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The Hydrogen bond is relevant to drug design. According to Lipinski's rule of five the majority of orally active drugs have no more than five hydrogen bond donors and fewer than ten hydrogen bond acceptors. These interactions exist between nitrogen–hydrogen and oxygen–hydrogen centers. Many drugs do not, however, obey ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As a meal containing carbohydrates or protein is eaten and digested, blood glucose levels rise, and the pancreas secretes insulin. Blood glucose from the portal vein enters liver cells (hepatocytes). Insulin acts on the hepatocytes to stimulate the action of several enzymes, including glycogen synthase. Glucose molecul... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alexander Zaytsev first published his observations regarding the products of elimination reactions in Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie in 1875. Although the paper contained some original research done by Zaytsevs students, it was largely a literature review and drew heavily upon previously published work. In it, Zayts... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rhodium-catalyzed C-C bondactivation of strained spiropentanes leads to a cyclopentenones. In terms of mechanism, the reaction proceeds by apparent oxidative addition of the 4-5 carbon-carbon bond, leading to a rhodacyclobutane intermediate. In the presence of carbon monoxide, migratory insertion of CO into one of the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PKA is also commonly known as cAMP-dependent protein kinase, because it has traditionally been thought to be activated through release of the catalytic subunits when levels of the second messenger called cyclic adenosine monophosphate, or cAMP, rise in response to a variety of signals. However, recent studies evaluatin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A mercury barometer is one of the classic uses of static pressure head. Such barometers are an enclosed column of mercury standing vertically with gradations on the tube. The lower end of the tube is bathed in a pool of mercury open to the ambient to measure the local atmospheric pressure. The reading of a mercury baro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Analytical thermal desorption, known within the analytical chemistry community simply as "thermal desorption" (TD), is a technique that concentrates volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in gas streams prior to injection into a gas chromatograph (GC). It can be used to lower the detection limits of GC methods, and can impr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cholesterol uptake by cells instigates inflammation, affecting both the central nervous system and the peripheral systems. This phenomenon involves the aggregation of inflammatory proteins. For instance, in the context of TLR4, cholesterol prompts receptor dimerization. Similarly, with TNF alpha, the substrate facilita... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Source: [https://www.iom3archive.org.uk/awards-archive IOM3 archive website] and [https://www.iom3.org/events-awards/awards/iom3-awards-winners.html current IOM3 website] | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One standard increasingly used (e.g. in the United States) is J-STD-004. It is very similar to DIN EN 61190-1-1.
Four characters (two letters, then one letter, and last a number) represent flux composition, flux activity, and whether activators include halides:
* First two letters: Base
** RO: rosin
** RE: resin
** OR:... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The same triad geometries been converged upon by serine proteases such as the chymotrypsin and subtilisin superfamilies. Similar convergent evolution has occurred with cysteine proteases such as viral C3 protease and papain superfamilies. These triads have converged to almost the same arrangement due to the mechanistic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thioketenes can be stabilized by either steric protection or by electronic effects. Thus, di-tert-butylthioketene is easily isolated and air-stable. Several examples have been characterized by X-ray crystallography. The C=S distance is 157 pm and the C=C distance is 124 pm, both bonds being suitable for the C=C=S ass... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The continental shelf pump is proposed as operating in the shallow waters of the continental shelves as a mechanism transporting carbon (dissolved or particulate) from the continental waters to the interior of the adjacent deep ocean. As originally formulated, the pump is thought to occur where the solubility pump inte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The PI curve can be applied to terrestrial and marine reactions but is most commonly used to explain ocean-dwelling phytoplankton's photosynthetic response to changes in light intensity. Using this tool to approximate biological productivity is important because phytoplankton contribute ~50% of total global carbon fixa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Assume that a beam of light enters a material sample. Define as an axis parallel to the direction of the beam. Divide the material sample into thin slices, perpendicular to the beam of light, with thickness sufficiently small that one particle in a slice cannot obscure another particle in the same slice when viewed a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The growth-differentiation balance hypothesis states that plant defenses are a result of a tradeoff between "growth-related processes" and "differentiation-related processes" in different environments. Differentiation-related processes are defined as "processes that enhance the structure or function of existing cells (... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most artificial plasmas are generated by the application of electric and/or magnetic fields through a gas. Plasma generated in a laboratory setting and for industrial use can be generally categorized by:
*The type of power source used to generate the plasma—DC, AC (typically with radio frequency (RF)) and microwave
*Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transition metal carboxylate complexes are coordination complexes with carboxylate (RCO) ligands. Reflecting the diversity of carboxylic acids, the inventory of metal carboxylates is large. Many are useful commercially, and many have attracted intense scholarly scrutiny. Carboxylates exhibit a variety of coordination m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
NCAs are prone to hydrolysis to the parent amino acid:
:RCHNHC(O)OC(O) + HO → HNCH(R)COH + CO
Some derivatives however tolerate water briefly.
NCAs convert to homopolypeptides ( [N(H)CH(R)CO)]) through ring-opening polymerization:
:nRCHNHC(O)OC(O) → [N(H)CH(R)CO)] + nCO
Poly--lysine has been prepared from N-carbobenzyl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
[http://regulondb.ccg.unam.mx/menu/using_regulondb/tutorials/project_glossary/index.jsp Check the glossary for all definitions]. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Small RNAs are noncoding RNA molecules between 20 and 200 nucleotide in length. The item "small RNA" is a rather arbitrary term, which is vaguely defined based on its length comparing with regular RNA such as messenger RNA (mRNA). Previously bacterial short regulatory RNAs have been referred to as small RNAs, but they ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Microcapsules termed protocells prepared by polymer-protein hybrids are the hotspot of the research area recently, enabling various functions such as bioreactors, cascade system and multiresponsive membranes, etc. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are numerous classes of natural products for which total synthesis is applied to. These include (but are not limited to): terpenes, alkaloids, polyketides and polyethers. Total synthesis targets are sometimes referred to by their organismal origin such as plant, marine, and fungal. The term total synthesis is les... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Recent excavations in Middle Ganges Valley show iron working in India may have begun as early as 1800 BCE. In the 5th century BCE, the Greek historian Herodotus observed that "Indian and the Persian army used arrows tipped with iron." Ancient Romans used armour and cutlery made of Indian iron. Pliny the Elder also ment... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The simplest spin system exhibiting the SE DNP mechanism is an electron-nucleus spin pair. The Hamiltonian of the system can be written as:
These terms are referring respectively to the electron and nucleus Zeeman interaction with the external magnetic field, and the hyperfine interaction. S and I are the electron and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Zisman theory is the simplest commonly used theory, as it is a one-component theory, and is best used for non-polar surfaces. This means that polymer surfaces that have been subjected to heat treatment, corona treatment, plasma cleaning, or polymers that contain heteroatoms do not lend themselves to this particular... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The development of resistance to chemotherapies such as paclitaxel and cisplatin in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is strongly associated with overexpression of beta III tubulin. Investigations by the Children's Cancer Institute Australia (University of NSW, Lowy Cancer Research Centre) demonstrated that beta III-t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The brush type, or Pirkle type chiral stationary phases are also called π-π Donnor-Acceptor columns. According to some theoretical models separation on these CSPs is based on a three-point attachment between the solute and the bonded chiral ligand on the surface of the stationary phase. These interactions may be attra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One strategy to provide full 360° rotation of THz polarization of equal electric field magnitude at the sample is to generate a circular state of polarization, then select particular linear polarization states from the circularly polarized beam with a THz polarizer.
A circular polarization state may be generated by a q... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As sketched above, the ARM domain of β-catenin acts as a platform to which specific linear motifs may bind. Located in structurally diverse partners, the β-catenin binding motifs are typically disordered on their own, and typically adopt a rigid structure upon ARM domain engagement – as seen for short linear motifs. Ho... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The sticking probability is the probability that molecules are trapped on surfaces and adsorb chemically. From Langmuir's adsorption isotherm, molecules cannot adsorb on surfaces when the adsorption sites are already occupied by other molecules, so the sticking probability can be expressed as follows:
where is the ini... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cornforth was named the Australian of the Year in 1975, jointly with Maj. Gen. Alan Stretton. In 1977, Cornforth was recognised by his alma mater, the University of Sydney, with the award of an honorary Doctor of Science. Cornforth's other awards and recognitions follow:
* Davy Medal (1968)
* Elected a Fellow of the Ro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nitrogen removal in the A-stage can reach 30–40%, as nitrogen of organic compounds is incorporated in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor sludge.
The sludge age of the B-stage is typically between 8 and 20 days promoting the growth of nitrifiers. Therefore, complete nitrification is usually achieved in the B... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The reciprocating steam engine has been used to produce mechanical power since the 18th century, with notable improvements being made by James Watt. When the first commercially developed central electrical power stations were established in 1882 at Pearl Street Station in New York and Holborn Viaduct power station in L... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most solid materials undergo plastic deformations when subjected to strong shocks. The point on the shock Hugoniot at which a material transitions from a purely elastic state to an elastic-plastic state is called the Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL) and the pressure at which this transition takes place is denoted p. Valu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pathway building has been performed by individual groups studying a network of interest (e.g., immune signaling pathway) as well as by large bioinformatics consortia (e.g., the Reactome Project) and commercial entities (e.g., Ingenuity Systems). Pathway building is the process of identifying and integrating the entitie... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Robert Brill is an American archaeologist, best known for his work on the chemical analysis of ancient glass. Born in the US in 1929, Brill attended West Side High School in Newark, New Jersey, before going on to study for his B.S. degree at Upsala College (Brill 1993a, Brill 2006, Getty Conservation Institute 2009). H... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Myristoylation is a lipidation modification where a myristoyl group, derived from myristic acid, is covalently attached by an amide bond to the alpha-amino group of an N-terminal glycine residue. Myristic acid is a 14-carbon saturated fatty acid (14:0) with the systematic name of n-tetradecanoic acid. This modificat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A wide variety of divinylcyclopropanes undergo the titular reaction. These precursors have been generated by a variety of methods, including the addition of cyclopropyl nucleophiles (salts of lithium, or copper) to activated double or triple bonds, elimination of bis(2-haloethyl)cyclopropanes and cyclopropanation.
In t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The use of highly reactive metals in chemical synthesis was popularized in the 1960s. One development in this theme is the use of metal vapor synthesis, as described by Skell, Timms, Ozin, and others. All of these methods relied on elaborate instrumentation to vaporize the metals, releasing an atomic form of these re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The tetratricopeptide repeat domain provides the concave surface necessitated for SIP recognition. RopB-CTD houses 5 stacked TPR motifs, each having sets of paired antiparallel helices that aid in the formation of a concave inner pathway and a convex exterior. The base of the recognition site is constructed by α6 and α... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Waste heat is heat that is produced by a machine, or other process that uses energy, as a byproduct of doing work. All such processes give off some waste heat as a fundamental result of the laws of thermodynamics. Waste heat has lower utility (or in thermodynamics lexicon a lower exergy or higher entropy) than the orig... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Molecular gyroscopes are chemical compounds or supramolecular complexes containing a rotor that moves freely relative to a stator, and therefore act as gyroscopes. Though any single bond or triple bond permits a chemical group to freely rotate, the compounds described as gyroscopes may protect the rotor from interactio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Acetoacetic ester synthesis is a chemical reaction where ethyl acetoacetate is alkylated at the α-carbon to both carbonyl groups and then converted into a ketone, or more specifically an α-substituted acetone. This is very similar to malonic ester synthesis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Beryllium can coordinate with an N-hetereocyclic carbene (NHC). NHCs are defined as heterocyclic species containing a carbene carbon and at least one nitrogen atom within the ring structure. NHCs have found numerous applications in some of the most important catalytic transformations in chemical industry, but their rea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bachrach is an organic chemist specialising in computational organic chemistry and began his career at Northern Illinois University, where he earned a Professorship. He spent 17 years at Trinity University, holding positions including the Dr. D. R. Semmes Distinguished Professor of Chemistry, Chair of the Department o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The self-ionization of water was first proposed in 1884 by Svante Arrhenius as part of the theory of ionic dissociation which he proposed to explain the conductivity of electrolytes including water. Arrhenius wrote the self-ionization as . At that time, nothing was yet known of atomic structure or subatomic particles, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The treatment of industrial wastewater may involve specialized trickling filters which use plastic media and high flow rates. Wastewaters from a variety of industrial processes have been treated in trickling filters. Such industrial wastewater trickling filters consist of two types:
* Large tanks or concrete enclosures... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A symmetric linear molecule ABA can perform:
* Antisymmetric longitudinal vibrations with frequency
* Symmetric longitudinal vibrations with frequency
* Symmetric transversal vibrations with frequency
In the previous formulas, M is the total mass of the molecule, m and m are the masses of the elements A and B, k and k ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a hemiacetal or a hemiketal has the general formula , where is hydrogen or an organic substituent. They generally result from the addition of an alcohol (a compound with at least one group) to an aldehyde () or a ketone (), although the latter are sometimes called hemiketals. Most sugars are hem... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If there is an electropositive substituent (e.g. –SiR, –SnR, –HgR, etc.) at the β-position of carbocation, the positive charge could be stabilized which is also due largely to the stereoelectronic effect (illustrated below using –SiR3 as an example). The orientation of the two interacting orbitals can have a significan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many methods of transfection and transformation – two ways of expressing a foreign or modified gene in an organism – are effective in only a small percentage of a population subjected to the techniques. Thus, a method for identifying those few successful gene uptake events is necessary. Reporter genes used in this way ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Praseodymium(IV) fluoride (also praseodymium tetrafluoride) is a binary inorganic compound, a highly oxidised metal salt of praseodymium and fluoride with the chemical formula PrF. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many approaches can potentially quantify radiation absorption, with key examples following.
* The absorption coefficient along with some closely related derived quantities
* The attenuation coefficient (NB used infrequently with meaning synonymous with "absorption coefficient")
* The Molar attenuation coefficient (also... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Glucose (), ribose (), Acetic acid (), and formaldehyde () all have different molecular formulas but the same empirical formula: . This is the actual molecular formula for formaldehyde, but acetic acid has double the number of atoms, ribose has five times the number of atoms, and glucose has six times the number of a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chlorprothixene was the first of the thioxanthene antipsychotics to be synthesized. It was introduced in 1959 by Lundbeck.
Lometraline, tametraline, and sertraline were reportedly derived via structural modification of chlorprothixene. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fast spin echo (RARE, FAISE or FSE), also called turbo spin echo (TSE) is an MRI sequence that results in fast scan times. In this sequence, several 180 refocusing radio-frequency pulses are delivered during each echo time (TR) interval, and the phase-encoding gradient is briefly switched on between echoes.
The FSE/TSE... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An indicator may be used to obtain quite precise measurements of pH by measuring absorbance quantitatively at two or more wavelengths. The principle can be illustrated by taking the indicator to be a simple acid, HA, which dissociates into H and A.
:HA H + A
The value of the acid dissociation constant, pK, must be ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Victor Meyer suggested a method for determining the types of alcohol i.e. (primary, secondary or tertiary). In this method the sample alcohol is treated with PI to get the iodoalkane which is again treated with AgNO to get the nitroalkane. The nitroalkane is then treated with nitrous acid which is obtained by NaNO and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Antitermination is the prokaryotic cell's aid to fix premature termination of RNA synthesis during the transcription of RNA. It occurs when the RNA polymerase ignores the termination signal and continues elongating its transcript until a second signal is reached. Antitermination provides a mechanism whereby one or more... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This jumping library uses adaptors containing markers for fragment selection in combination with barcodes for multiplexing. The protocol was developed by Talkowski et al. and based on mate-pair library preparation for SOLiD sequencing. The selected DNA fragment size is 3.5 – 4.5 kb. Two adaptors were involved: one cont... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Before the discovery of ribozymes, enzymes—which are defined as catalytic proteins—were the only known biological catalysts. In 1967, Carl Woese, Francis Crick, and Leslie Orgel were the first to suggest that RNA could act as a catalyst. This idea was based upon the discovery that RNA can form complex secondary structu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tetrafluoromethane is the product when any carbon compound, including carbon itself, is burned in an atmosphere of fluorine. With hydrocarbons, hydrogen fluoride is a coproduct. It was first reported in 1926. It can also be prepared by the fluorination of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide or phosgene with sulfur tetraflu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transporting chemicals out of a cell against a gradient is often associated with ATP hydrolysis. Transport is mediated by ATP binding cassette transporters. The human genome encodes 48 ABC transporters, that are used for exporting drugs, lipids, and other compounds. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Recognition of stop codons in bacteria have been associated with the so-called tripeptide anticodon, a highly conserved amino acid motif in RF1 (PxT) and RF2 (SPF). Even though this is supported by structural studies, it was shown that the tripeptide anticodon hypothesis is an oversimplification. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Non-metallic inclusions, the presence of which defines purity of steel, are classified by chemical and mineralogical content, by stability and by origin. By chemical content non-metallic inclusions are divided into the following groups:
#sulfides (simple — FeS, MnS, AlS, CaS, MgS, ZrS and others; compound — FeS·FeO, Mn... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The parent phosphonium is as found in the iodide salt, phosphonium iodide. Salts of the parent are rarely encountered, but this ion is an intermediate in the preparation of the industrially useful tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride:
:PH + HCl + 4 CHO →
Many organophosphonium salts are produced by protonati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Expressed in metric units, the "specific speed" is n = 0.2626 n /h
* where n is the wheel speed in rpm
* P is the power in kilowatts
* h is the water head in meters
The factor 0.2626 is only required when the specific speed is to be adjusted to English units. In countries which use the metric system, the factor is omit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Much of the SIMIBI class of GTPases is activated by dimerization. Named after the signal recognition particle (SRP), MinD, and BioD, the class is involved in protein localization, chromosome partitioning, and membrane transport. Several members of this class, including MinD and Get3, has shifted in substrate specificit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Schymanski's first research publications were from her undergraduate work when she worked on developing new metal-containing polymers which resulted in three lead author publications.
As a graduate student, Schymanski started using information on the fragmentation pattern of organic compounds as a means to expand the i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The halides of low-valent early metals often are clusters with extensive M-M bonding. The situation contrasts with the higher halides of these metals and virtually all halides of the late transition metals, where metal-halide bonding is replete.
Transition metal halide clusters are prevalent for the heavier metals: Zr,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the most commonly used self-cleaning products, titanium dioxide, utilizes a unique self-cleaning mechanism that combines an initial photocatalytic step and subsequent superhydrophilicity. A titanium dioxide coating, typically on glass windows, when exposed to UV light, will generate free electrons that will inte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the spring of 1774, Lavoisier carried out experiments on the calcination of tin and lead in sealed vessels, the results of which conclusively confirmed that the increase in weight of metals in combustion was due to combination with air. But the question remained about whether it was in combination with common atmosp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a one-dimensional system at a given mode the vibration will have nodes, or places where the displacement is always zero. These nodes correspond to points in the mode shape where the mode shape is zero. Since the vibration of a system is given by the mode shape multiplied by a time function, the displacement of the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Soviet Alfa-class submarines used LBE as a coolant for their nuclear reactors throughout the Cold War.
OKB Gidropress (the Russian developers of the VVER-type Light-water reactors) has expertise in LBE reactors. The SVBR-75/100, a modern design of this type, is one example of the extensive Russian experience with t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A common form of crevice failure occurs due to stress corrosion cracking, where a crack or cracks develop from the base of the crevice where the stress concentration is greatest. This was the root cause of the fall of the Silver Bridge over the Ohio River, in 1967 in West Virginia, where a single critical crack only ab... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Flexibility
Your DNA sequence of interest can be moved across any expression system in just one recombination step when you create the entry clone with it.
Speed
Instead of taking two or more days with conventional restriction and ligation cloning, the Gateway approach allows for the creation of the expression construc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gamma rays provide information about some of the most energetic phenomena in the universe; however, they are largely absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere. Instruments aboard high-altitude balloons and satellites missions, such as the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, provide our only view of the universe in gamma rays.
Ga... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Soap is known to have been used as a surfactant for washing clothes since the Sumerian time in 2,500 B.C. In ancient Egypt, soda was used as a wash additive. In the 19th century, synthetic surfactants began to be created, for example from olive oil. Sodium silicate (water glass) was used in soap-making in the United St... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photocatalytic water splitting separates water into hydrogen and oxygen:
The most prevalently investigated material, , is inefficient. Mixtures of and nickel oxide (NiO) are more active. NiO allows a significant explоitation of the visible spectrum. One efficient photocatalyst in the UV range is based on sodium tan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the early 1990s, Hammarby Sjöstad had a reputation for being a run-down, polluted and unsafe industrial and residential area. Now, it is a new district in Stockholm where the City has imposed tough environmental requirements on buildings, technical installations and the traffic environment.
An ‘eco-cycle’ solution n... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During the process of DNA replication, errors occasionally occur in the polymerization of the second strand. These errors, mutations, can affect an organism's phenotype, especially if they occur within the protein coding sequence of a gene. Error rates are typically 1 error in every 10–100 million bases—due to the "pro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Technetium-99m's short half-life of 6 hours makes long-term storage impossible. Transport of Tc from the limited number of production sites to radiopharmacies (for manufacture of specific radiopharmaceuticals) and other end users would be complicated by the need to significantly overproduce to have sufficient remaining... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Under normal conditions, ATP and ADP cannot cross the inner mitochondrial membrane due to their high negative charges, but ADP/ATP translocase, an antiporter, couples the transport of the two molecules. The depression in ADP/ATP translocase alternatively faces the matrix and the cytoplasmic sides of the membrane. ADP i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Finely ground agricultural lime is often applied to acid soils to increase soil pH (liming). The amount of limestone or chalk needed to change pH is determined by the mesh size of the lime (how finely it is ground) and the buffering capacity of the soil. A high mesh size (60 mesh = 0.25 mm; 100 mesh = 0.149 mm) indicat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier was born to a wealthy family of the nobility in Paris on 26 August 1743. The son of an attorney at the Parlement of Paris, he inherited a large fortune at the age of five upon the death of his mother. Lavoisier began his schooling at the Collège des Quatre-Nations, University of Paris (also kn... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The National Fire Protection Association have a special labeling system in the standard for Health Care Facilities, such as hospitals and dentistry offices. This standard puts more emphasis on gases found in Medical gas supply systems, which consist of both oxidizing gases and gases that displace oxygen. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Secondary sulfides—those formed by supergene secondary enrichment—are resistant (refractory) to sulfuric leaching. Secondary copper sulfides are dominated by the mineral chalcocite; a mineral formed from primary sulfides, like chalcopyrite, that undergo chemical processes such as oxidation or reduction. Typically, seco... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
CPT requires specialized chimeric probes, making CPT assays more expensive than PCR. Because CPT probes are so specific, a new probe must be designed for each unique assay, further increasing cost. Clinical implementation is hampered financially, but it is also limited by the possibility of samples containing nonspecif... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
SCO was first observed in 1931 by Cambi et al. who discovered anomalous magnetic behavior for the tris(N,N-dialkyldithiocarbamatoiron(III) complexes. The spin states of these complexes were sensitive to the nature of the amine substituents. In the 1960s, the first Co SCO complex was reported. Magnetic measurements and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Homoaromaticity can better be explained using Perturbation Molecular Orbital Theory (PMO) as described in a 1975 study by Robert C. Haddon. The homotropenylium cation can be considered as a perturbed version of the tropenylium cation due to the addition of a homoconjugate linkage interfering with the resonance of the o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The modern bulbous bow was developed by Dr. Takao Inui at the University of Tokyo during the 1950s and 1960s, independently of Japanese naval research. Inui based his research on earlier findings by scientists made after Taylor discovered that ships fitted with a bulbous forefoot exhibited substantially lower drag char... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Maternal undernutrition has been linked with low birth weight and also a number of diseases, including Cardiovascular disease, stroke, hypertension and diabetes. When a foetus is in the womb and is not receiving sufficient nutrition, it can adapt to prioritize organ growth and increased metabolic efficiency to prepare ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Methyl red (2-(N,N-dimethyl-4-aminophenyl) azobenzenecarboxylic acid), also called C.I. Acid Red 2, is an indicator dye that turns red in acidic solutions. It is an azo dye, and is a dark red crystalline powder. Methyl red is a pH indicator; it is red in pH under 4.4, yellow in pH over 6.2, and orange in between, with ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Clues to the existence of a post-mortem transcriptome existed at least since the beginning of the 21st century, but the word thanatotranscriptome (from (thanatos-, Greek for "death") seems to have been first used in the scientific literature by Javan et al. in 2015, following the introduction of the concept of the hum... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Atmospheric chemists often define the Henry solubility as
Here is the concentration of a species in the aqueous phase, and is the partial pressure of that species in the gas phase under equilibrium conditions.
The SI unit for is mol/(m·Pa); however, often the unit M/atm is used, since is usually expressed in M (1M ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ethyltoluenes are prepared by alkylation of toluene with ethylene:
These alkylations are catalyzed by various Lewis acids, such as aluminium trichloride.
3- and 4-Ethyltoluenes are mainly of interest as precursors to methylstyrenes:
This dehydrogenation is conducted in the presence of zinc oxide catalysts. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lipolysis is the metabolic pathway through which lipid triglycerides are hydrolyzed into a glycerol and free fatty acids. It is used to mobilize stored energy during fasting or exercise, and usually occurs in fat adipocytes. The most important regulatory hormone in lipolysis is insulin; lipolysis can only occur when i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bacterial DNA is packed with the help of polyamines and proteins called nucleoid-associated proteins. Protein-associated DNA occupies about 1/4 of the intracellular volume forming a concentrated viscous phase with liquid crystalline properties, called the nucleoid. Other research also indicated that the genome of bacte... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermochemical cycles combine solely heat sources (thermo) with chemical reactions to split water into its hydrogen and oxygen components. The term cycle is used because aside of water, hydrogen and oxygen, the chemical compounds used in these processes are continuously recycled.
If work is partially used as an input, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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