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Antiporters and symporters both transport two or more different types of molecules at the same time in a coupled movement. An energetically unfavored movement of one molecule is combined with an energetically favorable movement of another molecule(s) or ion(s) to provide the power needed for transport. This type of tra... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Butyrate that is produced in the colon through microbial fermentation of dietary fiber is primarily absorbed and metabolized by colonocytes and the liver for the generation of ATP during energy metabolism; however, some butyrate is absorbed in the distal colon, which is not connected to the portal vein, thereby allowin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the area of organometallic chemistry, a bulky cyclopentadienyl ligand is jargon for a ligand of the type where R is a branched alkyl and n = 3 or 4. Representative examples are the tetraisopropyl derivative and the tris(tert-butyl) derivative . These ligands are so large that their complexes behave differently f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A flame test is relatively quick test for the presence of some elements in a sample. The technique is archaic and of questionable reliability, but once was a component of qualitative inorganic analysis. The phenomenon is related to pyrotechnics and atomic emission spectroscopy. The color of the flames is understood t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several methods for detecting the RB1 gene mutations have been developed including a method that can detect large deletions that correlate with advanced stage retinoblastoma. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Good convergence characteristics of loop method are maintained.
* No need to define and optimize the loops. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Unsaturated esters may be epoxidized using either electrophilic or nucleophilic methods. Lanthanide-mediated epoxidation has been successfully applied to cinnamates and β-heteroaryl unsaturated esters. Amides are also epoxidized under lanthanide-mediated conditions.
Epoxidations of other electron-deficient double bonds... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Focusing on crystallographic data and applications of the group theory in solid state physics, the server is built on a core of databases and contains different shells. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A nanoparticle or ultrafine particle is a particle of matter 1 to 100 nanometres (nm) in diameter. The term is sometimes used for larger particles, up to 500 nm, or fibers and tubes that are less than 100 nm in only two directions. At the lowest range, metal particles smaller than 1 nm are usually called atom clusters ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* co-culture with stromal cells or feeder cells, and on specific culture substrates:
support cells and matrices provide developmental-like environmental signals.
* 3D cell aggregate formation, termed embryoid bodies (EBs): the aggregate aim at mimicking early embryonic development and instructing the cell differentiati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Modafinil and/or its major metabolite, modafinil acid, may be quantified in plasma, serum, or urine to monitor dosage in those receiving the drug therapeutically, to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients, or to assist in the forensic investigation of a vehicular traffic violation. Instrumental techn... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Group 2 elements calcium, strontium, and barium can all form octacarbonyl complexes M(CO) (M = Ca, Sr, Ba). The compounds were characterized in cryogenic matrices by vibrational spectroscopy and in gas phase by mass spectrometry.
*Group 4 elements with 4 valence electrons are expected to form heptacarbonyls; while the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Genetic evidence suggesting that RNAP was the target of ppGpp came from the discovery that M+ mutants (also called stringent RNAP mutants) display in vitro and in vivo mimicry of physiology and transcription regulation conferred by (p)ppGpp, even in its absence. Cross-linking ppGpp to RNAP reinforced this notion. Struc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A stepping stone is a morphological element that allows organisms to either migrate and settle or drift though the river section. It does not necessarily have to be a stone or a group of stones; large woody debris (LWD), roots or aquatic plants can also have a supporting effect. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Moreover, in constrained reaction environments such as in enzyme and nanomaterial binding sites, early evidence suggests that BD angles for reactivity can be quite distinct, since reactivity concepts assuming orbital overlaps during random collision are not directly applicable.
For instance, the BD value determined fo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Compared to seagrass beds and coral reefs, hypoxia is more common on a regular basis in mangrove ecosystems, though ocean deoxygenation is compounding the negative effects by anthropogenic nutrient inputs and land use modification.
Like seagrass, mangrove trees transport oxygen to roots of rhizomes, reduce sulfide conc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Contrast in Ramsey fringes
** The coherence time is the time at which the contrast in Ramsey fringes drops to 1/e.
* Damping of Rabi oscillations
** The coherence time is the time at which the amplitude of the Rabi oscillation has dropped to 1/e. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ultraviolet-sensitive beads (UV beads) are beads that are colorful in the presence of ultraviolet radiation. Ultraviolet rays are present in sunlight and light from various artificial sources and can cause sunburn or skin cancer. The color change in the beads alerts the wearer to the presence of the radiation.
When c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The AutoAnalyzer is an automated analyzer using a flow technique called continuous flow analysis (CFA), or more correctly segmented flow analysis (SFA) first made by the Technicon Corporation. The instrument was invented in 1957 by Leonard Skeggs, PhD and commercialized by Jack Whitehead's Technicon Corporation. The... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The word methemoglobin derives from the Ancient Greek prefix μετα- (meta-: behind, later, subsequent) and the word hemoglobin.
The name hemoglobin is itself derived from the words heme and globin, each subunit of hemoglobin being a globular protein with an embedded heme group. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metal carbonyl hydrides are used as catalysts in the hydroformylation of olefins. The catalyst is usually formed in situ in a reaction of a metal salt precursor with the syngas. The hydroformylation starts with the generation of a coordinatively unsaturated 16-electron metal carbonyl hydride complex like HCo(CO) or HRh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Crosslinking is the process of joining two or more polymer chains. Both chemical and physical crosslinking exists. In addition, both natural polymers such as proteins or synthetic polymers with a high affinity for water may be used as starting materials when selecting a hydrogel. Different crosslinking methods can be i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The vast majority of organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.
Two chains o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A primary standard in metrology is a standard that is sufficiently accurate such that it is not calibrated by or subordinate to other standards. Primary standards are defined via other quantities like length, mass and time. Primary standards are used to calibrate other standards referred to as working standards. See ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bartolomé de Medina was a successful Spanish merchant who became fascinated with the problem of decreasing silver yields from ores mined in Spanish America. By the mid-sixteenth century, it was well known in Spain that American silver production was in decline due to the depletion of high-grade ores and increasing prod... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dithiocarbamates are readily S-alkylated. Thus, methyl dimethyldithiocarbamate can be prepared by methylation of the dithiocarbamate:
:(CH)NCSNa + (CHO)SO → (CH)NC(S)SCH + Na[CHOSO]
Oxidation of dithiocarbamates gives the thiuram disulfide:
:2 RNCS → [RNC(S)S] + 2e
Thiuram disulfides react with Grignard re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Radical theory is an obsolete scientific theory in chemistry describing the structure of organic compounds. The theory was pioneered by Justus von Liebig, Friedrich Wöhler and Auguste Laurent around 1830 and is not related to the modern understanding of free radicals. In this theory, organic compounds were thought to e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The major benefits of ion semiconductor sequencing are rapid sequencing speed and low upfront and operating costs. This has been enabled by the avoidance of modified nucleotides and optical measurements.
Because the system records natural polymerase-mediated nucleotide incorporation events, sequencing can occur in real... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Miller process is an industrial-scale chemical procedure used to refine gold to a high degree of purity (99.5%). It was patented by Francis Bowyer Miller in 1867. This chemical process involves blowing chlorine gas through molten, but (slightly) impure, gold. Nearly all metal contaminants react to form chlorides b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TOC is the first chemical analysis to be carried out on potential petroleum source rock in oil exploration. It is very important in detecting contaminants in drinking water, cooling water, water used in semiconductor manufacturing, and water for pharmaceutical use. Analysis may be made either as an online continuous m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Absinthin is a naturally produced triterpene lactone from the plant Artemisia absinthium (Wormwood). It constitutes one of the most bitter chemical agents responsible for absinthes distinct taste. The compound shows biological activity and has shown promise as an anti-inflammatory agent, and should not be confused with... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Party and play, or chemsex, is the consumption of drugs to facilitate sexual activity. Sociologically, both terms refer to a subculture of recreational drug users who engage in high-risk sexual activities under the influence of drugs within groups. The term PnP is commonly used by gay men and other men who have sex wit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Originally developed for cleaning closed systems as described above, CIP has more recently been applied to groundwater source boreholes used for high end-uses such as natural mineral/spring waters, food production and carbonated soft drinks (CSD).
Boreholes that are open to the atmosphere are prone to a number of chemi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The presence of conserved moieties can affect how computer simulation models are constructed. Moiety-conserved cycles will reduce the number of differential equations required to solve a system. For example, a simple cycle has only one independent variable. The other variable can be computed using the difference betwee... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemisorption is a kind of adsorption which involves a chemical reaction between the surface and the adsorbate. New chemical bonds are generated at the adsorbent surface. Examples include macroscopic phenomena that can be very obvious, like corrosion, and subtler effects associated with heterogeneous catalysis, where... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With the excellent nature in biodegradation and biocompatibility, supramolecular polymers show great potential in the development of drug delivery, gene transfection and other biomedical applications.
: Multiple cellular stimuli could induce responses in supramolecular polymers. The dynamic molecular skeletons of supra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pirkle's alcohol is an off-white, crystalline solid that is stable at room temperature when protected from light and oxygen. This chiral molecule is typically used, in nonracemic form, as a chiral shift reagent in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, in order to simultaneously determine absolute configuration and e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Suppose that the reactions between carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, bicarbonate and carbonate ions, all dissolved in water, are as follows:
Note that reaction is actually the combination of two elementary reactions:
: + H +
Assuming the mass action law applies to these two reactions, that water is abundant, and th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The second generation of mTOR inhibitors is known as ATP-competitive mTOR kinase inhibitors. mTORC1/mTORC2 dual inhibitors such as torin-1, torin-2 and vistusertib, are designed to compete with ATP in the catalytic site of mTOR. They inhibit all of the kinase-dependent functions of mTORC1 and mTORC2 and block the feedb... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biomolecular Adsorption Database (BAD) is a freely available online database with experimental protein adsorption data collected from the literature.
The database can be used for the selection of materials for microfluidic device fabrication and for the selection of optimum operating conditions of lab-on-a-chip devices... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With the advance of nanoscale electrodes, the resolution of SEE has advanced from being able to detect single cells to detecting single molecules within cells. Nanoscale electrodes are small enough they can be inserted into the synapses between neurons, which can be used to detect neurotransmitter concentrations. If th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For non-linear surface waves there is, in general, ambiguity in splitting the total motion into a wave part and a mean part. As a consequence, there is some freedom in choosing the phase speed (celerity) of the wave. identified two logical definitions of phase speed, known as Stokes's first and second definition of wa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Magnesium alloys. A putative flux for soldering these alloys at low temperature is molten acetamide. Acetamide dissolves surface oxides on both aluminium and magnesium; promising experiments were done with its use as a flux for a tin-indium solder on magnesium. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Previously, protein markers had been developed using a variety of whole proteins. The development of a kit including a molecular-weight size marker based on protein fragments began in 1993. This protein marker, composed of 49 different amino acid sequences, included multidomain proteins, and allowed for the analysis of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Commonly aircraft are propelled by airbreathing jet engines. Most airbreathing jet engines that are in use are turbofan jet engines, which give good efficiency at speeds just below the speed of sound. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The implementation differintegral calculation using fast fourier transform has certain benefits because it is easily combined with low pass quadratic filtering methods. This is very useful when cyclic voltammograms are recorded in high resistivity solvents like tetrahydrofuran or toluene, where feedback oscillations ar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In biochemistry, p represents the partial pressure of a gas required to achieve 50% saturation of a particular proteins binding sites. Values of p are negatively correlated with substrate affinity; lower values correspond to higher affinity and vice versa. The term is analogous to the Michaelis–Menten constant (K'), wh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Another criticism of entropic gravity is that entropic processes should, as critics argue, break quantum coherence. There is no theoretical framework quantitatively describing the strength of such decoherence effects, though. The temperature of the gravitational field in earth gravity well is very small (on the order o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Left-hand traffic (LHT) and right-hand traffic (RHT) are the practices, in bidirectional traffic, of keeping to the left side and to the right side of the road, respectively. They are fundamental to traffic flow, and are sometimes called the rule of the road. The terms right- and left-hand drive refer to the position o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In general terms, different plant species are adapted to soils of different pH ranges. For many species, the suitable soil pH range is fairly well known. Online databases of plant characteristics, such as USDA PLANTS and Plants for a Future can be used to look up the suitable soil pH range of a wide range of plants. Do... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cardiovascular medical devices are implanted in cases where the heart, its valves, and the rest of the circulatory system is in disorder. They are used to treat conditions such as heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia, ventricular tachycardia, valvular heart disease, angina pectoris, and atherosclerosis. Examples include t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
P42 MAP kinase -p53 - pancreatic polypeptide - parathyroid hormone receptor - partial pressure - passive transport - Pauling scale - PCR - peptide - peptide bond - peptide elongation factor - peptide elongation factor tu - peptide fragment - peptide initiation factor - peptide receptor - peptide termination factor - pe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gating also includes activation and inactivation by second messengers from the inside of the cell membrane – rather than from outside the cell, as in the case for ligands.
*Some potassium channels:
**Inward-rectifier potassium channels: These channels allow potassium ions to flow into the cell in an "inwardly rectifyin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photografting is a technique used in the study of polymers and more in specific polymeric biomaterials. Technically speaking it is the covalent incorporation of functional additives to a polymer matrix or polymer surface using a light-induced mechanism. It is an important technique for the modification of biomaterial s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The electrochemical regeneration of activated carbon based adsorbents involves the removal of molecules adsorbed onto the surface of the adsorbent with the use of an electric current in an electrochemical cell restoring the carbon's adsorptive capacity. Electrochemical regeneration represents an alternative to thermal ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Presence of un-phosphorylated pRb drives cell cycle exit and maintains senescence. At the end of mitosis, PP1 dephosphorylates hyper-phosphorylated pRb directly to its un-phosphorylated state. Furthermore, when cycling C2C12 myoblast cells differentiated (by being placed into a differentiation medium), only un-phosphor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bioavailability, or the amount of a substance that is physiochemically accessible to microorganisms is a key factor in the efficient biodegradation of pollutants. OLoughlin et al. (2000) showed that, with the exception of kaolinite clay, most soil clays and cation exchange resins attenuated biodegradation of 2-picolin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Either copper powder or copper salts can be used very generally for intramolecular reactions of diazocarbonyl compounds. This section describes the different types of diazocarbonyl compounds that may undergo intramolecular reactions in the presence of copper. Note that for intermolecular reactions of diazocarbonyl comp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Paired receptors are pairs or clusters of receptor proteins that bind to extracellular ligands but have opposing activating and inhibitory signaling effects. Traditionally, paired receptors are defined as homologous pairs with similar extracellular domains and different cytoplasmic regions, whose genes are located toge... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hafnium or zirconium added to niobium–tin increases the maximum current density in a magnetic field. This may allow it to be used at 16 tesla for CERN's planned Future Circular Collider. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aside from the aforementioned published results of his analytical round robin and his lead and oxygen isotope studies in the early 1970s, the 1970s saw Brill publish comparatively little, perhaps due to his post as director at The Corning Museum of Glass. Those publications he did pen are largely concerned with the dev... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lipids are a diverse and ubiquitous group of compounds which have many key biological functions, such as acting as structural components of cell membranes, serving as energy storage sources and participating in signaling pathways. Lipids may be broadly defined as hydrophobic or amphipathic small molecules that originat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Local exhaust ventilation addresses the issue of avoiding the contamination of indoor air by specific high-emission sources by capturing airborne contaminants before they are spread into the environment. This can include water vapor control, lavatory effluent control, solvent vapors from industrial processes, and dust ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nanocomposite hydrogels that are enforced with carbon-based nanomaterials are mechanically tough and electrically conducive, which make them suitable for use in biomedicine, tissue engineering, drug delivery, biosensing, etc. The electrical conducting property of these hydrogels allow them to mimic the characteristic o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Along with other NSAIDs, ibuprofen has been associated with the onset of bullous pemphigoid or pemphigoid-like blistering. As with other NSAIDs, ibuprofen has been reported to be a photosensitising agent, but it is considered a weak photosensitising agent compared to other members of the 2-arylpropionic acid class. Lik... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Cabaniss, Steve, Greg Madey, Patricia Maurice, Yingping Zhou, Laura Leff, Ola Olapade, Bob Wetzel, Jerry Leenheer, and Bob Wershaw, comps. Stochastic Synthesis of Natural Organic Matter. UNM, ND, KSU, UNC, USGS. 22 Apr. 2007.
* Cho, Min, Hyenmi Chung, and Jeyong Yoon. "Disinfection of Water Containing Natural Organic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The genes provided in this section are only a small number of the vast amount of oscillating genes found in the world. These genes were selected because they were determined to be the some of most important genes in regulating the circadian rhythm of their respective classification. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Salting out (also known as salt-induced precipitation, salt fractionation, anti-solvent crystallization, precipitation crystallization, or drowning out) is a purification technique that utilizes the reduced solubility of certain molecules in a solution of very high ionic strength. Salting out is typically used to preci... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Butyrates effects on the immune system are mediated through the inhibition of class I histone deacetylases and activation of its G-protein coupled receptor targets: Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2| (GPR109A), FFAR2 (GPR43), and FFAR3 (GPR41). Among the short-chain fatty acids, butyrate is the most potent promoter of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In July 2012, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid (E-EPA) for severe hypertriglyceridemia as an adjunct to dietary measures; Amarin Corporation had developed the drug. Amarin Corporation challenged the FDA's authority to limit its ability to market the drug for off-label use a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An V1-morph is an organism that changes in shape during growth such that its surface area is proportional to its volume. In most cases both volume and surface area are proportional to length
The reason the concept is important in the context of the Dynamic Energy Budget theory is that food (substrate) uptake is proport... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the first step, the protein of interest (POI) is cross-linked with the DNA site it binds to in an in vitro environment. Usually this is done by a gentle formaldehyde fixation that is reversible with heat.
Then, the cells are lysed and the DNA is sheared by sonication or using micrococcal nuclease. This results in do... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aerated lagoons are a low technology suspended-growth method of secondary treatment using motor-driven aerators floating on the water surface to increase atmospheric oxygen transfer to the lagoon and to mix the lagoon contents. The floating surface aerators are typically rated to deliver the amount of air equivalent to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Three of Davys paintings from around 1796 have been donated to the Penlee House museum at Penzance. One is of the view from above Gulval showing the church, Mounts Bay and the Mount, while the other two depict Loch Lomond in Scotland. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are two types of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase: one contains iron and molybdenum, the other contains iron and nickel. Parallels and differences in catalytic strategies have been reviewed.
Pb (lead) can replace Ca (calcium) as, for example, with calmodulin or Zn (zinc) as with metallocarboxypeptidases
Some other m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At higher temperatures RuBisCO is less able to discriminate between and . This is because the enediol intermediate is less stable. Increasing temperatures also lower the solubility of , thus lowering the concentration of relative to in the chloroplast. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One DNA or RNA molecule differs from another primarily in the sequence of nucleotides. Nucleotide sequences are of great importance in biology since they carry the ultimate instructions that encode all biological molecules, molecular assemblies, subcellular and cellular structures, organs, and organisms, and directly e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Usually unstable nuclides are clearly either "neutron rich" or "proton rich", with the former undergoing beta decay and the latter undergoing electron capture (or more rarely, due to the higher energy requirements, positron decay). However, in a few cases of odd-proton, odd-neutron radionuclides, it may be energeticall... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Paradoxically, dimensional analysis can be a useful tool even if all the parameters in the underlying theory are dimensionless, e.g., lattice models such as the Ising model can be used to study phase transitions and critical phenomena. Such models can be formulated in a purely dimensionless way. As we approach the crit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In this method, the glycosyl donor is protected at the C-2 position by an OAc group. The C-2-OAc protecting group is transformed into an enol ether by the Tebbe reagent (CpTi=CH), and then the glycosyl acceptor is tethered to the enol ether under acid-catalysed conditions to generate a mixed acetal. In a subsequent ste... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The key labware or testing vessel of HTS is the microtiter plate, which is a small container, usually disposable and made of plastic, that features a grid of small, open divots called wells. In general, microplates for HTS have either 96, 192, 384, 1536, 3456 or 6144 wells. These are all multiples of 96, reflecting th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The steam engine was applied to power blast air, overcoming a shortage of water power in areas where coal and iron ore were located. This was first done at Coalbrookdale where a steam engine replaced a horse-powered pump in 1742. Such engines were used to pump water to a reservoir above the furnace. The first engines... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A number of experimental methods of spacecraft propulsion are based on magnetohydrodynamics. As this kind of MHD propulsion involves compressible fluids in the form of plasmas (ionized gases) it is also referred to as magnetogasdynamics or magnetoplasmadynamics.
In such electromagnetic thrusters, the working fluid is m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mukaiyama studied chemistry at the Tokyo Institute of Technology, earning his BSc in synthetic organic chemistry in 1948. He became assistant professor at Gakushuin University in 1953, where he stayed until he received his Ph.D. in synthetic organic chemistry from the University of Tokyo in 1957. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While mold and related microbial agents can be found both inside and outside, specific factors can lead to significantly higher levels of these microbes, creating a potential health hazard. Several notable factors are water damage in buildings, the use of building materials which provide a suitable substrate and source... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Relies on the operation of either a lever arm, tightening screws, or pneumatic or hydraulic pressure applied to a membrane. In all cases the force is uniaxial and is applied to the tables (bases) of the two anvils. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The process is commonly used in control of the morphology of polymer blends, for applications in thermoelectrics, solid-state lighting, polymer electrolytes, composites, membrane formation, and surface pattern formations. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The adverse effect profile of mecillinam is similar to that of other penicillins. Its most common side effects are rash and gastrointestinal upset, including nausea and vomiting. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CDs and DVDs have a polycarbonate surface and metal reflective layer which allow for storage and retrieval of information. The metal film is sometimes made of pure gold which is highly stable and has ideal optical properties. The metal can act as a substrate which allows compounds to bind to it. This alters the reflect... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Ergun equation, derived by the Turkish chemical engineer Sabri Ergun in 1952, expresses the friction factor in a packed column as a function of the modified Reynolds number. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Quantitation by indirect calorimetry, as opposed to the Harris-Benedict equation, is needed to accurately measure REE in cancer patients. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vectorette PCR can develop a strategy to bring about PCR amplification that is unidirectional. Vectorette PCR comprises three main steps. The first step includes utilizing a restriction enzyme in order to accomplish digestion of the sample DNA. The DNA that is to be utilized for the purpose of investigation has to be c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chlorprothixene, sold under the brand name Truxal among others, is a typical antipsychotic of the thioxanthene group. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In addition to providing static information on molecules by determining their 3D structures, one of the remarkable advantages of NMR over X-ray crystallography is that it can be used to obtain important dynamic information. This is due to the orientation dependence of the chemical-shift, dipole-coupling, or electric-qu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The term macromolecule (macro- + molecule) was coined by Nobel laureate Hermann Staudinger in the 1920s, although his first relevant publication on this field only mentions high molecular compounds (in excess of 1,000 atoms). At that time the term polymer, as introduced by Berzelius in 1832, had a different meaning fro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase (ETF dehydrogenase or electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, ) is an enzyme that transfers electrons from electron-transferring flavoprotein in the mitochondrial matrix, to the ubiquinone pool in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It is part of the elec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The IUPAC recommended name for phosphorous acid is phosphonic acid. Correspondingly, the IUPAC-recommended name for the ion is phosphonate. In the US the IUPAC naming conventions for inorganic compounds are taught at high school, but not as a required part of the curriculum. A well-known university-level textbook fol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The common factor in nonsteroidal 5-ARI discovery is that the first compounds were all selective inhibitors to 5α-reductase type 1 only, but were then developed in order to get dual inhibition on both type 1 and 2, since inhibition of the type 2 isozyme is a more important factor in treating the disease of BPH.
Benzo(c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A phosphodiesterase (PDE) is an enzyme that breaks a phosphodiester bond. Usually, phosphodiesterase refers to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, which have great clinical significance and are described below. However, there are many other families of phosphodiesterases, including phospholipases C and D, autotaxin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An Alfvén resonator or Ionosphere Alfvén resonator is a spectral resonance structure found within geomagnetic fields in the frequency range of 0.1–10 Hz. First reported in 1989, they are ionospheric short-period geomagnetic variations primarily seen as nighttime phenomena and rarely observed during the day. The nightti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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