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In computer technology, dynamic random access memory (DRAM) "soft errors" were linked to alpha particles in 1978 in Intel's DRAM chips. The discovery led to strict control of radioactive elements in the packaging of semiconductor materials, and the problem is largely considered to be solved. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The turbine meter is available in various manufacturers configurations of a common theme; turbine blades and rotor configured devices. These devices are designed such that when a gas stream passes through them they will spin proportionally to the amount of gas passing over the blades in a repeatable fashion. Accuracy ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Amines are named in several ways. Typically, the compound is given the prefix "amino-" or the suffix "-amine". The prefix "N-" shows substitution on the nitrogen atom. An organic compound with multiple amino groups is called a diamine, triamine, tetraamine and so forth.
Lower amines are named with the suffix -amine.
Hi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lichens come in many colors. Coloration is usually determined by the photosynthetic component. Special pigments, such as yellow usnic acid, give lichens a variety of colors, including reds, oranges, yellows, and browns, especially in exposed, dry habitats. In the absence of special pigments, lichens are usually bright ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
FRAP can also be used to monitor proteins outside the membrane. After the protein of interest is made fluorescent, generally by expression as a GFP fusion protein, a confocal microscope is used to photobleach and monitor a region of the cytoplasm, mitotic spindle, nucleus, or another cellular structure. The mean fluo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Implantation of any foreign device or material through the means of surgery results in at least some degree of tissue trauma. Therefore, especially when removing a native heart valve either partially or completely, the tissue trauma will trigger a cascade of inflammatory responses and elicit acute inflammation. During ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The total molar hold up in the nth tray Mn is considered constant.
The imbalances in the input and output flows are taken into account for in the component and the heat balance equations. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Protein–protein interaction networks are an important ingredient for the system-level understanding of cellular processes.
Such networks can be used for filtering and assessing functional genomics data and for providing an intuitive platform for annotating structural, functional and evolutionary properties of proteins... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Research centered on three plasma confinement designs; the stellarator headed by Lyman Spitzer at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, the toroidal pinch or Perhapsatron led by James Tuck at the Los Alamos National Laboratory and the magnetic mirror devices at the Livermore National Laboratory led by Richard F. Pos... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fluorine NMR or F NMR) is an analytical technique used to detect and identify fluorine-containing compounds. F is an important nucleus for NMR spectroscopy because of its receptivity and large chemical shift dispersion, which is greater than that for proton nuclear ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The biochemical systems equation is a compact equation of nonlinear differential equations for describing a kinetic model for any network of coupled biochemical reactions and transport processes.
The equation is expressed in the following form:
The notation for the dependent variable x varies among authors. For example... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Neurochemical Research is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering neurochemistry. It was established in 1976 and is published by Springer Science+Business Media. The editor-in-chief is Arne Schousboe (University of Copenhagen). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Environmental engineering law is a profession that requires an expertise in both environmental engineering and law. This field includes professionals with both a legal and environmental engineering education. This dual educational requirement is typically satisfied through an ABET accredited degree in environmental eng... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
McIlvaine buffer is a buffer solution composed of citric acid and disodium hydrogen phosphate, also known as citrate-phosphate buffer. It was introduced in 1921 by the United States agronomist Theodore Clinton McIlvaine (1875–1959) from West Virginia University, and it can be prepared in pH 2.2 to 8 by mixing two stock... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Embeden–Meyerhof pathway and the Krebs cycle are the centre of metabolism in nearly all bacteria and eukaryotes. They provide not only energy but also precursors for biosynthesis of macromolecules that make up living systems. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The reactivity of chloroformates and acyl chlorides are similar. Representative reactions are:
* Reaction with amines to form carbamates:
:ROC(O)Cl + HNR → ROC(O)-N(H)R + HCl
* Reaction with alcohols to form carbonate esters:
:ROC(O)Cl + HOR → ROC(O)-OR + HCl
* Reaction with carboxylic acids to form mixed anhydrides:
... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
FIDYST simulates the dynamics of elastic, line shaped objects in a very general way. Hence, there is a broad spectrum of different applications for FIDYST. Of particular importance are production processes of technical textiles
With FIDYST engineers simulate
* spunbond processes,
* meltblown processes, and
* airlay pro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A sculpture titled Bamboozle, by Jacobus Verhoeff and his son Tom Verhoeff, is in the form of a fragment of the Laves graph, with its vertices represented by multicolored interlocking acrylic triangles. It was installed in 2013 at the Eindhoven University of Technology. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polypharmacology is the design or use of pharmaceutical agents that act on multiple targets or disease pathways.
Despite scientific advancements and an increase of global R&D spending, drugs are frequently withdrawn from markets. This is primarily due to their side effects or toxicities. Drug molecules often interact w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since liquids often have different boiling points, mixtures or solutions of liquids or gases can typically be separated by distillation, using heat, cold, vacuum, pressure, or other means. Distillation can be found in everything from the production of alcoholic beverages, to oil refineries, to the cryogenic distillatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some species release a volatile substance when attacked by a predator that can trigger flight (in aphids) or aggression (in ants, bees, termites, and wasps) in members of the same species. For example, Vespula squamosa use alarm pheromones to alert others to a threat. In Polistes exclamans, alarm pheromones are also us... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The release of energy with the fusion of light elements is due to the interplay of two opposing forces: the nuclear force, a manifestation of the strong interaction, which holds protons and neutrons tightly together in the atomic nucleus; and the Coulomb force, which causes positively charged protons in the nucleus to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organoboron chemistry, the Brellochs reaction provides a way to generate the monocarboranes. The use of acetylenes to insert two carbons into boron hydrides is well established. The Brellochs method uses formaldehyde to insert single carbon atoms into boron hydrides.
Illustrative is the synthesis of CBH from commer... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Folin–Wu and the Somogyi–Nelson methods are both based on the same principles. In the first step, glucose (or a reducing sugar) is oxidised using a solution of Cu(II) ion, which is reduced to Cu(I) by the process. In the second step, the Cu(I) ions are then oxidised back to Cu(II) using a colourless hetero-polymoly... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
At the end of the nozzle, the steam has very high velocity, but at less than atmospheric pressure, drawing in cold water which becomes entrained in the stream, where the steam condenses into droplets of water in a converging duct. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pneumatic bladders, known as dunnage bags, are used to stabilize cargo within a container.
Pneumatic bladders are used in medical research.
Leading edge inflatable kites use pneumatic bladders restrained by a fabric case; the bladder is selected slightly larger than the case, so that at operational inflation the bladde... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Audio compact cassettes use magnetic tape of three major types which differ in fundamental magnetic properties, the level of bias applied during recording, and the optimal time constant of replay equalization. Specifications of each type were set in 1979 by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC): Type I (I... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since their discovery in the 1970s aryl onium salts, more specifically iodonium and sulfonium salts, have received much attention and have found many industrial applications. Other less common onium salts include ammonium and phosphonium salts.
A typical onium compound used as a photoinitiator contains two or three are... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A 1995 review study found that there is no clinical benefit to the use of CoQ in the treatment of periodontal disease. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1965, a paper was published by two researchers of the Scientific Laboratory at the Ford Motor Company, P. D. Maker and R. W. Terhune, in which the CARS phenomenon was reported for the first time. Maker and Terhune used a pulsed ruby laser to investigate the third order response of several materials. They first pass... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Knowledge of which genes (when non-functional) cause which disorders will simplify diagnosis of patients and provide insights into the functional characteristics of the mutation. The advent of modern-day high-throughput sequencing technologies combined with insights provided from the growing field of genomics is resul... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At thermodynamic equilibrium, the negative-one-third of the trace of the Cauchy stress tensor is often identified with the thermodynamic pressure,
which depends only on equilibrium state variables like temperature and density (equation of state). In general, the trace of the stress tensor is the sum of thermodynamic p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The mechanisms of carcinogenesis are not completely clear in humans. NMOR and its metabolites may induce DNA damage by directly forming reactive oxygen species or compounds which crosslink DNA. In a rat model in 2013, it was observed that NMOR is hydroxylated, probably by a P450 enzyme, alpha to the N-nitroso moiety. T... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to a 2014 review in the New England Journal of Medicine stated that a ferritin level below 30 ng/mL indicates iron deficiency, while a level below 10 ng/mL indicates iron-deficiency anemia. A 2020 World Health Organization guideline states that ferritin indicates iron deficiency below 12 ng/mL in apparently-h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The syndrome primarily affects young males. Preliminary studies suggest that prevalence may be 1.8 per 10,000 live male births. 50% of those affected do not live beyond 25 years of age, with deaths attributed to the impaired immune function. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In May the FDA approved Vyjuvek for the treatment of wounds in patients with dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB) which is applied as a topical gel that delivers a herpes-simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) vector encoding the collagen type VII alpha 1 chain (COL7A1) gene that is dysfunctional on those affected by DEB . On... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pempidine is a ganglion-blocking drug, first reported in 1958 by two research groups working independently, and introduced as an oral treatment for hypertension. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The essential components of a spectroradiometric system are as follows:
*Input optics that gather the electromagnetic radiation from the source (Diffusers, Lenses, Fiber optic light guides)
*An entrance slit, determines how much light will enter the spectrometer. A smaller slit with have greater resolution, but less ov... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Agmatine, also known as 4-aminobutyl-guanidine, was discovered in 1910 by Albrecht Kossel. It is a chemical substance which is naturally created from the amino acid arginine. Agmatine has been shown to exert modulatory action at multiple molecular targets, notably: neurotransmitter systems, ion channels, nitric oxide (... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Cry1 and Cry2 – Cryptochromes are a class of blue light sensitive flavoproteins found in plants and animals. Cry1 and Cry2 code for the proteins CRY1 and CRY2. In Drosophila, CRY1 and CRY2 bind to TIM, a circadian gene that is a component of the transcription-translation negative feedback loop, in a light dependent f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At water-current speeds exceeding one foot per second, the pneumatic barrier no longer functions effectively, limiting deployable sites. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In order to derive the Rayleigh–Kuo criterion, some assumptions are made on the fluids properties. We consider a nondivergent, two-dimensional barotropic fluid. The fluid has a mean zonal flow direction which can vary in the meridional direction. On this mean flow, some small perturbations are imposed in both the zonal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) (also known, in French, as the Institut International du Froid (IIF)), is an independent intergovernmental science and technology-based organization which promotes knowledge of refrigeration and associated technologies and applications on a global scale that improve qu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CellCognition (Version 1.0.1) was first released in December 2009 by scientists from the Gerlich Lab and the Buhmann group at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich and the Ellenberg Lab at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory Heidelberg. The latest release is 1.6.1 and the software is developed and main... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Color–flavor locking (CFL) is a phenomenon that is expected to occur in ultra-high-density strange matter, a form of quark matter. The quarks form Cooper pairs, whose color properties are correlated with their flavor properties in a one-to-one correspondence between three color pairs and three flavor pairs. According t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One class of example is the iodine clock reactions, in which an iodine species is mixed with redox reagents in the presence of starch. After a delay, a dark blue color suddenly appears due to the formation of a triiodide-starch complex.
Additional reagents can be added to some chemical clocks to build a chemical osci... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Buoyant density of the majority of DNA is 1.7g/cm which is equal to the density of 6M CsCl solution. Buoyant density of DNA changes with its GC content. The term "satellite DNA" refers to small bands of repetitive DNA sequences with distinct base composition floating above (A+T rich) or below (G+C rich) the main compon... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the UK, the Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme is intended to ensure that the National Health Service is able to purchase drugs at reasonable prices. The prices are negotiated between the Department of Health, acting with the authority of Northern Ireland and the UK Government, and the representatives of the Pha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most conventional polymers such as polyethylene are electrical insulators, but the development of polymers containing π-conjugated bonds has led to a wealth of polymer-based semiconductors, such as polythiophenes. This has led to many applications in the field of organic electronics. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An increased thyroxine-binding globulin results in an increased total thyroxine and total triiodothyronine without an actual increase in hormonal activity of thyroid hormones.
Reference ranges: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Inverted cucurbiturils or iCB[x] are CB analogues with one glycoluril repeating unit inverted. In this unit the methine protons actually point into the cavity and this makes the cavity less spacious. Inverted cucurbiturils form as a side-product in CB-forming reactions, with yields between 2 and 0.4%. Isolation of this... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The conductivity of a solution is highly temperature dependent, so it is important either to use a temperature compensated instrument, or to calibrate the instrument at the same temperature as the solution being measured. Unlike metals, the conductivity of common electrolytes typically increases with increasing tempera... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Johan August Arfwedson (12 January 1792 – 28 October 1841) was a Swedish chemist who discovered the chemical element lithium in 1817 by isolating it as a salt. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In some cases it is desirable to soften hard water. Most detergents contain ingredients that counteract the effects of hard water on the surfactants. For this reason, water softening is often unnecessary. Where softening is practised, it is often recommended to soften only the water sent to domestic hot water systems t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
LFTs derive from paper chromatography, which was developed in 1943 by Martin and Synge, and elaborated in 1944 by Consden, Gordon and Martin. There was an explosion of activity in this field after 1945. The ELISA technology was developed in 1971. A set of LFT patents, including the litigated US 6,485,982 described belo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A variety of evaporation pans are used throughout the world. There are formulas for converting from one type of pan to another and to measures representative of the environment. Also, research has been done about the installation practices of evaporation pans so that they can make more reliable and repeatable measureme... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The alkoxide ion and its salts react with primary alkyl halides in an S2 reaction to form an ether via the Williamson Ether Synthesis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As early as 1913, Bohr's research on electronic structure led physicists such as Johannes Rydberg to extrapolate the properties of undiscovered elements heavier than uranium. Many agreed that the next noble gas after radon would most likely have the atomic number 118, from which it followed that the transition series i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In theoretical chemistry, Specific ion Interaction Theory (SIT theory) is a theory used to estimate single-ion activity coefficients in electrolyte solutions at relatively high concentrations. It does so by taking into consideration interaction coefficients between the various ions present in solution. Interaction coef... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The protein targeting warhead, E3 ligase, and linker must all be considered for PROTAC development. Formation of a ternary complex between the protein of interest, PROTAC, and E3 ligase may be evaluated to characterize PROTAC activity because it often leads to ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of the targeted p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In humans, intergenic regions comprise about 50% of the genome, whereas this number is much less in bacteria (15%) and yeast (30%).
As with most other non-coding DNA, the GC-content of intergenic regions vary considerably among species. For example in Plasmodium falciparum, many intergenic regions have an AT content o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although it is a relatively immature area of research, it appears that heterotrimeric G-proteins may also take part in non-GPCR signaling. There is evidence for roles as signal transducers in nearly all other types of receptor-mediated signaling, including integrins, receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), cytokine receptors... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biological processes that fractionate Cu isotopes are not well-understood, but play an important role in driving the δCu values of materials observed in the marine and terrestrial environments. The natural Cu/Cu varies according to coppers redox form and the ligand to which copper binds. Oxidized Cu preferentially coor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The radicle is the first part of a seedling (a growing plant embryo) to emerge from the seed during the process of germination. The radicle is the embryonic root of the plant, and grows downward in the soil (the shoot emerges from the plumule) where it absorbs more water. Most part of the seed is stored energy so nutri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In total, the other six LLFPs, in thermal reactor spent fuel, initially release only a bit more than 10% as much energy per unit time as Tc-99 for U-235 fission, or 25% as much for 65% U-235+35% Pu-239. About 1000 years after fuel use, radioactivity from the medium-lived fission products Cs-137 and Sr-90 drops below th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A quasi-static thermodynamic process can be visualized by graphically plotting the path of idealized changes to the system's state variables. In the example, a cycle consisting of four quasi-static processes is shown. Each process has a well-defined start and end point in the pressure-volume state space. In this part... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Initiation factors are proteins that bind to the small subunit of the ribosome during the initiation of translation, a part of protein biosynthesis.
Initiation factors can interact with repressors to slow down or prevent translation. They have the ability to interact with activators to help them start or increase the r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When the solute undergoes ionic dissociation in solution (for example a salt), the system becomes decidedly non-ideal and we need to take the dissociation process into consideration. One can define activities for the cations and anions separately ( and ).
In a liquid solution the activity coefficient of a given ion (e.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although artificial pyroelectric materials have been engineered, the effect was first discovered in minerals such as tourmaline. The pyroelectric effect is also present in bone and tendon.
The most important example is gallium nitride, a semiconductor. The large electric fields in this material are detrimental in light... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Terrestrial igneous rocks commonly record crystallization at oxygen fugacities more oxidizing than the WM (wüstite-magnetite) buffer and more reduced than a log unit or so above the nickel-nickel oxide (NiNiO) buffer. Their oxidizing conditions thus are not far from those of the FMQ (fayalite-magnetite-quartz) redox bu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* CTDP1
* CTDSP1, CTDSP2, CTDSPL
* DULLARD
* EPM2A
* ILKAP
* MDSP
* PGAM5
* PHLPP1, PHLPP2
* PPEF1, PPEF2
* PPM1A, PPM1B, PPM1D, PPM1E, PPM1F, PPM1G, PPM1H, PPM1J, PPM1K, PPM1L, PPM1M, PPM1N
* PPTC7
* PTPMT1
* SSU72
* UBLCP1 | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, enolates are organic anions derived from the deprotonation of carbonyl () compounds. Rarely isolated, they are widely used as reagents in the synthesis of organic compounds. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ductile iron pipe in the developed world is normally manufactured exclusively from recycled material including scrap steel and recycled iron. The pipe can be recycled after use.
In terms of environmental impact, several studies have compared ductile iron pipe's impact on the environment with that of other pipe material... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sea foam, ocean foam, beach foam, or spume is a type of foam created by the agitation of seawater, particularly when it contains higher concentrations of dissolved organic matter (including proteins, lignins, and lipids) derived from sources such as the offshore breakdown of algal blooms. These compounds can act as sur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dark fermentation is the fermentative conversion of organic substrate to biohydrogen. It is a complex process manifested by diverse groups of bacteria, involving a series of biochemical reactions using three steps similar to anaerobic conversion. Dark fermentation differs from photofermentation in that it proceeds with... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Resistance to zanamivir has been low for both seasonal and pandemic viruses compare to oseltamivir. Molecular structure of zanamivir has a guanidino group, this group interacts with the E119 residue in the active center pocket. Resistance to zanamivir can be because of mutations that effect binding affinity between the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The carbonate pump is sometimes referred to as the “hard tissue” component of the biological pump. Some surface marine organisms, like Coccolithophores, produce hard structures out of calcium carbonate, a form of particulate inorganic carbon, by fixing bicarbonate. This fixation of DIC is an important part of the ocean... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are two factors that can change the temperature of a fluid during an adiabatic expansion: a change in internal energy or the conversion between potential and kinetic internal energy. Temperature is the measure of thermal kinetic energy (energy associated with molecular motion); so a change in temperature indicate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Progesterone, like pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), belongs to an important group of endogenous steroids called neurosteroids. It can be metabolized within all parts of the central nervous system.
Neurosteroids are neuromodulators, and are neuroprotective, neurogenic, and regulate neurotransmission and m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In certain situations, it is vital for the photosynthetic organism to recycle the electrons being transferred, resulting in the electron from the terminal iron-sulfur cluster F transferring back to the cytochrome b6f complex (adaptor between photosystems II and I). Utilizing the energy of P700, the cyclic pathway creat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, catenation is the bonding of atoms of the same element into a series, called a chain. A chain or a ring shape may be open if its ends are not bonded to each other (an open-chain compound), or closed if they are bonded in a ring (a cyclic compound). The words to catenate and catenation reflect the Latin ro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The following tests are commonly used for geometallurgical modeling:
* Bond ball mill work index test
* Modified or comparative Bond ball mill index
* Bond rod mill work index and Bond low energy impact crushing work index
* SAGDesign test
* SMC test
* JK drop-weight test
* Point load index test
* Sag Power Index tes... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Iminium salts hydrolyse to give the corresponding ketone or aldehyde:
Iminium cations are reduced to the amines, e.g. by sodium cyanoborohydride. Iminium cations are intermediates in the reductive amination of ketones and aldehydes.
Unsymmetrical iminium cations undergo cis-trans isomerization. The isomerization is c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the field of energetics, an energy carrier is produced by human technology from a primary energy source. Only the energy sector uses primary energy sources. Other sectors of society use an energy carrier to perform useful activities (end-uses). The distinction between "Energy Carriers" (EC) and "Primary Energy Sourc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ancient name of the Étang de Berre was Stagnum Mastromela, according to Pliny the Elder (Book III [34]). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS, pronounced ) are limits on atmospheric concentration of six pollutants that cause smog, acid rain, and other health hazards. Established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under authority of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.), NAAQ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The test relies upon a microbial ecosystem with enzymes capable of oxidizing the available organic material. Some waste waters, such as those from biological secondary sewage treatment, will already contain a large population of microorganisms acclimated to the water being tested. An appreciable portion of the waste m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dimetcote is popular in the marine industry. The inorganic zinc coating of Dimetcote can protect metal components from moisture. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the case of the original Grätzel and O'Regan design, the cell has 3 primary parts. On top is a transparent anode made of fluoride-doped tin dioxide (SnO:F) deposited on the back of a (typically glass) plate. On the back of this conductive plate is a thin layer of titanium dioxide (TiO), which forms into a highly por... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The polyadenylation activity of GLD-2, as we previously mentioned, is stimulated by physical interaction with an RNA binding protein, GLD-3. To test whether GLD-3 might stimulate GLD-2 by recruiting it to RNA, some studies tethered C. elegans GLD-2 to mRNAs in Xenopus oocytes by using MS2 coat protein. Tethered GLD-2 a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The discovery of introns and the split gene architecture of the eukaryotic genes started a new era of eukaryotic biology. The question of why eukaryotic genes had fragmented genes prompted speculation and discussion almost immediately.
Ford Doolittle published a paper in 1978 in which he stated that most molecular biol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dielectric relaxation as a whole is the result of the movement of dipoles (dipole relaxation) and electric charges (ionic relaxation) due to an applied alternating field, and is usually observed in the frequency range 10-10 Hz. Relaxation mechanisms are relatively slow compared to resonant electronic transitions or mol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
3-Butyn-1-ol was reacted with methanesulfonyl chloride and triethanolamine to produce its mesylate. The mesylate was displaced to make thiolacetate. The thiol was coupled with 3,5-dibromo(trimethylsilylethynyl)benzene to create a free alkyne. The resulting product, 3,5-(4’-thiolacetyl-1’-butynyl)-1-(trimethylsilylethyn... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Bray–Liebhafsky reaction is a chemical clock first described by W. C. Bray in 1921 with the oxidation of iodine to iodate:
:5 HO + I → 2 + 2 H + 4 HO
and the reduction of iodate back to iodine:
:5 HO + 2 + 2 H → I + 5 O + 6 HO | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Synapses can be classified by the type of cellular structures serving as the pre- and post-synaptic components. The vast majority of synapses in the mammalian nervous system are classical axo-dendritic synapses (axon synapsing upon a dendrite), however, a variety of other arrangements exist. These include but are not l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Annonins are a group of chemical compounds classified as acetogenins. They are found in the extracts of Annona seeds (A. squamosa and A. muricata). Annonin-based bioinsecticides are used to control Coleoptera (beetle) pests commonly found in stored organic cereal and beans in the country of Brazil. Other different typ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Anionic surfactants contain anionic functional groups at their head, such as sulfate, sulfonate, phosphate, and carboxylates.
Prominent alkyl sulfates include ammonium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SLS, or SDS), and the related alkyl-ether sulfates sodium laureth sulfate (sodium lauryl ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SNIF-NMR is the official method of the OIV to determine the authentication of wine origin. It is the only method to detect C3 sugar addition (like beet sugar).
The isotopic parameters of both water and ethanol are related to the humidity and temperature of the growing region of the plant. Therefore, considerations of m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfoquinovose is rarely found in its free form in nature; rather it occurs predominantly as a glycoside, SQDG. SQDG can be deacylated to form lyso-SQDG and sulfoquinovosylglycerol (SQGro). Sulfoquinovose is obtained from SQ glycosides by the action of sulfoquinovosidases, which are glycoside hydrolases that can hydrol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many solvents can lead to a sudden loss of consciousness if inhaled in large amounts. Solvents like diethyl ether and chloroform have been used in medicine as anesthetics, sedatives, and hypnotics for a long time. Many solvents (e.g. from gasoline or solvent-based glues) are abused recreationally in glue sniffing, ofte... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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