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α,β-Unsaturated carbonyls are electrophilic at both the carbonyl carbon as well as the β-carbon. Depending on conditions, either site is attacked by nucleophiles. Additions to the alkene are called conjugate additions. One type of conjugate addition is the Michael addition, which is used commercially in the conversion ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1921, Mieli founded the Società italiana per lo studio delle questioni sessuali (Italian society for the study of sexual matters), an organisation to discuss sexuality and sexology. He also founded the journal Rassegna di Studi Sessuali (Sexual Studies Review). The journal published a range of topics on sex and sexu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Retinal guanylyl cyclase 1 also known as guanylate cyclase 2D, retinal is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GUCY2D (guanylate cyclase 2D) gene. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Crude oil is a mixture of many varieties of hydrocarbons and most usually have many sulfur-containing compounds. The oil refining process commonly includes hydrodesulfurization which converts most of that sulfur into gaseous hydrogen sulfide. Raw natural gas also may contain gaseous hydrogen sulfide and sulfur-containi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
FAST pertains to a chemical-genetic strategy for specific labeling of proteins. A peptide domain, called "tag", is genetically encoded to be bound to a protein of interest (by combination of their respective genes by means of transfection or infection). This tag is the anchor for a synthetic fluorescent probe to be f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fractional crystallization and accumulation of crystals formed during the differentiation process of a magmatic event are known as cumulate rocks, and those parts are the first which crystallize out of the magma. Identifying whether a rock is a cumulate or not is crucial for understanding if it can be modelled back to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It's a popular firecracker item in India, which children play with during the festival of Diwali. Though deemed toxic by the Chest Research foundation and Pune University, black snake fireworks are still in use. The objective of the study was to determine which firework produced the most air pollution in India. The con... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Low temperature heat contains very little capacity to do work (Exergy), so the heat is qualified as waste heat and rejected to the environment. Economically most convenient is the rejection of such heat to water from a sea, lake or river. If sufficient cooling water is not available, the plant can be equipped with a co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polymer solutions are solutions containing dissolved polymers. These may be (e.g. in ), or solid solutions (e.g. a substance which has been plasticized).
The introduction into the polymer of small amounts of a solvent (plasticizer) reduces the temperature of glass transition, the yield temperature, and the viscosity o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The exact size of the GPCR superfamily is unknown, but at least 831 different human genes (or about 4% of the entire protein-coding genome) have been predicted to code for them from genome sequence analysis. Although numerous classification schemes have been proposed, the superfamily was classically divided into three ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dissolved ions may affect the suitability of water for a range of industrial and domestic purposes. The most familiar of these is probably the presence of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) that interfere with the cleaning action of soap, and can form hard sulfate and soft carbonate deposits in water heaters or boilers. H... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For electron backscattering diffraction microscopy, a flat polished crystalline specimen is usually placed inside the microscope chamber. The sample is tilted at ~70° from Scanning electron microscope (SEM) flat specimen positioning and 110° to the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) detector. Tilting the sample el... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most common mammalian expression systems are Chinese Hamster ovary (CHO) and Human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells.
* Chinese hamster ovary cell
* Mouse myeloma lymphoblstoid (e.g. NS0 cell)
* Fully Human
** Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293)
** Human embryonic retinal cells (Crucell's Per.C6)
** Human amniocyte c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Neoendorphins are a group of endogenous opioid peptides derived from the proteolytic cleavage of prodynorphin. They include α-neoendorphin and β-neoendorphin. The α-neoendorphin is present in greater amounts in the brain than β-neoendorphin. Both are products of the dynorphin gene, which also expresses dynorphin A, dy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Repeated experiments are performed to characterize the mechanism by which the material deforms. The dominant mechanism is the one which dominates the continuous deformation rate (strain rate), however at any given level of stress and temperature, more than one of the creep and plasticity mechanisms may be active. The ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Manganese-mediated coupling reactions are radical coupling reactions between enolizable carbonyl compounds and unsaturated compounds initiated by a manganese(III) salt, typically manganese(III) acetate. Copper(II) acetate is sometimes used as a co-oxidant to assist in the oxidation of intermediate radicals to carbocati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
On this scale, pure HSO (18.4 M) has a H value of −12, and pyrosulfuric acid has H ~ −15. Take note that the Hammett acidity function clearly avoids water in its equation. It is a generalization of the pH scale—in a dilute aqueous solution (where B is HO), pH is very nearly equal to H. By using a solvent-independent qu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
#Antibody coating: Throughout the ELISpot Assay technique, different substances are added to and washed away from wells. Wells are found on a laboratory plate with tiny dishes/bowls that can be filled with a substance to be examined; the amount of wells on a plate varies, but it usually ranges from 16-100. The first su... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Drahoš considers himself a centrist politician. As a candidate, Jiří Drahoš has presented himself as someone who can unite society, and as a respectable person who would act according to the constitution. Drahoš emphasises the importance of Czech science and education and has called for solidarity with those "who canno... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The exact mechanism of the enhancement effect of SERS is still a matter of debate in the literature. There are two primary theories and while their mechanisms differ substantially, distinguishing them experimentally has not been straightforward. The electromagnetic theory proposes the excitation of localized surface pl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*1st degree order of the Great Patriotic War
*State Prize of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1980)
*Y. Mammadaliyev medal (1995)
*Shohrat Order (2005)
* "OGS" golden medal and diploma (2006)
*Honorary title of Honored Scientist (2009)
*Y. Mammadaliyev prize (2014)
*Sharaf Order (2014) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The simplest non-Kekulé molecules are biradicals. A biradical is an even-electron chemical compound with two free radical centres which act independently of each other. They should not be confused with the more general class of diradicals.
One of the first biradicals was synthesized by Wilhelm Schlenk in 1915 following... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earths stratosphere that absorbs most of the Suns ultraviolet radiation. It contains a high concentration of ozone (O) in relation to other parts of the atmosphere, although still small in relation to other gases in the stratosphere. The ozone layer contains less than 10 ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The manufacturing process is similar to that of ordinary coins, except that two blanks (the inner and the outer) are struck at the same time, deforming the separate blanks sufficiently to hold them together. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In nuclear physics, a beta decay transition is the change in state of an atomic nucleus undergoing beta decay. (β-decay) When undergoing beta decay, a nucleus emits a beta particle and a corresponding neutrino, transforming the original nuclide into one with the same mass, but differing charge. (an isobar)
There are se... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Tepper-García function, named after German-Mexican Astrophysicist Thor Tepper-García, is a combination of an exponential function and rational functions that approximates the line broadening function over a wide range of its parameters.
It is obtained from a truncated power series expansion of the exact line broad... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a semiconductors, if all oscillations have the same eigenfrequency and the broadening in the imaginary part of the dielectric function results only from a finite damping , the system is said to be homogeneously broadened, and has a Lorentzian profile. If the system contains many oscillators with slightly differen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*2024: Humboldt Research Award
*2018: Madhuri and Jagdish N. Sheth International Alumni Award for Exceptional Achievement (University of Illinois)
*2015: Ho-Am Prize in Science (HOAM Foundation)
*2014: The World's Most Influential Scientific Minds (Thomson Reuters)
*2013: KCS Academic Achievement Award (Korean Chemical... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several approaches to simulate NMR observables of carbohydrates has been reviewed. They include:
*Universal statistical database approaches (ACDLabs, Modgraph, etc.)
*Usage of neural networks to refine the predictions
*Regression based methods
*CHARGE
*Carbohydrate-optimized empirical schemes (CSDB/BIOPSEL, CASPER).
*C... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The difference between pitting and micropitting is the size of the pits after surface fatigue. Pits formed by micropitting are approximately 10–20 μm in depth, and micropitted metal often has a frosted or gray appearance. Normal pitting creates larger and more visible pits. Micropits are originated from the local conta... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If quantum effects are negligible, an accelerating charged particle radiates power as described by the Larmor formula and its relativistic generalization. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Subsurface wetlands are less hospitable to mosquitoes compared to surface flow wetlands, as there is no water exposed to the surface. Mosquitos can be a problem in surface flow constructed wetlands. Subsurface flow systems have the advantage of requiring less land area for water treatment than surface flow. However, su... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Upamāna (उपमान) means comparison and analogy. Upamāna, states Lochtefeld, may be explained with the example of a traveller who has never visited lands or islands with endemic population of wildlife. He or she is told, by someone who has been there, that in those lands you see an animal that sort of looks like a cow, gr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The table, like most shaking tables, consists of a riffled deck with a gentle tilt on a stable support to counteract the tables oscillation. A motor, usually mounted to the side, drives a small arm that shakes the table along its length. The riffles are typically less than high and cover more than half the tables surf... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, ketonic decarboxylation (also known as decarboxylative ketonization) is a type of organic reaction and a decarboxylation converting two equivalents of a carboxylic acid () to a symmetric ketone () by the application of heat. It can be thought of as a decarboxylative Claisen condensation of two ide... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
From the kinetic energy formula it can be shown that
where v is in m/s, T is in kelvin, and m is the mass of one molecule of gas in kg. The most probable (or mode) speed is 81.6% of the root-mean-square speed , and the mean (arithmetic mean, or average) speed is 92.1% of the rms speed (isotropic distribution of speed... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reverberatory furnaces are widely used to melt secondary aluminium scrap for eventual use by die-casting industries.
The simplest reverberatory furnace is nothing more than a steel box lined with alumina refractory brick with a flue at one end and a vertically lifting door at the other. Conventional oil or gas burners ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The rapid development in the multidisciplinary field of tissue engineering has resulted in a variety of new and innovative medicinal products, often carrying living cells, intended to repair, regenerate or replace damaged human tissue. Tissue engineered medicinal products (TEMPs) vary in terms of the type and origin of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Fick principle states that blood flow to an organ can be calculated using a marker substance if the following information is known:
* Amount of marker substance taken up by the organ per unit time
* Concentration of marker substance in arterial blood supplying the organ
* Concentration of marker substance in venous... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Regular pulses of glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol in the case of humans, are released regularly from the adrenal cortex following a circadian pattern in addition to their release as a part of the stress response. Cortisol release follows a high frequency of pulses forming an ultradian rhythm, with amplitude being the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Usually aminomethyl groups feature tertiary amines. Often they are obtained by alkylation with Eschenmoser's salt, a source of [CH=N(CH)].
A cobalt(III) complex of aminomethyl is known in the form [Co(bipyridine)(CHNH)](ClO4).
Aminomethyl is the first member of a series of 1-aminoalkyl groups of the form .
Aminomethyl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ampicillin is used to treat infections by many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It was the first "broad spectrum" penicillin with activity against gram-positive bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, some isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (but not penicillin-resistant or methicil... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The non-recombinants are separated from recombinants; i.e., a r-DNA is introduced in bacteria, some bacteria are successfully transformed some remain non-transformed. When grown on medium containing ampicillin, bacteria die due to lack of ampicillin resistance. The position is later noted on nitrocellulose paper and se... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1912, Hahn and Meitner moved to the newly founded Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (KWI) for Chemistry. Hahn accepted an offer from Fischer to become a junior assistant in charge of its radiochemistry section, the first laboratory of its kind in Germany. The job came with the title of "professor" and a salary of 5,000 marks... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bruyerinus Champier was the nephew of Symphorien Champier, and physician of Henry II of France. He was an Arabist, and translated works of Avicena. In 1550 he published his first Materia Medica, printed by Balthazar Arnoullet in Lyons. This work had a second edition in 1552 printed by Arnoullet in Lyon and Vienne. Both... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transparent wood derives its mechanical properties and performance primarily from its cellulose fiber content and the geometric orientation of the fiber tube cells (radial and tangential) structure, providing the structural base for the design of advanced materials applications.
One aspect of the transparent wood mecha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the same paper in which the structure of prFMN was deduced in the active site of AnFdc1 there was a proposal for the mechanism by which Fdc1 decarboxylates α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids. Not all UbiD enzymes decarboxylate acrylic acid substrates and other mechanisms may be at play for alternative substrates. In t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Exact solution is also available when the cylinder starts to slide in the axial direction with constant velocity . If we consider the cylinder axis to be in direction, then the solution is given by | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Triboluminescence is a phenomenon in which light is generated when a material is mechanically pulled apart, ripped, scratched, crushed, or rubbed (see tribology). The phenomenon is not fully understood but appears in most cases to be caused by the separation and reunification of static electric charges, see also triboe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is where a single sperm is injected directly into an egg. Its main usage as an expansion of IVF is to overcome male infertility problems, although it may also be used where eggs cannot easily be penetrated by sperm, and occasionally in conjunction with sperm donation. It can be... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Terpenes are a key component in chemotaxonomical classification of cannabis strains as terpene composition is a phenotypic trait. Majority of terpenes found in cannabis are hydrocarbons, which are a direct product of terpene synthase (TPS) enzymes. The molecular make up of terpenes in a cannabis plant involves the link... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Insulated pipes (called also preinsulated pipes or bonded pipe ) are widely used for district heating and hot water supply. They consist of a steel pipe called "service pipe", a thermal insulation layer and an outer casing. The insulation bonds the service pipe and the casing together. The main purpose of such pipes is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbochemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies the transformation of coal (bituminous coal, coal tar, anthracite, lignite, graphite, and charcoal) into useful products and raw materials. The processes that are used in carbochemistry include degasification processes such as carbonization and coking, gasification... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hexachlorophosphazene reacts readily with alkali metal alkoxides and amides.
The nucleophilic polysubstitution of chloride by alkoxide proceeds via displacement of chloride at separate phosphorus centers:
The observed regioselectivity is due to the combined steric effects and oxygen lone pair π-backdonation (which dea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unsuccessful transfer or abortive transfer is any bacterial DNA transfer from donor cells to recipient cells that fails to survive transduction and conjugation. In all cases, the transferred fragment could be diluted during the proliferation phase. Failures in the integration of the transferred DNA in the genetic ma... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbonate esters have planar OC(OC) cores, which confers rigidity. The unique O=C bond is short (1.173 Å in the depicted example), while the C-O bonds are more ether-like (the bond distances of 1.326 Å for the example depicted).
Carbonate esters can be divided into three structural classes: acyclic, cyclic, and polym... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cannulas are typically implanted in healthy cows to research cow digestion in a university setting, to analyze the nutritional quality of feed in an agricultural setting, or to improve the microbiome of a cow with digestive disturbance in a veterinary or agricultural setting. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The alloy to undergo VAR is formed into a cylinder typically by vacuum induction melting (VIM) or ladle refining (airmelt). This cylinder, referred to as an electrode is then put into a large cylindrical enclosed crucible and brought to a metallurgical vacuum (). At the bottom of the crucible is a small amount of the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindrome repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system is a gene-editing technology that can introduce double-strand breaks (DSBs) at a target genomic locus. By using a single guide RNA (sgRNA), the endonuclease Cas9 can be delivered to a specific DNA sequence where it cleaves the nucleotide ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Marinsky was born in Buffalo, New York on April 11, 1918. He attended the State University of New York at Buffalo, beginning at age 16 and receiving a bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1939.
During World War II he was employed as a chemist for the Manhattan Project, working for Clinton Laboratories (now Oak Ridge Natio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At the height of the past glaciation (about 20,000 years ago), the land was pushed down by the weight of the ice (isostatic depression). All of the ground-up rock was deposited in the surrounding ocean, which had penetrated significantly inland. The loose deposition of the silt and clay particles in the marine environ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sandia National Laboratories is studying radiolysis for making superalloys. It uses nanoparticle synthesis to create alloys and superalloys. This process holds promise as a universal method of nanoparticle formation. By developing an understanding of the basic material science, it might be possible to expand research i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transfection is the process of deliberately introducing naked or purified nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells. It may also refer to other methods and cell types, although other terms are often preferred: "transformation" is typically used to describe non-viral DNA transfer in bacteria and non-animal eukaryotic cells, i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A boundary layer can transition to turbulence through a number of paths. Which path is realized physically depends on the initial conditions such as initial disturbance amplitude and surface roughness. The level of understanding of each phase varies greatly, from near complete understanding of primary mode growth to a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Type V restriction enzymes (e.g., the cas9-gRNA complex from CRISPRs) utilize guide RNAs to target specific non-palindromic sequences found on invading organisms. They can cut DNA of variable length, provided that a suitable guide RNA is provided. The flexibility and ease of use of these enzymes make them promising for... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nitrogen-containing explosophores (groups I, II and III below) are particularly strong because in addition to providing oxygen they react to form molecular nitrogen, which is a very stable molecule, and thus the overall reaction is strongly exothermic. The gas formed also expands, causing the shock wave which is obser... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, bond stretch isomerism is a concept of isomerism based on variations of bond length. The concept was proposed in the 1970s but was refuted in the 1990s.
The phenomenon was first invoked to explain the observation of blue and green isomers of , where is dimethylphenylphosphine. These isomers were shown,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Small molecule antiandrogens that are available today have undesirable side effects caused by complete, non-selective inhibition of AR action. To minimize these side effects, a new class of tissue selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) has been proposed as a novel approach for the treatment of prostate cancer. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT), also known as the ADP/ATP translocase (ANT), ADP/ATP carrier protein (AAC) or mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier, exchanges free ATP with free ADP across the inner mitochondrial membrane. ANT is the most abundant protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane and belongs to mitochondrial ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Adsorption constants are equilibrium constants, therefore they obey the Van 't Hoff equation:
As can be seen in the formula, the variation of K must be isosteric, that is, at constant coverage.
If we start from the BET isotherm and assume that the entropy change is the same for liquefaction and adsorption, we obtain
th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In several large American cities, homeless people live in storm drains. At least 300 people live in the 200 miles of underground storm drains of Las Vegas, many of them making a living finding unclaimed winnings in the gambling machines. An organization called Shine a Light was founded in 2009 to help the drain residen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Figure 2 illustrates the most common type of DDRNAI DNA construct, designed to express a shRNA. This figure consists of a promoter sequence driving the expression of sense and antisense sequences separated by a loop sequence, followed by a transcriptional terminator. The antisense sequence processed from the shRNA can ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phenylalanine and tyrosine are the precursors used in the phenylpropanoids biosynthesis. The phenylpropanoids are then used to produce the flavonoids, coumarins, tannins and lignin. The first enzyme involved is phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) that converts -phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid and ammonia. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Markovnikovs rule addition of the cobalt hydride to primary alkenes is disfavored by steric hindrance between the cobalt centre and the secondary alkyl ligand. Bulky ligands exacerbate this steric hindrance. Hence, the mixed carbonyl/phosphine complexes offer a greater selectivity for anti-Markovnikov addition, thus fa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Flux in geochemical cycles is the movement of material between the deep Earth and the surface reservoirs. This occurs through two different processes: volcanism and subduction of tectonic plates.
Subduction is the process that takes place at convergent boundaries by which one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1978, Walter Gilbert published "Why Genes in Pieces" which first began to explore the idea that the gene is a mosaic—that each full nucleic acid strand is not coded continuously but is interrupted by "silent" non-coding regions. This was the first indication that there needed to be a distinction between the parts of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The interfacing mechanism is contained inside a common EI source, like that found in any GC-MS system. The liquid phase from a nano HPLC column is admitted from the capillary column port, where the connection tubing and the nebulizer are first introduced and sealed to prevent vacuum loss. The mechanism is based on the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thomson scattering is a model for the effect of electromagnetic fields on electrons when the field energy is much less than the rest mass of the electron . In the model the electric field of the incident wave accelerates the charged particle, causing it, in turn, to emit radiation at the same frequency as the incident... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Wetland chemistry is largely affected by dredging, which can be done for a variety of purposes. Wetlands are areas within floodplains with both terrestrial and aquatic characteristics, including marshes, swamps, bogs, and others. It has been estimated that they occupy around 2.8x10 km, about 2.2% of the Earth’s surface... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a common FPLC strategy, a resin is chosen that the protein of interest will bind to by a charge interaction while in buffer A (the running buffer) but become dissociated and return to solution in buffer B (the elution buffer). A mixture containing one or more proteins of interest is dissolved in 100% buffer A and pu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Using non-linear least squares minimization, the following system is solved:
where is the calculated intensity and is the observed intensity of a point in the powder pattern, , is a scale factor, and is the number of measured data points. The minimized function is given by:
where is the weight, and from the previous ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Metallic sleeves are heatsinks in the firestop that follows the mounting of the penetrants. Maximum and minimum tolerances for wall thicknesses must be taken into account prior to casting. Heatsinks can affect T-ratings. Organic sealants used for topcaulking in firestops may let go of the sleeve if it has conducted t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The best-studied example of cap-independent translation initiation in eukaryotes uses the internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Unlike cap-dependent translation, cap-independent translation does not require a 5 cap to initiate scanning from the 5 end of the mRNA until the start codon. The ribosome can localize to the st... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The word fugacity is derived from the Latin fugere, to flee. In the sense of an "escaping tendency", it was introduced to thermodynamics in 1901 by the American chemist Gilbert N. Lewis and popularized in an influential textbook by Lewis and Merle Randall, Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances, in 1... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Process analysis initially involved sampling the variety of process streams or webs and transporting samples to quality control or central analytical service laboratories. Time delays for analytical results due to sample transport and analytical preparation steps negated the value of many chemical analyses for purposes... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluoride salts are commonly used in biological assay processing to inhibit the activity of phosphatases, such as serine/threonine phosphatases. Fluoride mimics the nucleophilic hydroxide ion in these enzymes' active sites. Beryllium fluoride and aluminium fluoride are also used as phosphatase inhibitors, since these co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oral exemestane 25 mg/day for 2–3 years of adjuvant therapy was generally more effective than 5 years of continuous adjuvant tamoxifen in the treatment of postmenopausal women with early-stage estrogen receptor-positive/unknown receptor status breast in a large well-designed trial. Preliminary data from the open-label ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds undergo hydrocyanation in the absence of metal catalysts. One manifestation is a special case of the Michael reaction, leading to β-cyanoketones. Another manifestation leads to vinyl cyanohydrins. β-cyano-cyanohydrins are also observed. Reaction conditions allows access to any of th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alkali metal alkoxides are often oligomeric or polymeric compounds, especially when the R group is small (Me, Et). The alkoxide anion is a good bridging ligand, thus many alkoxides feature or linkages. In solution, the alkali metal derivatives exhibit strong ion-pairing, as expected for the alkali metal derivative ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The myelin sheath of long nerves was discovered and named by German pathological anatomist Rudolf Virchow in 1854. French pathologist and anatomist Louis-Antoine Ranvier later discovered the nodes, or gaps, in the myelin sheath that now bear his name. Born in Lyon, Ranvier was one of the most prominent histologists of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermal equilibrium of a body in itself refers to the body when it is isolated. The background is that no heat enters or leaves it, and that it is allowed unlimited time to settle under its own intrinsic characteristics. When it is completely settled, so that macroscopic change is no longer detectable, it is in its own... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Brownfield is land that is abandoned or underutilized due to pollution from industrial use. The specific definition of brownfield land varies and is decided by policy makers and/or land developers within different countries. The main difference in definitions of whether a piece of land is considered a brownfield or not... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrogels have the remarkable ability to swell in water and aqueous solvents. During the process of swelling, surface instability can occur. This instability depends on the thickness of the hydrogel layers and the surface tension. A higher surface tension stabilizes the flat surface of the hydrogel, which is the outer-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rate constant can be calculated for elementary reactions by molecular dynamics simulations.
One possible approach is to calculate the mean residence time of the molecule in the reactant state. Although this is feasible for small systems with short residence times, this approach is not widely applicable as reactions are... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pakistan Engineering Council headquarters are located at Ataturk Avenue (East) in the G-5/2 sector of Islamabad. President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq laid the foundation stone of the building on 28 July 1987. The building became functional on 14 October 1992 after Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif inaugurated it. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An isometry of the Euclidean plane is a distance-preserving transformation of the plane. That is, it is a map
such that for any points p and q in the plane,
where d(p, q) is the usual Euclidean distance between p and q. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A microprobe is an instrument that applies a stable and well-focused beam of charged particles (electrons or ions) to a sample. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Manganese is also important in photosynthetic oxygen evolution in chloroplasts in plants. The oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) is a part of photosystem II contained in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts; it is responsible for the terminal photooxidation of water during the light reactions of photosynthesis, and has a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Free molecular flow describes the fluid dynamics of gas where the mean free path of the molecules is larger than the size of the chamber or of the object under test. For tubes/objects of the size of several cm, this means pressures well below 10 mbar. This is also called the regime of high vacuum, or even ultra-high va... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Silver nitrate is a salt of silver that is sometimes used by dentists as a caustic material to cauterize mouth sores, and has in the past been used by physicians for treating wounds. It may be an appropriate material to salt the earth after burying a monster that has been killed with silver bullets. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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