP) that regulate cholesterol homeostasis so they wanted to know what their fu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photoelectron display thermophysical studies for simultaneous thermals are very important and critical in many relevant academic sciences. The heating capacity is closely related to the microstructure of the approved material and is important in monitoring the energy content of the system. Therefore, calorimetry plays ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Due to the electronegativity difference between carbon and oxygen / nitrogen, there will be a slight electron withdrawing effect through inductive effect (known as the –I effect). However, the other effect called resonance add electron density back to the ring (known as the +M effect) and dominate over that of inductiv... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Scientists are capable of retrieving genetic information from hair, skin, blood, sperm, tissue, and saliva as long as the sample contains intact DNA. Nucleotide sequences between humans differ by only 0.1%. Even so, this 0.1% includes approximately three million bases. DNA can be analyzed through restriction fragment ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dissociative pathways are characterized by a rate determining step that involves release of a ligand from the coordination sphere of the metal undergoing substitution. The concentration of the substituting nucleophile has no influence on this rate, and an intermediate of reduced coordination number can be detected. Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Single-drop microextraction (SDME) is a sample preparation technique in chemical test or analytical chemistry. SDME uses only a single drop of solvent to isolate and preconcentrate analytes from a sample matrix. The extremely low solvent use of SDME makes it cost-effective and less harmful to the environment, subscribi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Disposal of expired radioactive sources presents similar challenges to the disposal of other nuclear waste, although to a lesser degree. Spent low level sources will sometimes be sufficiently inactive that they are suitable for disposal via normal waste disposal methods — usually landfill. Other disposal methods are si... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tissue fixation is performed by chemical fixation using formalin. This prevents the postmortem degeneration of the tissue and hardens soft tissue. The tissue is dehydrated using ethanol and the alcohol is cleared using an organic solvent such as xylene. The tissue is embedded in paraffin which infiltrates the microscop... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cegelski's work has earned her several awards:
* Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE)
*Burroughs Wellcome Career Award at the Scientific Interface, for "Mapping the structural and functional landscape of the microbial extracellular matrix."
* 2010 NIH Director's New Innovator Award, for... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A further method to synthesize Grignard reagents involves reaction of Mg with an organozinc compound. This method has been used to make adamantane-based Grignard reagents, which are, due to C-C coupling side reactions, difficult to make by the conventional method from the alkyl halide and Mg. The reductive transmetala... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
is a Japanese chemist. In 1974 he earned his doctorate in chemistry, in the group of Shun’ichi Yamada. He did a post doc with Elias J. Corey at Harvard. He returned to Japan and became a professor in 1977 at Teikyō University and moved to Hokkaidō University 1986. 1983–1986 Shibasaki was a research group leader at the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the 1879 paper the assumption that reaction rate was proportional to the product of concentrations was justified microscopically in terms of the frequency of independent collisions, as had been developed for gas kinetics by Boltzmann in 1872 (Boltzmann equation). It was also proposed that the original theory of the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Epibiotech developed an autologous dermal papilla cell that was scheduled to enter clinical trials at the end of 2023. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Malonyl-CoA, in a series of reactions, is further split into acetyl-CoA and glyoxylate. Glyoxylate is incorporated into beta-methylmalyl-coA which is then split, again through a series of reactions, to release pyruvate as well as acetate, which is used to replenish the cycle. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The mechanism of carboboration depends highly on the substrate and reagents utilized in the reaction. Shown below are examples of two types of Pd-catalyzed alkene 1,2 carboborations, Heck-type and the Wacker-type. However, the Cu- and Ni-catalyzed reactions can proceed through similar mechanisms. These two mechanisms m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many natural building materials are hygroscopic, that is they can absorb (water condenses) and release water (water evaporates). The process is thus:
*Condensation (gas to liquid) ΔH<0; enthalpy decreases (exothermic process) gives off heat.
*Vaporization (liquid to gas) ΔH>0; enthalpy increases (endothermic process) a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Activation energy asymptotics (AEA), also known as large activation energy asymptotics, is an asymptotic analysis used in the combustion field utilizing the fact that the reaction rate is extremely sensitive to temperature changes due to the large activation energy of the chemical reaction. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sodium trimethylsilylpropanesulfonate (DSS) is the organosilicon compound with the formula (CH)SiCHCHCHSONa. It is the sodium salt of trimethylsilylpropanesulfonic acid. A white, water-soluble solid, it is used as a chemical shift standard for proton NMR spectroscopy of aqueous solutions. The chemical shift, specifi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Epoxy and modified epoxy are standard coatings used to provide protective barriers to corrosion in ballast tanks. Exposed, unprotected steel will corrode much more rapidly than steel covered with this protective layer. Many ships also use sacrificial anodes or an impressed current for additional protection. Empty bal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With improvements in measuring techniques such as AFM, confocal microscopy and SEM, researchers were able to produce and image droplets at ever smaller scales. With the reduction in droplet size came new experimental observations of wetting. These observations confirm that the modified Young’s equation does not hold at... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pañcastikayasara (en: the essence of reality), is an ancient Jain text authored by Acharya Kundakunda. Kundakunda explains the Jain concepts of dravya (substance) and Ethics. The work serves as a brief version of the Jaina philosophy. There are total 180 verses written in Prakrit language. The text is about five (panch... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Flutamide and hydroxyflutamide have been found in vitro to inhibit CYP17A1 (17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase), an enzyme which is required for the biosynthesis of androgens. In accordance, flutamide has been found to slightly but significantly lower androgen levels in GnRH analogue-treated male prostate cancer patients and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lamellar bodies are groups of lipids and protein that are structurally similar to tubular myelin, but are found inside instead of outside the type II pneumocytes. Similarly to its function in organizing tubular myelin, SP-B arranges lipids into the lamellar body structure. Basically, SP-B plays a role in the organogen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The effectiveness of a dispersant may be analyzed with the following equations. The Area refers to the area under the absorbance/wavelength curve, which is determined using the trapezoidal rule. The absorbances are measured at 340, 370, and 400 nm.
Area = 30(Abs + Abs)/2 + 30(Abs + Abs)/2 (1)
The dispersant e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There is direct evidence that the Romans mechanised at least part of the extraction processes. They used water power from water wheels for grinding grains and sawing timber or stone, for example. A set of sixteen such overshot wheels is still visible at Barbegal near Arles and dates from the 1st century AD or possibly ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At 4.2 light-years (1.3 parsecs, 40 trillion km, or 25 trillion miles) away from Earth, the closest potentially habitable exoplanet is Proxima Centauri b, which was discovered in 2016. This means it would take more than 18,100 years to get there if a vessel could consistently travel as fast as the Juno spacecraft (250,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biogeochemical cycling of elements is an essential component of lithotrophs within microbial environments. For example, in the carbon cycle, there are certain bacteria classified as photolithoautotrophs that generate organic carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide. Certain chemolithoautotrophic bacteria can also produce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
“In situ” is a latin phrase whose literal translation is “on site.” It is a term that has been used in the English language since the mid-eighteenth century to describe something that is in its original place or position. In the context of muscle tissue engineering, in situ tissue engineering involves the introduction ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fellowship of the Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC) is an award conferred by the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) in the United Kingdom. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DABCO and related amines are quenchers of singlet oxygen and effective antioxidants, and can be used to improve the lifetime of dyes. This makes DABCO useful in dye lasers and in mounting samples for fluorescence microscopy (when used with glycerol and PBS). DABCO can also be used to demethylate quaternary ammonium sal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As an example of a thermodynamic process involving a photon gas, consider a cylinder with a movable piston. The interior walls of the cylinder are "black" in order that the temperature of the photons can be maintained at a particular temperature. This means that the space inside the cylinder will contain a blackbody-di... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photoacids are molecules which become more acidic upon absorption of light. Either the light causes a photodissociation to produce a strong acid or the light causes photoassociation (such as a ring forming reaction) that leads to an increased acidity and dissociation of a proton.
There are two main types of molecules t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although there were some studies that showed an inverse correlation between serum bilirubin level and prevalences of ischemic coronary artery disease, cancer mortality, or colorectal cancer in general population, the potential benefits of the chemopreventive function of bilirubin and their causative relations haven't b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Premelting (also surface melting) refers to a quasi-liquid film that can occur on the surface of a solid even below melting point (). The thickness of the film is temperature () dependent. This effect is common for all crystalline materials.
Premelting shows its effects in frost heave, and, taking grain boundary inte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Homolysis makes two new radicals from a spin-paired molecule by breaking a covalent bond, leaving each of the fragments with one of the electrons in the bond. Because breaking a chemical bond requires energy, homolysis occurs under the addition of heat or light. The bond dissociation energy associated with homolysis de... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A bubble column reactor is a chemical reactor that belongs to the general class of multiphase reactors, which consists of three main categories: trickle bed reactor (fixed or packed bed), fluidized bed reactor, and bubble column reactor. A bubble column reactor is a very simple device consisting of a vertical vessel f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the United States, there are over 300 materials recovery facilities. The total market size is estimated at $6.6B as of 2019.
As of 2016, the top 75 were headed by Sims Municipal Recycling out of Brooklyn, New York. Waste Management operated 95 MRF facilities total, with 26 in the top 75. ReCommunity operated 6 in th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for regulating pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA).
Studies must be conducted to establish the conditions in which the material is safe to use and the ef... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The total synthesis of galanthamine (Trost 2005) is described as follows: the sequence starts by bromination by electrophilic aromatic substitution of isovanillin 1 to bromophenol 2, then by synthesis of the second intermediate 5 by reacting dialdehyde 3 in a coupled aldol reaction and Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Liquid scintillation counting is the measurement of radioactive activity of a sample material which uses the technique of mixing the active material with a liquid scintillator (e.g. zinc sulfide), and counting the resultant photon emissions. The purpose is to allow more efficient counting due to the intimate contact of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The only energy required is provided by compressed air. This air is usually compressed by a compressor or a blower. The air is injected in the lower part of a pipe that transports a liquid. By buoyancy the air, which has a lower density than the liquid, rises quickly. By fluid pressure, the liquid is taken in the ascen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lisa Michelle Jones (born February 1977) is an associate professor of pharmaceutical sciences at the University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB). Her research is in structural proteomics, using mass spectrometry together with fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP), allowing researchers to study the solvent accessi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These responses require at least 1μmol/m to be initiated and become saturated at about 1000μmol/m. Unlike VLFRs, these responses are photoreversible. This was shown by exposing lettuce seed to a brief flash of red light causing germination. It was then shown if this red flash was followed by a flash of far red light, g... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aside from decorative dentistry which they wore in life and carried the grave with them, ranking datus were often buried with items of gold, either in the form of gold burial goods, or as specifically designed funerary art such as death masks.
Burial goods found in graves from early Philippine history includes various ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The SFA has more recently been extended to perform dynamic measurements, thereby determining viscous and viscoelastic properties of fluids, frictional and tribological properties of surfaces, and the time-dependent interaction between biological structures. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*If reactions have to be reversed for their products to be equal, the sign of ΔH must also be reversed.
*If an agent has to be multiplied for it to equal another agent, all other agents and ΔH must also be multiplied by its coefficient.
*Generally, ΔH values given in tables are under 1 atm and 25 °C (298.15 K). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
UbiD protein domain - ubiquitin—calmodulin ligase - UDP-3-O-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase - UDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine transaminase - undecaprenyl-phosphate 4-deoxy-4-formamido-L-arabinose transferase - untranslated RNA - upstream - upstream activator sequence - upstream DNA - upstream (tran... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Cornforth reagent is a strong oxidizing agent which can convert primary alcohols to aldehydes and secondary alcohols to ketones, both as a solution or suspension. This application was first mentioned in 1969, but fully developed only in 1979 by E. J. Corey and G. Schmidt. They mentioned that reaction of saturated p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oceanic anoxic events most commonly occurred during periods of very warm climate characterized by high levels of carbon dioxide (CO) and mean surface temperatures probably in excess of . The Quaternary levels, the current period, are just in comparison. Such rises in carbon dioxide may have been in response to a great... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A sub-plot shows the variation of isentropic (i.e. adiabatic) efficiency with flow, at constant speed. Some maps use polytropic efficiency. Alternatively, for illustrative purposes, efficiency contours are sometimes cross-plotted onto the main map.
Note that the locus of peak efficiency exhibits a slight kink in its up... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
At 12, Taube left his hometown and moved to Regina to attend Luther College where he completed high school. After graduating, Taube stayed at Luther College and worked as laboratory assistant for Paul Liefeld, allowing him to take first year university classes. Taube attended the University of Saskatchewan, receiving... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sodium trifluoromethanesulfinate (CFSONa) as a trifluoromethylation reagent was introduced by Langlois in 1991. The reaction requires t-butyl hydroperoxide and generally a metal and proceeds through a radical mechanism. The reagent has been applied with heterocyclic substrates | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Magic numbers are typically obtained by empirical studies; if the form of the nuclear potential is known, then the Schrödinger equation can be solved for the motion of nucleons and energy levels determined. Nuclear shells are said to occur when the separation between energy levels is significantly greater than the loca... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polymers were first classified according to polymerization method by Wallace Carothers in 1929, who introduced the terms addition polymer and condensation polymer to describe polymers made by addition reactions and condensation reactions respectively. However this classification is inadequate to describe a polymer whic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Leaves in temperate, boreal, and seasonally dry zones may be seasonally deciduous (falling off or dying for the inclement season). This mechanism to shed leaves is called abscission. When the leaf is shed, it leaves a leaf scar on the twig. In cold autumns, they sometimes change color, and turn yellow, bright-orange, o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The thanator (Palulukan in Navi) is a large hexapodal land predator that is believed, by the RDA, to be the apex land predator. It is scientifically known as Bestiapanthera ferox. Cameron personally designed the creature. The thanator is first seen when Jake wanders off into the jungle and touches multiple helicoradian... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.