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Dyneins are microtubule motors capable of a retrograde sliding movement. Dynein complexes are much larger and more complex than kinesin and myosin motors. Dyneins are composed of two or three heavy chains and a large and variable number of associated light chains. Dyneins drive intracellular transport toward the minus ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because the urea conversion is incomplete, the urea must be separated from the unconverted reactants, including the ammonium carbamate. Various commercial urea processes are characterized by the conditions under which urea forms and the way that unconverted reactants are further processed. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The axial expansion joint absorbs movement in an axial direction. Standard connectors of the axial expansion joint are welded ends, fixed flanges and loose flanges. Axial expansion joints are often equipped with a guiding tube on the inside of the metal bellows. This reduces the flow resistance and prevents damage caus... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Single cells of uncultured bacteria, archaea and protists, as well as individual viral particles and single fungal spores have been sequenced with the help of MDA.
The ability to sequence individual cells is also useful in combating human disease. Genomes from single human embryonic cells have been successfully amplif... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The chemical equations below summarize the fermentation of sucrose (CHO) into ethanol (CHOH). Alcoholic fermentation converts one mole of glucose into two moles of ethanol and two moles of carbon dioxide, producing two moles of ATP in the process.
:CHO + 2 ADP + 2 P → 2 CHOH + 2 CO + 2 ATP
Sucrose is a sugar composed o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Simple, unhindered dialkylboranes are reactive at room temperature towards most alkenes and terminal alkynes but are difficult to prepare in high purity, since they exist in equilibrium with mono- and trialkylboranes. One common way of preparing them is the reduction of dialkylhalogenoboranes with metal hydrides. An im... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The delocalization of electrons across the structure of a radical, also known as its ability to form one or more resonance structures, allows for the electron-deficiency to be spread over several atoms, minimizing instability. Delocalization usually occurs in the presence of electron-donating groups, such as hydroxyl g... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Modern astrobiology inquiry has emphasized the search for water on Mars, chemical biosignatures in the permafrost, soil and rocks at the planet's surface, and even biomarker gases in the atmosphere that may give away the presence of past or present life. The detection of preserved organic molecules of unambiguous biolo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid mechanics, two-phase flow is a flow of gas and liquid — a particular example of multiphase flow. Two-phase flow can occur in various forms, such as flows transitioning from pure liquid to vapor as a result of external heating, separated flows, and dispersed two-phase flows where one phase is present in the fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NSTX is quite similar to saxitoxin, like all the neurotoxins associated to PSP, the only difference is that NSTX shows one hydroxyl group bonded to nitrogen "1", where saxitoxyn contains one hydrogen.
This purine is highly hydrophilic and thermostable, it is not destroyed by cooking. Moreover, is very stable in usual s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Members of the society are required to have worked in geochemistry for at least two years at the time of application; student members are admitted if they are enrolled in courses recognised by the Association. To become a voting member, or fellow, members must satisfy the society that they have adequate training and ex... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Organoids provide an opportunity to create cellular models of human disease, which can be studied in the laboratory to better understand the causes of disease and identify possible treatments. The power of organoids in this regard was first shown for a genetic form of microcephaly, where patient cells were used to make... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When a salt is distributed between two phases, the Galvani potential difference is called the distribution potential and is obtained from the respective Nernst equations for the cation C and the anion A to read
where γ represents the activity coefficient. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carotenoids are produced by all photosynthetic organisms and are primarily used as accessory pigments to chlorophyll in the light-harvesting part of photosynthesis.
They are highly unsaturated with conjugated double bonds, which enables carotenoids to absorb light of various wavelengths. At the same time, the terminal ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cytosine and uracil are converted into beta-alanine and later to malonyl-CoA which is needed for fatty acid synthesis, among other things. Thymine, on the other hand, is converted into β-aminoisobutyric acid which is then used to form methylmalonyl-CoA. The leftover carbon skeletons such as acetyl-CoA and Succinyl-CoA... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The concentration of purified protein solutions in the laboratory is useful in determining yield and measuring the success of a prep. MDS reports concentration as well as size for each test.
Since the detection is not based on inherent fluorescence of tryptophan or tyrosine residues, MDS has been used as an alternative... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The chloroplast genome most commonly includes around 100 genes that code for a variety of things, mostly to do with the protein pipeline and photosynthesis. As in prokaryotes, genes in chloroplast DNA are organized into operons. Unlike prokaryotic DNA molecules, chloroplast DNA molecules contain introns (plant mitochon... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thermogenin (called uncoupling protein by its discoverers and now known as uncoupling protein 1, or UCP1) is a mitochondrial carrier protein found in brown adipose tissue (BAT). It is used to generate heat by non-shivering thermogenesis, and makes a quantitatively important contribution to countering heat loss in babie... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The great austrapede (Tsawltsping in Navi) is a bipedal, flightless, bird-like creature resembling the emu, ostrich, or the extinct Phorusrhacids that live in Pandoran savannah, and can be tamed and ridden as a mount by certain Navi clans. It has dark grey skin with blue-grey striping on its body and yellow markings on... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Directed differentiation is a bioengineering methodology at the interface of stem cell biology, developmental biology and tissue engineering. It is essentially harnessing the potential of stem cells by constraining their differentiation in vitro toward a specific cell type or tissue of interest. Stem cells are by defin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although the possibility of function in gene deserts was predicted as early as the 1960s, genetic identification tools were unable to uncover any specific characteristics of the long noncoding regions, other than that no coding occurred in those regions. Before the completion of the human genome in 2001 through the Hum... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The model organism Caenorhabditis elegans classified under the phylum Nematoda is amongst the most studied invertebrate species in glycobiology. The literature clearly documents a repertoire of nematodal paucimannosidic glycans. Another model nematode, Pristionchus pacificus, was also documented to express common nemat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Overflow from the facultative lagoon may be routed through one or more polishing ponds supporting lower populations of anaerobic micro-organisms and a higher proportion of aerobic organisms adapted to survival in lower concentrations of organic material. Effluent from the final polishing pond may be suitable for disch... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Solid-phase epitaxy (SPE) is a transition between the amorphous and crystalline phases of a material. It is usually produced by depositing a film of amorphous material on a crystalline substrate, then heating it to crystallize the film. The single-crystal substrate serves as a template for crystal growth. The annealing... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The synthesis of 6-acetyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine, an important bread aroma compound, starting from 2-piperidone was accomplished using t-boc anhydride.
(See Maillard reaction). The first step in this reaction sequence is the formation of the carbamate from the reaction of the amide nitrogen with boc anhydride in ac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To improve the delivery of the new DNA into the cell, the DNA must be protected from damage and positively charged. Initially, anionic and neutral lipids were used for the construction of lipoplexes for synthetic vectors. However, in spite of the facts that there is little toxicity associated with them, that they are c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Muon spin spectroscopy, also known as µSR, is an experimental technique based on the implantation of spin-polarized muons in matter and on the detection of the influence of the atomic, molecular or crystalline surroundings on their spin motion. The motion of the muon spin is due to the magnetic field experienced by the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Volatilizing roasting, involves oxidation at elevated temperatures of the ores, to eliminate impurity elements in the form of their volatile oxides. Examples of such volatile oxides include AsO, SbO, ZnO and sulfur oxides. Careful control of the oxygen content in the roaster is necessary, as excessive oxidation can for... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Paracrine signaling through fibroblast growth factors and its respective receptors utilizes the receptor tyrosine pathway. This signaling pathway has been highly studied, using Drosophila eyes and human cancers.
Binding of FGF to FGFR phosphorylates the idle kinase and activates the RTK pathway. This pathway begins a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Potently bioactive agents of the specialized proresolving mediator class include:
* DHA-derived resolvins (Rvs) of the D series: RvD1, RvD2, RvD3, RvD4, RvD5, RvD6, AT-RvD1, AT-RvD2, AT-RvD3, AT-RvD4, AT-RvD5, and AT-RvD6.
* n-3 DPA-derived resolvins of the D series (RvD1, RvD2, and RvD5) and the T series (RvT1, RvT2, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The and can be approximated up to nth order as
where and are two basic polynomials of order n (Refer Chandrasekhar chapter VIII equation (97)), where are the zeros of Legendre polynomials and , where are the positive, non vanishing roots of the associated characteristic equation
where are the quadrature weights... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Homogeneous Schrock-type carbene complexes such as Tebbe's reagent can be used for the olefination of carbonyls, replacing the oxygen atom with a methylidene group. The nucleophilic carbon atom behaves similarly to the carbon atom of the phosphorus ylide in the Wittig reaction, attacking the electrophilic carbonyl atom... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Indian rivers interlinking project is a proposed large-scale civil engineering project that aims to effectively manage water resources in India by linking Indian rivers by a network of reservoirs and canals to enhance irrigation and groundwater recharge, reduce persistent floods in some parts and water shortages in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In quantum mechanics, a state of a system is described by a wavefunction which solves the Schrödinger equation. The square of the absolute value of , i.e.
is the probability density to measure the particle in place x at time t.
Usually, when involving some sort of potential, the wavefunction is decomposed into a sup... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When an initially homogenous alloy is placed in an acid that can preferentially dissolve one or more components out of the alloy, the remaining component will diffuse and organize into a unique, nano-porous microstructure. The resulting material will have ligaments, formed by the remaining material, surrounded by pores... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An expression vector, otherwise known as an expression construct, is usually a plasmid or virus designed for gene expression in cells. The vector is used to introduce a specific gene into a target cell, and can commandeer the cell's mechanism for protein synthesis to produce the protein encoded by the gene. Expression... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TIRAP (TIR domain containing adaptor protein) is an adapter molecule associated with toll-like receptors. The innate immune system recognizes microbial pathogens through Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which identify pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Different TLRs recognize different pathogen-associated molecular pa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Kazimierz Fajans (Kasimir Fajans in many American publications; 27 May 1887 – 18 May 1975) was a Polish American physical chemist of Polish-Jewish origin, a pioneer in the science of radioactivity and the co-discoverer of chemical element protactinium. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These particulates are generally small enough to be carried by the fluid but large enough to be picked up using a flow visualization technique, such as particle image velocimetry (PIV). In reference to aerodynamic testing, such as wind tunnel testing, water tunnel testing, or any other test investigating the flow of a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A variety of Ru catalysts catalyze the Murai reaction, including RuH(CO)(PPh), RuH(PPh), Ru(CO)(PPh), and Ru(CO). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lactate dehydrogenase catalyzes the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate with concomitant interconversion of NADH and NAD. It converts pyruvate, the final product of glycolysis, to lactate when oxygen is absent or in short supply, and it performs the reverse reaction during the Cori cycle in the liver. At high conce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many proteins are glycosylated on certain residues, which can affect the proteome.
Glycans can interact with receptors, which in turn affect their cellular and subcellular localization. For example, cytokines and the subgroup chemokines are small signaling proteins that are involved in the immune response. Many of the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, to be specific, those glycosyltransferases that transfer hexoses (hexosyltransferases). The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,4-alpha-D-glucan:1,4-alpha-D-glucan 6-alpha-D-(1,4-alpha-D-glucano)-transferase. Other names in common use include branching enzyme, am... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When a cell is subjected to stressful conditions, the ATF4 gene is expressed. The ATF4 transcription factor has the ability to form dimers with many different proteins that influence gene expression and cell fate. ATF4 binds to C/EBP‐ATF response element (CARE) sequences which work together to increase the transcriptio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The 65 "Sohncke" space groups, not containing any mirrors, inversion points, improper rotations or glide planes, yield chiral crystals, not identical to their mirror image; whereas space groups that do include at least one of those give achiral crystals. Achiral molecules sometimes form chiral crystals, but chiral mole... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A mixture of dimethyl ether and propane is used in some "freeze spray" preparations such as Dr. Scholl's Freeze Away. The mixture is stored in an aerosol spray type container at room temperature and drops to when dispensed. The mixture is often dispensed into a straw with a cotton-tipped swab. Similar products may use... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hemoglobin has a quaternary structure characteristic of many multi-subunit globular proteins. Most of the amino acids in hemoglobin form alpha helices, and these helices are connected by short non-helical segments. Hydrogen bonds stabilize the helical sections inside this protein, causing attractions within the molecul... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are proteins or lipids that become glycated as a result of exposure to sugars. They are a bio-marker implicated in aging and the development, or worsening, of many degenerative diseases, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, and Alzheimer's disease. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oligosaccharides have diverse structures. The number of monosaccharides, ring size, the different anomeric stereochemistry, and the existence of the branched-chain sugars all contribute to the amazing complexity of the oligosaccharide structures. The essence of the reducing oligosaccharide synthesis is connecting the a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Calcium disilicide (CaSi) is an inorganic compound, a silicide of calcium. It is a whitish or dark grey to black solid matter with melting point 1033 °C. It is insoluble in water, but may decompose when subjected to moisture, evolving hydrogen and producing calcium hydroxide. It decomposes in hot water, and is flammabl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At higher energies ionization tends to occur more than chemical dissociations. In a typical reactive gas, 1 in 100 molecules form free radicals whereas only 1 in 10 ionizes. The predominant effect here is the forming of free radicals.
Ionic effects can predominate with selection of process parameters and if necessary t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
MLSS is responsible for removing the biochemical oxygen demand make-up of a large portion of the solids that are retained in the activated sludge process within the water treatment process. They are the "active" part of the activated sludge process. Mixed liquor suspended solids are the solids under aeration. MLSS is m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Eudistomins are β-carboline derivatives, isolated from ascidians (marine tunicates of the family Ascidiacea), like Ritterella sigillinoides, Lissoclinum fragile, or Pseudodistoma aureum. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Eigen et al. and Woese proposed that the genomes of early protocells were composed of single-stranded RNA, and that individual genes corresponded to separate RNA segments, rather than being linked end-to-end as in present-day DNA genomes. A protocell that was haploid (one copy of each RNA gene) would be vulnerable to d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases (protein kinase A) are activated by the signal chain coming from the G protein (that was activated by the receptor) via adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP (cAMP). In a feedback mechanism, these activated kinases phosphorylate the receptor. The longer the receptor remains active the mo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ibuprofen, like other 2-arylpropionate derivatives such as ketoprofen, flurbiprofen and naproxen, contains a stereocenter in the α-position of the propionate moiety.
The product sold in pharmacies is a racemic mixture of the S and R-isomers. The S (dextrorotatory) isomer is the more biologically active; this isomer has... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Adding elements is usually helpful because of solid solution strengthening, but can result in unwanted precipitation. Precipitates can be classified as geometrically close-packed (GCP), topologically close-packed (TCP), or carbides. GCP phases usually benefit mechanical properties, but TCP phases are often deleterious.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Captopril, the first ACE inhibitor, is a functional and structural analog of a peptide derived from the venom of the jararaca, a Brazilian pit viper (Bothrops jararaca). Enalapril is a derivative, designed by scientists at Merck to overcome the rash and bad taste caused by captopril.
Enalapril is actually a prodrug; th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The phrase has also been adopted as a title for various works of art, such as the 2014 found-footage horror film As Above, So Below, as well as a number of musical works listed at As above, so below (disambiguation). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Following his PhD, Chibale joined the University of Liverpool as a Sir William Ramsay British Postdoctoral Research Fellow. He developed optically active alcohols using lanthanides. In 1994 he joined the Scripps Research Institute, creating complicated natural and designed molecules from organic building blocks. He beg... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The vectors magnitude and direction is best understood when the dislocation-bearing crystal structure is first visualized without the dislocation, that is, the perfect crystal structure. In this perfect crystal structure, a rectangle whose lengths and widths are integer multiples of (the unit cell edge length) is draw... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The liquid chromatography marketplace is incredibly diverse. Five to ten firms are consistently market leaders, yet nearly half of the market is made up of small, fragmented companies. This section of the report will focus on the roles that a few companies have had in bringing monolith column technologies to the commer... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The centrifuge relies on the force resulting from centrifugal acceleration to separate molecules according to their mass, and can be applied to most fluids. The dense (heavier) molecules move towards the wall and the lighter ones remain close to the center. The centrifuge consists of a rigid body rotor rotating at full... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fic-1 is the only Fic protein present in the genetic code of C. elegans. It is primarily found in the ER nuclear envelope of adult germline cells and embryotic cells, but small amounts may be found within the cytoplasm. This extra-ER pool of FICD-1s is credited with AMPylation of core histones and eEF1-A type translati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pathogenic bacteria and fungi have developed the means of survival in animal tissue. They may invade the gastro-intestinal tract (Escherichia, Shigella and Salmonella), the lung (Pseudomonas, Bordetella, Streptococcus and Corynebacterium), skin (Staphylococcus) or the urinary tract (Escherichia and Pseudomonas). Such b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In subsurface flow constructed wetlands the flow of wastewater occurs between the roots of the plants and there is no water surfacing (it is kept below gravel). As a result, the system is more efficient, does not attract mosquitoes, is less odorous and less sensitive to winter conditions. Also, less area is needed to p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several factors complicate simple correlation of obsidian hydration band thickness with absolute age. Temperature is known to speed up the hydration process. Thus, artifacts exposed to higher temperatures, for example by being at lower elevation, seem to hydrate faster. As well, obsidian chemistry, including the intri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The IUBMB publishes standards on biochemical nomenclature, including Enzyme Commission number nomenclature, in some cases jointly with the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The enzyme nomenclature scheme was developed in 1955 at the International Congress of Biochemistry and, with the addition ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Generally, there are two types of protein carbohydrate binding important in biological processes: Lectin and antibody. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In plants, light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts where they drive the synthesis of ATP and NADPH. The light-dependent reactions are of two forms: cyclic and non-cyclic.
In the non-cyclic reaction, the photons are captured in the light-harvesting antenna complexes of photosystem ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Natural radioactivity is the spontaneous decay of the atoms of certain isotopes into other isotopes. If the resultant isotope is not stable, it undergoes further decay until a stable isotope forms. The decay process is usually accompanied by emissions of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. Natural gamma ray radiation is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Inert solids in wastewater will accumulate on the bottom of the lagoon and gradually reduce depth until there is inadequate room for the facultative zone. Lagoon depths between 2 and 5 feet (60 to 150 cm) are preferred for effective treatment. Parallel facultative lagoons with common polishing ponds allow wastewater ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The exact mechanism by which levetiracetam acts to treat epilepsy is unknown. Levetiracetam does not exhibit pharmacologic actions similar to that of classical anticonvulsants. It does not inhibit voltage-dependent Na+ channels, does not affect GABAergic transmission, and does not bind to GABAergic or glutamatergic rec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Potassium ethyl xanthate is used in the mining industry as flotation agent for extraction of the ores of copper, nickel, and silver. The method exploits the affinity of these "soft" metals for the organosulfur ligand.
Potassium xanthate is a useful reagent for preparing xanthate esters from alkyl and aryl halides. The ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
3-Hydroxypropionaldehyde is formed by the condensation of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. This reaction, when conducted in the gas-phase, was the basis for a now obsolete industrial route acrolein:
:CHCHO + CHO → HOCHCHCHO
:HOCHCHCHO → CH=CHCHO + HO
Presently 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde is an intermediate in the pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the Arctic, commercial fisheries are threatened because acidification harms calcifying organisms which form the base of the Arctic food webs (pteropods and brittle stars, see above). Acidification threatens Arctic food webs from the base up. Arctic food webs are considered simple, meaning there are few steps in the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1855, physiologist Adolf Fick first reported his now well-known laws governing the transport of mass through diffusive means. Ficks work was inspired by the earlier experiments of Thomas Graham, which fell short of proposing the fundamental laws for which Fick would become famous. Ficks law is analogous to the rela... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Carotid bodies and aortic bodies detect changes primarily in pCO and H ion concentration. They also sense decrease in partial pressure of O, but to a lesser degree than for pCO and H ion concentration.
* The chemoreceptor trigger zone is an area of the medulla in the brain that receives inputs from blood-borne drugs ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In materials science, an interstitial defect is a type of point crystallographic defect where an atom of the same or of a different type, occupies an interstitial site in the crystal structure. When the atom is of the same type as those already present they are known as a self-interstitial defect. Alternatively, small ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Digital PCR can detect rare sequences such as HIV DNA in patients with HIV, and DNA from fecal bacteria in ocean and other water samples for assessing water quality. dPCR can detect sequences as rare as 1 in every 1,250,000 cells. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Using a light microscope, it is just barely possible to see tiny green granules—which were named grana. With electron microscopy, it became possible to see the thylakoid system in more detail, revealing it to consist of stacks of flat thylakoids which made up the grana, and long interconnecting stromal thylakoids which... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One modification of the Hiyama coupling utilizes a silacyclobutane ring and a fluoride source that is hydrated as shown below. This mimics the use of an alkoxysilane/organosilanol rather than the use of alkylsilane. The mechanism of this reaction, using a fluoride source, allowed for the design of future reactions that... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The BIG-NSE offers a structured curriculum for obtaining the degree of "Doctor" within 3 years. The main characteristic of the BIG-NSE is a comprehensive integration and mentoring programme for its students, especially foreign students. It includes:
* An "Initial Phase", with intensive support, especially for administr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
HBr can be prepared by distillation of a solution of sodium bromide or potassium bromide with phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid:
: KBr + HSO → KHSO + HBr
Concentrated sulfuric acid is less effective because it oxidizes HBr to bromine:
: 2 HBr + HSO → Br + SO + 2 HO
The acid may be prepared by:
* reaction of bromine with... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The chemical composition of sporopollenin has long been elusive due to its unusual chemical stability, insolubility and resistance to degradation by enzymes and strong chemical reagents. It was once thought to consist of polymerised carotenoids but the application of more detailed analytical methods since the 1980s has... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cram and Reetz demonstrated that 1,3-stereocontrol is possible if the reaction proceeds through an acyclic transition state. The reaction of β-alkoxy aldehyde with allyltrimethylsilane showed good selectivity for the anti-1,3-diol, which was explained by the Cram polar model. The polar benzyloxy group is oriented anti ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Adult women in the United States consume on average half the AI, for men two-thirds. For all adults, fewer than 5% exceed the AI. Similarly, in the European Union, insufficient potassium intake is widespread. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The proper combination of chemicals is selected for decellularization depending on the thickness, extracellular matrix composition, and intended use of the tissue or organ. For example, enzymes would not be used on a collagenous tissue because they disrupt the connective tissue fibers. However, when collagen is not pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Silicon carbide is a semiconductor, which can be doped n-type by nitrogen or phosphorus and p-type by beryllium, boron, aluminium, or gallium. Metallic conductivity has been achieved by heavy doping with boron, aluminium or nitrogen.
Superconductivity has been detected in 3C-SiC:Al, 3C-SiC:B and 6H-SiC:B at similar tem... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fixed transfer stations are dedicated facilities installed strategically throughout the municipality that serve as drop off locations for collected fecal sludge. They may include a receiving station with screens, a tank for holding the collected waste, trash storage containers, and wash down facilities. These may be mo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Glycoproteins and glycolipids are by definition covalently bonded to carbohydrates. They are very abundant on the surface of the cell, and their interactions contribute to the overall stability of the cell. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Johann Juncker also created a very complete picture of phlogiston. When reading Stahl's work, he assumed that phlogiston was in fact very material. He, therefore, came to the conclusion that phlogiston has the property of levity, or that it makes the compound that it is in much lighter than it would be without the phlo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RPB3 is involved in RNA polymerase II assembly. A subcomplex of RPB2 and RPB3 appears soon after subunit synthesis. This complex subsequently interacts with RPB1. RPB3, RPB5, and RPB7 interact with themselves to form homodimers, and RPB3 and RPB5 together are able to contact all of the other RPB subunits, except RPB9. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Diols where the hydroxyl groups are separated by several carbon centers are generally prepared by hydrogenation of diesters of the corresponding dicarboxylic acids:
: (CH)(COR) + 4 H → (CH)(CHOH) + 2 HO + 2 ROH
1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,10-decanediol are important precursors to polyur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phytomining, sometimes called agromining, is the concept of extracting heavy metals from the soil using plants. Specifically, phytomining is for the purpose of economic gain. The approach exploits the existence of hyperaccumulators, proteins or compounds secreted by plants to bind certain metal ions. These extracted o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A study published in Science in August 2022 indicated that perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) can be mineralized via heating in a polar aprotic solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide. It reported that heating PFCAs in an 8 to 1 mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide and water at in the presence of sodium hydroxide caused the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Food physical chemistry is considered to be a branch of Food chemistry concerned with the study of both physical and chemical interactions in foods in terms of physical and chemical principles applied to food systems, as well as the applications of physical/chemical techniques and instrumentation for the study of foods... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The annual AP Chemistry examination, which is typically administered in May, is divided into two major sections (multiple-choice questions and free response essays). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The main factor affecting the formal (or apparent) reduction potentials in biochemical or biological processes is the pH. To determine approximate values of formal reduction potentials, neglecting in a first approach changes in activity coefficients due to ionic strength, the Nernst equation has to be applied taking c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Robert Guillaumont (born 26 February 1933 in Lyon) is a French chemist and honorary professor at the University of Paris-Saclay in Orsay (1967-1998), Member of the French Academy of Sciences and the French Academy of Technologies | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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