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The oocyte is the female cell involved in reproduction. There is a close relationship between the oocyte and the surrounding follicular cells which is crucial to the development of both. GDF9 and BMP15 produced by the oocyte bind to BMPR2 receptors on follicular cells activating SMADs 2/3, ensuring follicular developme... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fusing angular rings around a benzene moiety leads to an increase in stability. The Clar structure of anthracene, for instance, has only one π-sextet, but moving one ring into the angular position phenanthrene is obtained, the Clar structure of which carries two circles instead of one – notice that this molecule can be... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
C-myc mRNA is a type of mRNA that serves as a template for the MYC protein which is implicated in the rapid growth of cancer cells. This mRNA is a topic of ongoing research to investigate the viability of preventing cancer growth by cleaving or degrading the c-myc mRNA. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reflectometric interference spectroscopy (RIfS) is a physical method based on the interference of white light at thin films, which is used to investigate molecular interaction. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In sub-Saharan West Africa, there were only two known source of copper that were commercially viable: Dkra near Nioro, Mali and Takedda in Azelik, Niger. Akjoujt was a significant source of copper, but due to the lack of timber it lost its significance in early historic times. The sources for West Africa's copper came ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Hill equation is used extensively in pharmacology to quantify the functional parameters of a drug and are also used in other areas of biochemistry.
The Hill equation can be used to describe dose-response relationships, for example ion channel open-probability (P-open) vs. ligand concentration. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aegyptiacum, or ægyptiacum, was used in pharmacy as a kind of detersive, or cleansing unguent. It is so called from its dusky hue or color, which resembles the swarthy complexion of the Egyptian people.
It is composed of verdigris, vinegar, and honey, boiled to a consistency.
The prescription is Masawaiyh's. It is chie... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (also known as the Arnhem Land Expedition) remains one of the most significant, most ambitious and least understood expeditions. Commenced in February 1948, it was one of the largest scientific expeditions to have taken place in Australia and was conducted by... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Z-HIT, also denoted as ZHIT, Z-HIT relationship , is a bidirectional mathematical tranformation, connecting the two parts of a complex function, - i.e. its modulus and its phase. Z-HIT relations are somewhat similar to the Kramers–Kronig relations, where the real part can be computed from the imaginary part (or vice ve... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Specifically, in the basal state Perilipin A allows a low level of basal lipolysis by reducing the access of cytosolic lipases to stored triacylglycerol in LDs. It is found at their surface in a complex with CGI-58, the co-activator of ATGL. ATGL might also be in this complex but it is quiescent.
Under lipolytically st... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
"Water spray" systems are operationally identical to a deluge system, but the piping and discharge nozzle spray patterns are designed to protect a uniquely configured hazard, usually being three-dimensional components or equipment (i.e. as opposed to a deluge system, which is designed to cover the horizontal floor area... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This technique is an extension of "chromosome walking" that allows larger "steps" along the chromosome.
If steps of length N kb are desired, very high molecular weight DNA is necessary. Once isolated, it is partially digested with a frequent-cutting restriction enzyme (such as MboI or BamHI). Next, obtained fragments a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stereolithography, digital imaging, and 3D inkjet printing are just a few 3D printing technologies that make use of photopolymerization pathways. 3D printing usually utilizes CAD-CAM software, which creates a 3D computer model to be translated into a 3D plastic object. The image is cut in slices; each slice is then rec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are numerous reasons that each of the four processes can occur (detailed in each article). Generally speaking, sources of acid gain include:
# Retention of carbon dioxide
# Production of nonvolatile acids from the metabolism of proteins and other organic molecules
# Loss of bicarbonate in feces or urine
# Intake ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The reaction is usually initiated by copper(II) chloride (CuCl), which is the most common catalyst in the production of 1,2-dichloroethane. In some cases, CuCl is supported on silica in presence of KCl, LaCl, or AlCl as cocatalysts. Aside from silica, a variety of supports have also been used including various types of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This method is based on magnetic resonance imaging of the distribution of ions comprising NMR-active nuclei (usually 1H, 19F, 7Li) in an electrochemical cells upon application of electric current | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bosons are quantum mechanical particles that follow Bose–Einstein statistics, or equivalently, that possess integer spin. These particles can be classified as elementary: these are the Higgs boson, the photon, the gluon, the W/Z and the hypothetical graviton; or composite like the atom of hydrogen, the atom of O, the n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to the Web of Science, the journal's two most cited papers () are:
* (cited 766 times)
* (cited 722 times) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sphere packing on the corners of a hypercube (with the spheres defined by Hamming distance) corresponds to designing error-correcting codes: if the spheres have radius t, then their centers are codewords of a (2t + 1)-error-correcting code. Lattice packings correspond to linear codes. There are other, subtler relations... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Activation refers to the opening of ion channels, i.e. the conformational change that allows ions to pass. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The pressure head is dependent on the density of water, which can vary depending on both the temperature and chemical composition (salinity, in particular). This means that the hydraulic head calculation is dependent on the density of the water within the piezometer. If one or more hydraulic head measurements are to be... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Joan Berkowitz<br>
Paul Crutzen (Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1995)<br>
Philip Gschwend<br>
Alice Hamilton<br>
John M. Hayes<br>
Charles David Keeling<br>
Ralph Keeling<br>
Mario Molina (Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1995)<br>
James J. Morgan<br>
Clair Patterson<br>
Roger Revelle<br>
Sherry Roland (Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The potential exposure of humans and animals on the ground to the high power microwave beams is a significant concern with these systems. At the Earth's surface, a suggested SPSP microwave beam would have a maximum intensity at its center, of 23 mW/cm. While this is less than 1/4 the solar irradiation constant, microwa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metabolic regulation of nitrogen-containing molecules, such as amino acids, is also kept at steady state. The amino acid pool, which describes the level of amino acids in the body, is maintained at a relatively constant concentration by balancing the rate of input (i.e. from dietary protein ingestion, production of met... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is formed from the following three compounds in reversible reactions:
*Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6BP), catalyzed by aldolase.
The numbering of the carbon atoms indicates the fate of the carbons according to their position in fructose 6-phosphate.
*Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), cata... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Contig can also refer to the overlapping clones that form a physical map of a chromosome when the top-down or hierarchical sequencing strategy is used. In this sequencing method, a low-resolution map is made prior to sequencing in order to provide a framework to guide the later assembly of the sequence reads of the ge... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biliproteins are pigment protein compounds that are located in photosynthesising organisms such as algae, and sometimes also in certain insects. They refer to any protein that contains a bilin chromophore. In plants and algae, the main function of biliproteins is to make the process of light accumulation required for p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Combinatorial chemistry comprises chemical synthetic methods that make it possible to prepare a large number (tens to thousands or even millions) of compounds in a single process. These compound libraries can be made as mixtures, sets of individual compounds or chemical structures generated by computer software. Combin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sumner has presented lectures to public and school groups, and she has participated in videos and films on exploring Mars. These have included presentations at Sierra College, a Northern California Rotary Club, and Sacramento State University's Science in the River City. She appeared in several videos on Mars explorat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aside from physical or chemical analyses to determine the handling and pollutant profile of a coal, the energy output of a coal is determined using a bomb calorimeter which measures the specific energy output of a coal during complete combustion. This is required particularly for coals used in steam generation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RNA silencing-based resistance is a powerful tool for engineering resistant crops. The advantage of RNAi as a novel gene therapy against fungal, viral and bacterial infection in plants lies in the fact that it regulates gene expression via messenger RNA degradation, translation repression and chromatin remodelling thro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dispersive mass transfer, in fluid dynamics, is the spreading of mass from highly concentrated areas to less concentrated areas. It is one form of mass transfer.
Dispersive mass flux is analogous to diffusion, and it can also be described using Fick's first law:
where c is mass concentration of the species being disper... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transcriptomics has been characterised by the development of new techniques which have redefined what is possible every decade or so and rendered previous technologies obsolete. The first attempt at capturing a partial human transcriptome was published in 1991 and reported 609 mRNA sequences from the human brain. In 20... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cumulative dose is the total dose resulting from repeated exposures of ionizing radiation to an occupationally exposed worker to the same portion of the body, or to the whole body, over a period of time.
In medicine, the total amount of a drug or radiation given to a patient over time; for example, the total dose of ra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another calculation performed describes the molecules of the exclusion zone using Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Electrodynamics. In this model the liquid bulk water is in a gaseous state. Then, above a certain density threshold and below a specific critical temperature, those molecules go to another quantum state, wit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ARBs have a large therapeutic index and therefore their (mostly low) oral bioavailability does not appear to be of clinical significance.
As can be seen in table 1, these drugs are highly plasma protein-bound and therefore oral administration once a day should provide sufficient antihypertensive effects.
Around 14% of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One-compartment kinetics for a chemical compound specifies that the uptake in the compartment is proportional to the concentration outside the compartment, and the elimination is proportional to the concentration inside the compartment. Both the compartment and the environment outside the compartment are considered to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
AREs are recognized by RNA binding proteins such as tristetraprolin (TTP), AUF1, and Hu Antigen R (HuR). Although the exact mechanism is not very well understood, recent publications have attempted to propose the action of some of these proteins. AUF1, also known as hnRNP D, binds AREs through RNA recognition motifs (R... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
From early studies an initial model of PDE, active site topography was derived. This early model can be summarized into the following steps concerning cAMP active site topography:
# cAMP substrate with its adenine and ribose moieties in an "anti" relationship
# The phosphate atom in cAMP binds to PDE active site, using... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The carbon–fluorine bond stretching appears in the infrared spectrum between 1000 and 1360 cm. The wide range is due to the sensitivity of the stretching frequency to other substituents in the molecule. Monofluorinated compounds have a strong band between 1000 and 1110 cm; with more than one fluorine atoms, the band sp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
New chloroplasts may contain up to 100 copies of their DNA, though the number of chloroplast DNA copies decreases to about 15–20 as the chloroplasts age. They are usually packed into nucleoids, which can contain several identical chloroplast DNA rings. Many nucleoids can be found in each chloroplast.
In primitive red a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thermal hydraulics (also called thermohydraulics) is the study of hydraulic flow in thermal fluids. The area can be mainly divided into three parts: thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer, but they are often closely linked to each other. A common example is steam generation in power plants and the associate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Other possible deposition methods include methods utilizing particle self-assembly by solvent evaporation, doctor blade, chemical vapor deposition and transfer printing. Some of these methods like solvent evaporation are extremely simple but produce low-quality films. Other methods such as the chemical vapor deposition... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Starting with a zerovalent palladium species and a substrate containing a leaving group in the allylic position, the Tsuji–Trost reaction proceeds through the catalytic cycle outlined below.
First, the palladium coordinates to the alkene, forming a η -allyl-Pd Π complex. The next step is oxidative addition in which the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The main components of an XPS system are the source of X-rays, an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) chamber with mu-metal magnetic shielding, an electron collection lens, an electron energy analyzer, an electron detector system, a sample introduction chamber, sample mounts, a sample stage with the ability to heat or cool the sa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Atomistic philosophies are found very early in Islamic philosophy and were influenced originally by earlier Greek and, to some extent, Indian philosophy. Islamic speculative theology in general approached issues in physics from an atomistic framework. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The AFLP technology has the capability to detect various polymorphisms in different genomic regions simultaneously. It is also highly sensitive and reproducible. As a result, AFLP has become widely used for the identification of genetic variation in strains or closely related species of plants, fungi, animals, and bact... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For purposes of theoretical calculations about a thermodynamic system, one can imagine fictive idealized thermodynamic "processes" that occur so slowly that they do not incur friction within or on the surface of system; they can then be regarded as virtually reversible. These fictive processes proceed along paths on ge... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Whole genome sequencing studies enable the assessment of associations between complex traits and both coding and noncoding rare variants (minor allele frequency (MAF) < 1%) across the genome. Single-variant analyses typically have low power to identify associations with rare variants, and variant set tests have been pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Isotopic ratio relative to each component in the system, each with its isotopic expression, with respect to the concentration of its most abundant isotopologue | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) is the most common measure of fiber used for animal feed analysis, but it does not represent a unique class of chemical compounds. NDF measures most of the structural components in plant cells (i.e. lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose), but not pectin. Further analysis can be done to the s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Curiosity rover encountered rocks of special interest on the surface of Aeolis Palus near Aeolis Mons ("Mount Sharp") in Gale Crater. In the autumn of 2012, rocks studied, on the way from Bradbury Landing to Glenelg Intrigue, included "Coronation" rock (August 19, 2012), "Jake Matijevic" rock (September 19, 2012),... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A related family of reactions are the transmetalations, wherein two organometallic compounds exchange their metals. Many examples of such reactions involve lithium exchange with tin:
:CHLi + MeSnAr → CHSnMe + LiAr (where Ar is aryl and Me is methyl)
The tin–lithium exchange reactions have one major advantage over the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
polySia is involved in many natural human functions. The major examples include membranes, neuron signaling, the immune system, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and macrophage and microglia function. First, polySia makes membrane modifications due to interactions with a variety of factors. These could include r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In gases, the scintillation process is due to the de-excitation of single atoms excited by the passage of an incoming particle (a very rapid process: ≈1 ns). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Titer has the same origin as the word "title", from the French word titre, meaning "title" but referring to the documented purity of a substance, often gold or silver. This comes from the Latin word titulus, also meaning "title". | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Positive and negative controls should be run after preparation of each lot of medium.
Positive control: Escherichia coli
Negative control: Klebsiella | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oxoferryl species are commonly proposed as intermediates in catalytic cycles, especially biological systems in which O activation is required. Diatomic oxygen has a high reduction potential (E = 1.23 V), but the first step required to harness this potential is a thermodynamically unfavorable one electron reduction E = ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
HACNS1 (also known as CENTG2 and located in the Human Accelerated Region 2) is a gene enhancer "that may have contributed to the evolution of the uniquely opposable human thumb, and possibly also modifications in the ankle or foot that allow humans to walk on two legs". Evidence to date shows that of the 110,000 gene e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Primary Infrastructure
The primary infrastructure of RSN consists of seven primary nodes which were installed in 2012 by [http://www.l-3mps.com/maripro/index.aspx L-3 Maripro]. They are terminal points which help distribute power and bandwidth to the networks of deployed sensors.
Approximately 900 kilometers of cable ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
where S is a singlet and T a triplet whose subscripts denote states (0 is the ground state, and 1 the excited state). Transitions can also occur to higher energy levels, but the first excited state is denoted for simplicity. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* The analyst wishes to simplify the conduct of a variety of titrations by using one sensor for all. For example, a laboratory might conduct routinely acid/base, redox, complexometric, sulfate and chloride titrations. A single thermometric sensor in conjunction with an autosampler will enable all titrations to be perfo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With respect to acute toxicity, simple alcohols have low acute toxicities. Doses of several milliliters are tolerated. For pentanols, hexanols, octanols, and longer alcohols, LD50 range from 2–5 g/kg (rats, oral). Ethanol is less acutely toxic. All alcohols are mild skin irritants.
The metabolism of methanol (and ethyl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A knot is called achiral if it can be continuously deformed into its mirror image, otherwise it is called a chiral knot. For example, the unknot and the figure-eight knot are achiral, whereas the trefoil knot is chiral. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
"The Talking Stone" is a science fiction mystery short story by American writer Isaac Asimov, which first appeared in the October 1955 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction and was reprinted in the 1968 collection Asimovs Mysteries. "The Talking Stone" was the second of Asimovs Wendell Urth stories. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is an intermediate in the catabolism of aromatic amino acids such as phenylalanine and tyrosine.
4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate (produced by transamination of tyrosine) is acted upon by the enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase to yield homogentisate. If active and present, the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase fur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As the figure suggests, the effect of Reynolds numbers seems to be minor, with a low value of reduced frequency k=0.004, stall overshoot is minimal and most of the hysteresis loop is attributable to a delay in reattachment, rather than vortex shedding. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some stochastic models have been proposed to account for the effects of positive supercoiling buildup (PSB) in gene expression dynamics (e.g. in bacterial gene expression), differing in, e.g., the level of detail. In general, the detail increases when adding processes affected by and affecting supercoiling. As this add... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A uniform structure is identified by each sphere having the same number of contacting neighbours. This gives each sphere an identical neighbourhood. In the example image on the side each sphere has six neighbouring contacts.
The number of contacts is best visualised in the rolled-out contact network. It is created by r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Grafting, in the context of polymer chemistry, refers to the addition of polymer chains onto a surface. In the so-called grafting onto mechanism, a polymer chain adsorbs onto a surface out of solution. In the more extensive grafting from mechanism, a polymer chain is initiated and propagated at the surface. Because pre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polymeric nanoparticles are synthetic polymers with a size ranging from 10 to 100 nm. Common synthetic polymeric nanoparticles include polyacrylamide, polyacrylate, and chitosan. Drug molecules can be incorporated either during or after polymerization. Depending on the polymerization chemistry, the drug can be covalent... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1920, Nikola Tesla patented a valvular conduit or Tesla valve that works as a fluidic diode. It's a leaky diode, i.e. the reverse flow is non-zero for any applied pressure difference. Tesla valve also has non-linear response, as its diodicity has frequency dependence. It could be used in fluid circuits, such as a fu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Canonical bases may have either a carbonyl or an amine group on the carbons surrounding the nitrogen atom furthest away from the glycosidic bond, which allows them to base pair (Watson-Crick base pairing) via hydrogen bonds (amine with ketone, purine with pyrimidine). Adenine and 2-aminoadenine have one/two amine group... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At molecular weights between 6 and 10 kilodaltons the R-PEG hydrogel acts as a Maxwell material, which means the fluid has both viscosity and elasticity. This is determined by measuring the plateau modulus, the elastic modulus for a viscoelastic polymer is constant or "relaxed" when deformed, at a range of frequencies ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Non-mononuclidic elements are marked with an asterisk, and the long-lived primordial radioisotope given. In two cases (indium and rhenium), the most abundant naturally occurring isotope is the mildly radioactive one, and in the case of europium, nearly half of it is.
# Beryllium-9
# Fluorine-19
# Sodium-23
# Aluminium-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Until 1969 there was no obvious relationship except that the two methods lead to the same predictions. As noted earlier, the Woodward–Hoffmann method requires symmetry. But in 1969 and 1970 a general formulation was published, namely, A ground-state pericyclic change is symmetry-allowed when the total number of (4q + 2... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1B (TNFRSF1B) and CD120b, is one of two membrane receptors that binds tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα). Like its counterpart, tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), the extracellular region of TNFR2 consists o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In addition, extremely high energy helium nuclei sometimes referred to as alpha particles make up about 10 to 12% of cosmic rays. The mechanisms of cosmic ray production continue to be debated. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For equilibria in a gas phase, fugacity, f, is used in place of activity. However, fugacity has the dimension of pressure, so it must be divided by a standard pressure, usually 1 bar, in order to produce a dimensionless quantity, . An equilibrium constant is expressed in terms of the dimensionless quantity. For example... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Before analyzing target genome structural aberration and copy number variation (CNV) with ESP, the target genome is usually amplified and conserved with artificial chromosome construction. The classic strategy to construct an artificial chromosome is bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). Basically, the target chromoso... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Southern Research's Drug Discovery division conducts research focused on oncology, infectious disease, and neuroscience. Their current service areas include: High Throughput Screening (HTS), Chemistry, Oncology, Infectious Disease, Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuromolecular Research.
Southern Research is a foundin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
His last name is often seen hyphenated ("Folch-Pi"). In the Spanish tradition of providing two identifiers, he often signed with both his paternal and his maternal last names. When he moved to America and married, he decided to hyphenate his paternal and maternal last names, so that his children would bear his full fam... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Targeted drug delivery can be used to treat many diseases, such as the cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. However, the most important application of targeted drug delivery is to treat cancerous tumors. In doing so, the passive method of targeting tumors takes advantage of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The most frequent quantitative definition of noise is the coefficient of variation:
where is the noise in a quantity , is the mean value of and is the standard deviation of . This measure is dimensionless, allowing a relative comparison of the importance of noise, without necessitating knowledge of the absolute mea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The reaction is irreproducible in each run due to the initial inhomogeneity of the mixture which result from variation in stirring rate, overall volume as well as geometry of the reactors. Repeating the reaction in the statistically meaningful manners leads to the reproducible cumulative probability distribution curve.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the practice of medicine it had been long understood that, as Ambroise Paré (1510–1590) had expressed it, the physician's duty was to "cure occasionally, relieve often, console always" ("Guérir quelquefois, soulager souvent, consoler toujours"). Accordingly, placebos were widespread in medicine until the 20th centur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In an isolated system, thermodynamic equilibrium by definition persists over an indefinitely long time. In classical physics it is often convenient to ignore the effects of measurement and this is assumed in the present account.
To consider the notion of fluctuations in an isolated thermodynamic system, a convenient ex... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Non-specific binding of the repressor to DNA plays a crucial role in the repression and induction of the Lac-operon. The specific binding site for the Lac-repressor protein is the operator. The non-specific interaction is mediated mainly by charge-charge interactions while binding to the operator is reinforced by hydro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Specifically it is used as mefloquine hydrochloride.
Mefloquine is a chiral molecule with two asymmetric carbon centres, which means it has four different stereoisomers. The drug is currently manufactured and sold as a racemate of the (R,S)- and (S,R)-enantiomers by Hoffmann-La Roche, a Swiss pharmaceutical company. Es... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Depending on the nature of the substance, an elementary entity may be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an ion pair, or a subatomic particle such as a proton. For example, 10 moles of water (a chemical compound) and 10 moles of mercury (a chemical element) contain equal numbers of substance, with one atom of mercury for eac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chemical defense is a strategy employed by many organisms to avoid consumption by producing toxic or repellent metabolites or chemical warnings which incite defensive behavioral changes. The production of defensive chemicals occurs in plants, fungi, and bacteria, as well as invertebrate and vertebrate animals. The clas... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
REST/NRSF in conjunction with RE1/NRSE also acts outside the nervous system as regulators and repressors. Current research has linked RE1/NRSE activity with the regulation of the expression of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) gene. An NRSE regulatory region is present in the 3’ untranslated region of the ANP gene ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The underground property has changed hands over the years. The property sold in 1990 for $1.3 million after Henderson passed away, and again in 2005 for $2 million. The current owners bought it in 2014 for $1,150,000. In 2019 it was again on the market for $18 million, then in 2024 reduced to $5.9 million. The purchase... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a medical laboratory, flocculation is the core principle used in various diagnostic tests, for example the rapid plasma reagin test. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Total selenium in selenium yeast can be reliably determined using open acid digestion to extract selenium from the yeast matrix followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Determination of the selenium species selenomethionine can be achieved via proteolytic digestion of selenium yeast followed by high-performanc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The method is based on the set of the nodal equations which are simply mathematical representation of Kirchhoff's first law which states that the inlet and outlet flow at each node should be equal. Initial approximation is made to the nodal pressures. The approximation is then successively corrected until the final sol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Zener ratio is a dimensionless number that is used to quantify the anisotropy for cubic crystals. It is sometimes referred as anisotropy ratio and is named after Clarence Zener. Conceptually, it quantifies how far a material is from being isotropic (where the value of 1 means an isotropic material).
Its mathematica... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The deep ocean basins are stably stratified, so mixing of surface waters with the deep ocean waters occurs only very slowly. The dissolved CO of the surface waters of the ocean is roughly in equilibrium with the partial pressure of CO in the atmosphere. As atmospheric CO levels are rising, the oceans are absorbing some... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Sonogashira reaction is typically run under mild conditions. The cross-coupling is carried out at room temperature with a base, typically an amine, such as diethylamine, that also acts as the solvent. The reaction medium must be basic to neutralize the hydrogen halide produced as the byproduct of this coupling reac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bonds between hydrogen and the other elements range from highly to somewhat covalent. Some hydrides, e.g. boron hydrides, do not conform to classical electron counting rules and the bonding is described in terms of multi-centered bonds, whereas the interstitial hydrides often involve metallic bonding. Hydrides can be d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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