text stringlengths 105 4.57k | label int64 0 1 | label_text stringclasses 2
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*pimaric acid
**pimara-8(14),15-dien-18-oic acid
*isopimaric acids
*simplified formula CHO or CHCOOH
*molecular weight 302 | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In spite of the stepwise, radical mechanism, both stereoselective intra- and intermolecular variants have emerged. Cyclic enones are employed, otherwise competitive cis-trans isomerization ensues.
The mechanism of [2+2] photocyclization is proposed to begin with photoexcitation of the enone to a singlet excited state. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The structure of binary oxides can be predicted on the basis of the relative sizes of the metal and oxide ions and the filling of holes in a close packed oxide lattice. However, the predictions of structure are more difficult for ternary oxides. The combination of two or more metals in an oxide creates a lot of structu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Later in the 20th century several British pathologists, Mikey Rochman, Francis Camps, Sydney Smith and Keith Simpson pioneered new forensic science methods. Alec Jeffreys pioneered the use of DNA profiling in forensic science in 1984. He realized the scope of DNA fingerprinting, which uses variations in the genetic cod... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Extensional viscosity (also known as elongational viscosity) is a viscosity coefficient when the applied stress is extensional stress. It is often used for characterizing polymer solutions.
Extensional viscosity can be measured using rheometers that apply extensional stress. Acoustic rheometer is one example of such d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
K-Mold is a fracture test method. Liquid metal is cast into a mold containing notches. Once solidified, the resulting bar is bent to expose a fracture surface. The visual observation of inclusions on the fracture is used to determine a K-value for the melt and compared to a preset standard. This method is rather imprec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
By studying the peaks of nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, chemists can determine the structure of many compounds. It can be a very selective technique, distinguishing among many atoms within a molecule or collection of molecules of the same type but which differ only in terms of their local chemical environment. NMR... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polymer degradation is the reduction in the physical properties of a polymer, such as strength, caused by changes in its chemical composition. Polymers and particularly plastics are subject to degradation at all stages of their product life cycle, including during their initial processing, use, disposal into the enviro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A thermodynamic cycle is constructed as a sequence of stages or steps. Each stage consists of a thermodynamic operation followed by a thermodynamic process. For example, an initial thermodynamic operation of a cycle of a Carnot heat engine could be taken as the setting of the working body, at a known high temperature, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In naphtha cracking process, C4R3 refers to C4 residual obtained after separation of 1,3-butadiene, isobutylene, and 1-butene from C4 raffinate stream which mainly consists of cis- or trans-2-butene, n-butane, and unseparated 1-butene. Normally C4R3 is being process through a selective hydrogenation unit (SHU) and CDHy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Spectroscopy is a branch of science concerned with the spectra of electromagnetic radiation as a function of its wavelength or frequency measured by spectrographic equipment, and other techniques, in order to obtain information concerning the structure and properties of matter. Spectral measurement devices are referred... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Stöber process is a chemical process used to prepare silica () particles of controllable and uniform size for applications in materials science. It was pioneering when it was reported by Werner Stöber and his team in 1968, and remains today the most widely used wet chemistry synthetic approach to silica nanoparticl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbides are predicted to be more likely lower in the mantle as experiments have shown a much lower oxygen fugacity for high pressure iron silicates. Cohenite remains stable to over 187 GPa, but is predicted to have a denser orthorhombic Cmcm form in the inner core. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Spoil tips sometimes increased to millions of tons, and, having been abandoned, remain as huge piles today. They trap solar heat, making it difficult (although not impossible) for vegetation to take root; this encourages erosion and creates dangerous, unstable slopes. Existing techniques for regreening spoil tips inclu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Indigotindisulfonate sodium, sold under the brand name Bludigo, is used as a diagnostic dye during surgical procedures. It is indicated for use as a visualization aid in the cystoscopic assessment of the integrity of the ureters in adults following urological and gynecological open, robotic, or endoscopic surgical proc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pentane interference or syn-pentane interaction is the steric hindrance that the two terminal methyl groups experience in one of the chemical conformations of n-pentane. The possible conformations are combinations of anti conformations and gauche conformations and are anti-anti, anti-gauche, gauche - gauche and gauche ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The erosive effect of electrical discharges was first noted in 1770 by English physicist Joseph Priestley. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Singapore installed a green roof on a bus in 2019 as part of an experiment led by researchers at the National University of Singapore. Green roofs on bus stops in Singapore were found to reduce ambient temperatures by up to 2C. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The process of carrying salts by water to the sea or a land-locked lake from a river basin is called salt export. When adequate salt export is not occurring, the river basin area gradually converts into saline soils and/or alkali soils, particularly in lower reaches. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) treat wastewater in batches within the same vessel. This means that the bioreactor and final clarifier are not separated in space but in a timed sequence. The installation consists of at least two identically equipped tanks with a common inlet, which can be alternated between them. Whil... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
On May 9, 2006, a New Drug Application was submitted to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) by Pharmacyclics, Inc.
In December 2007, the FDA issued a not approvable letter for motexafin gadolinium. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ammonia fountain is a type of chemical demonstration. The experiment consists of introducing water through an inlet to a container filled with ammonia gas. Ammonia dissolves into the water and the pressure in the container drops. As a result, more water is forced into the container from another inlet creating a fou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ida Noddack (25 February 1896 – 24 September 1978), née Tacke, was a German chemist and physicist. In 1934 she was the first to mention the idea later named nuclear fission. With her husband Walter Noddack, and Otto Berg, she discovered element 75, rhenium. She was nominated three times for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH value of the ocean surface is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.15 to 8.05. This represents an increase of around 26% in hydrogen ion concentration in the world's oceans (the pH scale is logarithmic, so a change of one in pH unit is equivalent to a tenfold change in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lake Chichoj is located within 2 km of the Chixoy-Polochic fault, a major fault of the North America-Caribbean plate boundary, which constitutes the closest and largest seismic hazard for San Cristóbal Verapaz, but lies within a broader array of large to intermediate seismogenic faults. The latest noticeable earthquake... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Obligate aerobes need oxygen to grow. In a process known as cellular respiration, these organisms use oxygen to oxidize substrates (for example sugars and fats) and generate energy.
*Facultative anaerobes use oxygen if it is available, but also have anaerobic methods of energy production.
*Microaerophiles require oxyg... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The three related TET genes, TET1, TET2 and TET3 code respectively for three related mammalian proteins TET1, TET2, and TET3. All three proteins possess 5mC oxidase activity, but they differ in terms of domain architecture. TET proteins are large (~180- to 230-kDa) multidomain enzymes. All TET proteins contain a con... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Molecular Kink Paradigm proceeds from the intuitive notion that molecular chains that make up a natural rubber (polyisoprene) network are constrained by surrounding chains to remain within a ‘tube’. Elastic forces produced in a chain, as a result of some applied strain, are propagated along the chain contour within... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The neon-burning process is a set of nuclear fusion reactions that take place in evolved massive stars with at least 8 Solar masses. Neon burning requires high temperatures and densities (around 1.2×10 K or 100 keV and 4×10 kg/m).
At such high temperatures photodisintegration becomes a significant effect, so some neon ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a laminar flow reactor, the fluid flows through a long tube or parallel plate reactor and the flow is in layers parallel to the walls of the tube. The velocity of the flow is a parabolic function of radius. In the absence of molecular diffusion, the RTD is
The variance is infinite. In a real reactor, diffusion will... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The original Jameson Cell design had the following features:
* small (200 mm diameter) downcomers
* no wash water
* no tailings recycle
* no bubble dispersers
* low capacity.
In 1994 MIM launched the Mark II model Cell. It incorporated the following changes:
* the downcomer diameter was increased to 280 mm
* wash-water... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reticular synthesis enables facile bottom-up synthesis of the framework materials to introduce precise perturbations in chemical composition, resulting in the highly controlled tunability of framework properties. Through a bottom-up approach, a material is built from atomic or molecular components synthetically as oppo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Henry's law describes the tendency of a compound to join air in the vapor phase or dissolve in water. The Henry’s Law constant, sometimes called coefficient, is specific to each compound and depends on the system temperature. The constant is used to predict the amount of contaminant what will remain in the vapor phase... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A: Focus on Chemistry () is an English-language translation of the eponymous Russian-language peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of Pleiades Publishing. It was established in 1930 and focuses on review articles pertaining to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC, EDAC or EDCI) is a water-soluble carbodiimide usually handled as the hydrochloride.
It is typically employed in the 4.0-6.0 pH range. It is generally used as a carboxyl activating agent for the coupling of primary amines to yield amide bonds. While other carbodiimide... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The equation of motion for the superfluid component, in a somewhat simplified form, is given by Newton's law
The mass M is the molar mass of He, and is the velocity of the superfluid component. The time derivative is the so-called hydrodynamic derivative, i.e. the rate of increase of the velocity when moving with the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In laser physics however, the atomic ratio may refer to the doping ratio or the doping fraction.
*For example, theoretically, a 100% doping ratio of Yb YAlO is pure YbAlO.
*The doping fraction equals, | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 1.F.1 The Synaptosomal Vesicle Fusion Pore (SVF-Pore) Family
* 1.F.2 The Octameric Exocyst (Exocyst) Family | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Acoustic theory is a scientific field that relates to the description of sound waves. It derives from fluid dynamics. See acoustics for the engineering approach.
For sound waves of any magnitude of a disturbance in velocity, pressure, and density we have
In the case that the fluctuations in velocity, density, and press... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are multiple approaches to measuring a persons exposure to pesticides, each of which provides an estimate of an individuals internal dose. Two broad approaches include measuring biomarkers and markers of biological effect. The former involves taking direct measurement of the parent compound or its metabolites in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Konrad Seppelt (born September 2, 1944 in Leipzig) is an academic, author, professor and former vice president of the Free University of Berlin. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
National Pipe Taper Fuel (NPTF, also called Dryseal American National Standard Taper Pipe Thread, defined by ASME B1.20.3) is designed to provide a more leak-free seal without the use of PTFE tape (often referred to by the popular brand name "Teflon") or another sealant compound. NPTF threads have the same basic shape ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemotaxis receptors are expressed in the surface membrane with diverse dynamics, some of them have long-term characteristics as they are determined genetically, others have short-term moiety as their assembly is induced ad hoc in the presence of the ligand. The diverse feature of the chemotaxis receptors and ligands p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since [http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=71971&package_id=76633 Level 2 Version 2] SBML provides a mechanism to annotate model components with SBO terms, therefore increasing the semantics of the
model beyond the sole topology of interaction and mathematical expression. Modelling tools such as [htt... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Bosch–Meiser process is an industrial process, which was patented in 1922 and named after its discoverers, the German chemists Carl Bosch and Wilhelm Meiser for the large-scale manufacturing of urea, a valuable nitrogenous chemical.
The whole process consists of two main equilibrium reactions, with incomplete conve... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
James Thomas Brenna (born October 15, 1959) is an American scientist specializing in analytical chemistry, and in human nutrition and foods, specifically fats. He is a professor of Paediatrics at Dell Medical School, having previously been a professor of human nutrition, chemistry, chemical biology and food science at ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
India needs infrastructure for logistics and the movement of freight. Using connected rivers as navigation is a cleaner, low carbon footprint form of transport infrastructure, particularly for ores and food grains. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The expressions for the T-matrix resulting from both methods can be related to certain class of variational principles. In the case of first iteration of MCFV method we get the same result as from Schwinger variational principle with trial function . The higher iterations with N-terms in the continuous fraction reprodu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Organometallic compounds are distinguished by the prefix "organo-" (e.g., organopalladium compounds), and include all compounds which contain a bond between a metal atom and a carbon atom of an organyl group. In addition to the traditional metals (alkali metals, alkali earth metals, transition metals, and post transiti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pneumatic cylinder, also known as air cylinder, is a mechanical device which uses the power of compressed gas to produce a force in a reciprocating linear motion.
Like in a hydraulic cylinder, something forces a piston to move in the desired direction. The piston is a disc or cylinder, and the piston rod transfers the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In their 2010 Synlett article, Martina Wernerova and organic chemist, Tomáš Hudlický, raised concerns about inaccurate reporting of yields, and offered solutions—including the proper characterization of compounds. After performing careful control experiments, Wernerova and Hudlický said that each physical manipulation ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
"Sustainable engineering" and "green engineering" are terms that are often used interchangeably. The main difference between the two being that green engineering is "optimized to minimize negative impacts without exhausting resources available in the natural environment" and sustainable engineering is "more directed to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Human breast milk contains unique and highly diverse human milk oligosaccharides. These oligosaccharides are considered to be a "Bifidus Factor" because they form highly desired intestinal bacteria; it is for this reason that baby formula contains added oligosaccharides in order to help build a child's immune system. S... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*2015 Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel Award, granted by the Alexander Von Humboldt Foundation
*2013 William H. Kiekhofer Distinguished Teaching Award, presented by University of Wisconsin-Madison
*2010 Eli Lilly Grantee Award, conferred by Eli Lilly & Company
*2010 Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award, granted by the Cami... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In most cases, organisms containing recombinant DNA have apparently normal phenotypes. That is, their appearance, behavior and metabolism are usually unchanged, and the only way to demonstrate the presence of recombinant sequences is to examine the DNA itself, typically using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. Sig... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Apixaban shows a similar binding mode as rivaroxaban and forms a tight inhibitor-enzyme complex when connected to FXa. The p-methoxy group of apixaban connects to S1 pocket of FXa but does not appear to have any interaction with any residues in this region of FXa. The pyrazole N-2 nitrogen atom of apixaban interacts wi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The limitations of currently available rapalogs have led to new approaches to mTOR targeting. Studies suggest that mTOR inhibitors may have anticancer activity in many cancer types, such as RCC, neuroendocrine tumors, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, sarcoma, and large B-cell lymphoma.
One major limitation for ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When multiple copies of a polypeptide encoded by a gene self-assemble to form a complex, this protein structure is referred to as a "multimer". Genes that encode multimer-forming polypeptides appear to be common. When a multimer is formed from polypeptides produced by two different mutant alleles of a particular ge... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hexachlorophosphazene has also found applications in research by enabling aromatic coupling reactions between pyridine and either N,N-dialkylanilines or indole, resulting in 4,4'-substituted phenylpyridine derivatives, postulated to go through a cyclophosphazene pyridinium salt intermediate.
The compound may also be us... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
1,1-Difluoroethane is a synthetic substance that is produced by the mercury-catalyzed addition of hydrogen fluoride to acetylene:
:HCCH + 2 HF → CHCHF
The intermediate in this process is vinyl fluoride (CHF), the monomeric precursor to polyvinyl fluoride. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The lost-wax technique came to be known in the Mediterranean during the Bronze Age. It was a major metalworking technique utilized in the ancient Mediterranean world, notably during the Classical period of Greece for large-scale bronze statuary and in the Roman world.
Direct imitations and local derivations of Oriental... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Kumar, A., et al. "Sustainability in Environmental Engineering and Science." (2021): 253–262.
* Sharma, Abhinav. "Effect of ozone pretreatment on biodegradability enhancement and biogas production of biomethanated distillery effluent."
* Sharma, Asheesh, et al. "NutriL-GIS: A Tool for Assessment of Agricultural Runof... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In analytical chemistry, a reagent is a compound or mixture used to detect the presence or absence of another substance, e.g. by a color change, or to measure the concentration of a substance, e.g. by colorimetry. Examples include Fehlings reagent, Millons reagent, and Tollens' reagent. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Borax – for brazing
* Beeswax
* Citric acid – for soldering copper/electronics
* Tallow and lead
* Paraffin wax
* Palm oil
* Zinc chloride ("killed spirits")
* Zinc chloride and ammonium chloride
* Olive oil and ammonium chloride – for iron
* Rosin, tallow, olive oil, and zinc chloride – for aluminium
* Cryolite (sod... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Xanthate salts are prepared by the action of alkoxides on carbon disulfide. The alkoxide is often generated in situ from potassium hydroxide:
Potassium ethyl xanthate is a pale yellow powder that is stable at high pH, but rapidly hydrolyses below pH = 9:
Oxidation gives diethyl dixanthogen disulfide:
KEX is a source of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Holmium titanate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula HoTiO.
Holmium titanate is a spin ice material like dysprosium titanate and holmium stannate. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
cfDNA, cell death-related and chromatin fragmented DNA molecules contained in blood plasma, has been used to detect transplant tissue rejection, prenatal fetal aneuploidy testing, tumour profiling, and early cancer detection in previous research. Nevertheless, prevalent liquid biopsy methods for cfDNA profiling depend ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In crystallography, a Wyckoff position is any point in a set of points whose site symmetry groups (see below) are all conjugate subgroups one of another. Crystallography tables give the Wyckoff positions for different space groups. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The endocannabinoid system has been shown to have a homeostatic role by controlling several metabolic functions, such as energy storage and nutrient transport. It acts on peripheral tissues such as adipocytes, hepatocytes, the gastrointestinal tract, the skeletal muscles and the endocrine pancreas. It has also been imp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The biopolymers that comprise DNA, RNA and (poly)peptides are linear polymers (i.e.: each monomer is connected to at most two other monomers). The sequence of their monomers effectively encodes information. The transfers of information from one molecule to another are faithful, deterministic transfers, wherein one biop... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In nutritional science, which covers the intake of nutrients and non-drug dietary ingredients, the concept of bioavailability lacks the well-defined standards associated with the pharmaceutical industry. The pharmacological definition cannot apply to these substances because utilization and absorption is a function of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Azobilirubin is a coloured compound formed by the condensation of diazotized sulfanilic acid with bilirubin in the van den Bergh reaction. The quantity of bilirubin in patients with jaundice can be determined by the formation of azobilirubin in the presence of methanol.
The Van den Bergh chemical reaction which is use... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oral ingestion is the most common route of administration of pharmaceuticals. Passing through the esophagus to the stomach, the contents of the capsule or tablet are absorbed by the GI tract. The absorbed pharmaceutical is then passed through the liver and kidneys.
The rate of dissolution is a key target for controllin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Full-mold casting is an evaporative-pattern casting process which is a combination of sand casting and lost-foam casting. It uses an expanded polystyrene foam pattern which is then surrounded by sand, much like sand casting. The metal is then poured directly into the mold, which vaporizes the foam upon contact. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Typical arene tricarbonyl piano stool complexes of Mn(I) and Re(I) are cationic and thus exhibit enhanced reactivity toward nucleophiles. Subsequent to nucleophilic addition, the modified arene can be recovered from the metal. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The protein is a member of the tripartite motif family. This motif includes three zinc-binding domains:
* RING
* B-box type 1 zinc finger
* B-box type 2 zinc finger
and a coiled-coil region.
Three alternatively spliced transcript variants for this gene have been described, however, the full-length nature of one variant... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phillips conducted various studies on protein structures and their functional implications. He examined the structural features of type 6 streptococcal M proteins, highlighting their predominantly alpha-helical coiled-coil, which demonstrates a unique conformation in bacterial surface projections. His research on the c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since kinetic isotope effects arise from differences in isotopic masses, the largest observable kinetic isotope effects are associated with isotopic substitutions of hydrogen with deuterium (100% increase in mass) or tritium (200% increase in mass). Kinetic isotope effects from isotopic mass ratios can be as large as 3... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Selenium is incorporated into several prokaryotic selenoprotein families in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes as selenocysteine, where selenoprotein peroxiredoxins protect bacterial and eukaryotic cells against oxidative damage. Selenoprotein families of GSH-Px and the deiodinases of eukaryotic cells seem to have a bac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Micromeritics is the science and technology of small particles pioneered by Joseph M. DallaValle. It is thus the study of the fundamental and derived properties of individual as well as a collection of particles. The knowledge and control of the size of particles has importance in pharmacy and materials science. The si... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Silicothermic reactions are thermic chemical reactions using silicon as the reducing agent at high temperature (800-1400°C). The most prominent example is the Pidgeon process for reducing magnesium metal from ores. Other processes include the Bolzano process and the magnetherm process. All three are commercially used f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fatal infantile lactic acidosis: Defective SCS has been implicated as a cause of fatal infantile lactic acidosis, which is a disease in infants that is characterized by the build-up of toxic levels of lactic acid. The condition (when it is most severe) results in death usually within 2–4 days after birth. It has been ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A neurochemical is a small organic molecule or peptide that participates in neural activity. The science of neurochemistry studies the functions of neurochemicals. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Eigen-Wilkins mechanism, named after chemists Manfred Eigen and R. G. Wilkins, is a mechanism and rate law in coordination chemistry governing associative substitution reactions of octahedral complexes. It was discovered for substitution by ammonia of a chromium-(III) hexaaqua complex. The key feature of the mechan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Knudsen layer, also known as evaporation layer, is the thin layer of vapor near a liquid or solid. It is named after Danish physicist Martin Knudsen (1871–1949). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The identity of this complex anion is uncertain, suggestions include [Co(κ-CO)], [Co(κ-COH)(OH)], and [Co(κ-CO)(κ-CO)(OH)]. Thermal gravimetric analysis favors the presence of one aquo ligand, and infra-red spectroscopy indicates the presence of both bi- and unidentate carbonate ligands. The addition of [[hexaamminec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The nuclear genetic code is flexible as illustrated by variant genetic codes that reassign standard stop codons to amino acids. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oil-eating bacteria biodegrade oil that has escaped to the surface. Oil sands are reservoirs of partially biodegraded oil still in the process of escaping and being biodegraded, but they contain so much migrating oil that, although most of it has escaped, vast amounts are still present—more than can be found in convent... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An emulator for the APEXC series has been developed by MESS. They describe its functioning as follows:
<blockquote>The APEXC is an incredibly simple machine.
<br/>
Instruction and data words are always 32 bits long. The processor uses integer arithmetic with 2's complement representation. Addresses are 10 bits long. Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The original sulfur isotopic reference material was the Canyon Diablo Troilite (CDT), a meteorite recovered from Meteor Crater in Arizona. The Canyon Diablo Meteorite was chosen because it was thought to have a sulfur isotopic composition similar to the bulk Earth. However, the meteorite was later found to be isotopica... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sieverts' law, in physical metallurgy and in chemistry, is a rule to predict the solubility of gases in metals. It is named after German chemist Adolf Sieverts (1874–1947). The law states that the solubility of a diatomic gas in metal is proportional to the square root of the partial pressure of the gas in thermodynam... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fusion ignition is the point at which a nuclear fusion reaction becomes self-sustaining. This occurs when the energy being given off by the reaction heats the fuel mass more rapidly than it cools. In other words, fusion ignition is the point at which the increasing self-heating of the nuclear fusion removes the need fo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Chemical engineer
* Chemical reaction
* Distillation Design
* Fluid mechanics
* Heat transfer
* Mass transfer and equilibrium stages
* Operations involving particulate solids.
* Process design
* Transport Phenomena
* Unit operations
* Polymerization
* 3D Plant Design
* FEED | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The MAM is a critical signaling, metabolic, and trafficking hub in the cell that allows for the integration of ER and mitochondrial physiology. Coupling between these organelles is not simply structural but functional as well and critical for overall cellular physiology and homeostasis. The MAM thus offers a perspectiv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biochemical receptors are large protein molecules that can be activated by the binding of a ligand such as a hormone or a drug. Receptors can be membrane-bound, as cell surface receptors, or inside the cell as intracellular receptors, such as nuclear receptors including those of the mitochondrion. Binding occurs as a r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Blasius developed an expression of friction factor in 1913 for the flow in the regime .
Koo introduced another explicit formula in 1933 for a turbulent flow in region of | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The development of effective anti-HIV drugs is difficult due to wide variations in nucleotide and amino acid sequences. The perfect anti-HIV drug chemical should be effective against drug resistance mutation. Understanding the target RT enzyme and its structure, mechanism of drug action and the consequence of drug resi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chromatin relaxation is one of the earliest cellular responses to DNA damage. Several experiments have been performed on the recruitment kinetics of proteins involved in the response to DNA damage. The relaxation appears to be initiated by PARP1, whose accumulation at DNA damage is half complete by 1.6 seconds after DN... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The rate of reaction for the ionization reaction
:2 HO → HO + OH
depends on the activation energy, ΔE. According to the Boltzmann distribution the proportion of water molecules that have sufficient energy, due to thermal population, is given by
where k is the Boltzmann constant. Thus some dissociation can occur because... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In natural systems, secondary minerals may form as a byproduct of bacterial metal reduction. Commonly observed secondary minerals produced during experimental bio-reduction by dissimilatory metal reducers include magnetite, siderite, green rust, vivianite, and hydrous Fe(II)-carbonate. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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