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Charles law (also known as the law of volumes) is an experimental gas law that describes how gases tend to expand when heated. A modern statement of Charles law is:
This relationship of direct proportion can be written as:
So this means:
where:
* is the volume of the gas,
* is the temperature of the gas (measured in ke... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline conditions starts with water adsorption and dissociation in the Volmer step and either hydrogen desorption in the Tafel step or Heyrovsky step. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since the late 1970s, the use of CFCs has been heavily regulated because of their destructive effects on the ozone layer. After the development of his electron capture detector, James Lovelock was the first to detect the widespread presence of CFCs in the air, finding a mole fraction of 60 ppt of CFC-11 over Ireland. I... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Conventionally, they are displayed as isosurfaces with positive density—electron density where theres nothing in the model, usually corresponding to some constituent of the crystal that hasnt been modelled, for example a ligand or a crystallisation adjutant -- in green, and negative density—parts of the model not backe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Baldwin's rules in organic chemistry are a series of guidelines outlining the relative favorabilities of ring closure reactions in alicyclic compounds. They were first proposed by Jack Baldwin in 1976.
Baldwin's rules discuss the relative rates of ring closures of these various types. These terms are not meant to descr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chemical Geology is an international peer-reviewed academic journal. The journal is affiliated with the European Association of Geochemistry and it is published by Elsevier., publishing both subscription and open access articles. The journal is a hybrid open-access journal.
Chemical Geology publishes original research ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Van't Hoff argued that the temperature of a reaction and the standard equilibrium constant exhibit the relation:
where denotes the apposite standard internal energy change value.
Let and respectively denote the forward and backward reaction rates of the reaction of interest, then
, an equation from which naturall... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Beyond domatia and nutritional rewards, other plant characteristics influence the colonization of plants by natural enemies. These can include the physical size, shape, density, maturity, colour, and texture of a given plant species. Specific plant features such as the hairiness or glossiness of vegetation can have mix... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) adds to alkenes to give alkyl halides in hydrohalogenation. For example, the reaction of HCl with ethylene furnishes chloroethane. The reaction proceeds with a cation intermediate, being different from the above halogen addition. An example is shown below:
#Proton (H) ad... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1915, James married Marion Templeton. Their only child, Marion James, became a historian of ancient Greece and Rome, and an art collector.
In addition to his work, Charles James became an avid gardener, specializing in delphinium propagation. He also became a beekeeper, and an expert on the social life of bees. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electrochemical energy is one of the many interchangeable forms of potential energy through which energy may be conserved. It appears in electroanalytical chemistry and has industrial applications such as batteries and fuel cells. In biology, electrochemical gradients allow cells to control the direction ions move acr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reductive elimination has found widespread application in academia and industry, most notable being hydrogenation, the Monsanto acetic acid process, hydroformylation, and cross-coupling reactions. In many of these catalytic cycles, reductive elimination is the product forming step and regenerates the catalyst; however,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During the day, the stomata close to conserve water, and the -storing organic acids are released from the vacuoles of the mesophyll cells. An enzyme in the stroma of chloroplasts releases the , which enters into the Calvin cycle so that photosynthesis may take place. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the case of antiques, a range of views are held on the value of patination and its replacement if damaged, known as repatination.
Preserving a piece's look and character is important and removal or reduction may dramatically reduce its value. If patination has flaked off, repatination may be recommended. Appraiser R... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In everyday language, and often in materials science, a chemical substance is said to be "stable" if it is not particularly reactive in the environment or during normal use, and retains its useful properties on the timescale of its expected usefulness. In particular, the usefulness is retained in the presence of air, m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, phosphonates or phosphonic acids are organophosphorus compounds containing groups (where R = alkyl, aryl, or just hydrogen). Phosphonic acids, typically handled as salts, are generally nonvolatile solids that are poorly soluble in organic solvents, but soluble in water and common alcohols.
Many ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rivaroxaban chemically belongs to the group of n-aryloxazolidinones. Other drugs of that group are linezolid and tedizolid, both of whom are antibiotics. A synthesis of n-aryloxazolidinones starting with an O-silyl protected ethyl(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-carbamate was published in 2016. In a one-pot reaction the carbamate... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A flashover is the near-simultaneous ignition of most of the directly exposed combustible material in an enclosed area. When certain organic materials are heated, they undergo thermal decomposition and release flammable gases. Flashover occurs when the majority of the exposed surfaces in a space are heated to their aut... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A quinone methide is a type of conjugated organic compound that contain a cyclohexadiene with a carbonyl and an exocyclic methylidene or extended alkene unit. It is analogous to a quinone, but having one of the double bonded oxygens replaced with a carbon. The carbonyl and methylidene are usually oriented either ortho... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Modern high-pressure thermal cracking operates at absolute pressures of about 7,000 kPa. An overall process of disproportionation can be observed, where "light", hydrogen-rich products are formed at the expense of heavier molecules which condense and are depleted of hydrogen. The actual reaction is known as homolytic f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Using etching techniques such as focused ion beam milling, micro- or nano-sized pillars can be formed in magnetic materials. However, repeated bending of crystal pillars can cause defect formation and fatigue damage. This damage comes from the nucleation of cracks on the pillars surface, even in the elastic regime, due... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many organic chemicals are thermodynamically unstable in the presence of oxygen; however, their rate of spontaneous oxidation is slow at room temperature. In the language of physical chemistry, such reactions are kinetically limited. This kinetic stability allows the accumulation of complex environmental structures in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Synthetic biopolymers are human-made copies of biopolymers obtained by abiotic chemical routes. Synthetic biopolymer of different chemical nature have been obtained, including polysaccharides, glycoproteins, peptides and proteins, polyhydroxoalkanoates, polyisoprenes. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
EBSD and digital image correlation (DIC) can be used together to analyse the microstructure and deformation behaviour of materials. DIC is a method that uses digital image processing techniques to measure deformation and strain fields in materials. By combining EBSD and DIC, researchers can obtain both crystallographic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In Conia-ene reactions proceeding via alkyne activation, a suitable late transition metal (Au, Ag, Pt, Pd) coordinates to the alkyne and increases its electrophilicity; thus, the enol tautomer of the carbonyl can attack more readily. Toste et al. pioneered two of the first examples of alkyne activation in 2004. Using a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Automation and low volume assay formats were leveraged by scientists at the NIH Chemical Genomics Center (NCGC) to develop quantitative HTS (qHTS), a paradigm to pharmacologically profile large chemical libraries through the generation of full concentration-response relationships for each compound. With accompanying c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A Canadian study of pregnant women suggests that those taking any type or amount of NSAIDs (including ibuprofen, diclofenac, and naproxen) were 2.4 times more likely to miscarry than those not taking the medications. However, an Israeli study found no increased risk of miscarriage in the group of mothers using NSAIDs. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
August Wilhelm von Hofmann, Auguste Laurent and Charles Frédéric Gerhardt challenged Frankland and Kolbe by suggesting that the ethyl radical was in fact a dimer called dimethyl. Frankland and Kolbe countered that ethyl hydride was also a possibility and in 1864 Carl Schorlemmer proved that dimethyl and ethyl hydride ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electrofusion welding employs fittings that are placed around the joint to be welded. Metal coils are implanted into the fittings, and electric current is run through the coils to generate heat and melt part of the pipes, forming a joint upon solidification. There are two possible fittings used in electrofusion welding... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Azoles are a class of five-membered heterocyclic compounds containing a nitrogen atom and at least one other non-carbon atom (i.e. nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen) as part of the ring. Their names originate from the Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature. The parent compounds are aromatic and have two double bonds; there are success... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Beilstein was founded as German-language standard reference work for organic chemistry was intended to supplement the content of the Chemisches Zentralblatt. In light of the leading role of German chemistry in international science, Beilstein's handbook quickly became renowned as a standard reference throughout the wor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Common side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, and a rash. Severe side effects requiring hospitalization are rare, but include mental health problems such as depression, hallucinations, anxiety and neurological side effects such as poor balance, seizures, and ringing in the ears. Mefloquine is therefore not... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Like pheromones (communication chemicals used within a species), kairomones can be utilized as an attracticide to lure a pest species to a location containing pesticide. However, they might also be used to lure desired species. Kairomones produced by the hosts of parasitic wasps have been used in an attempt to attract ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Developing well-constructed models (accounting for variables such as oil type, salinity and surfactant) are necessary to select the appropriate dispersant in a given situation. Two models exist which integrate the use of dispersants: Mackays model and Johansens model. There are several parameters which must be consider... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As previously mentioned, cis-isomers of cycloalkenes exhibit more stability than trans-isomers; however, on an experimental and computational level, this property is only applicable to cycloalkenes with 10 carbons or less. As the number of carbons increase, the possibility of a trans-isomer occurring also increase. The... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Uranium dioxide is a black semiconducting solid. It can be made by heating uranyl nitrate to form .
This is then converted by heating with hydrogen to form UO. It can be made from enriched uranium hexafluoride by reacting with ammonia to form a solid called ammonium diuranate, . This is then heated (calcined) to form ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 1981: Invention of the SNIF-NMR method by Professor Gerard Martin, Maryvonne Martin and their team at the University of Nantes / CNRS
* 1987: Creation of Eurofins Nantes Laboratories - specializing in wine analysis, and purchase of operating the CNRS patent rights (this patent is now public and the name “SNIF-NMR” i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Emanuel Gil-Av (Zimkin) (7 August 1916 – 24 March 1996) was an Israeli chemist. The main emphasis of his work constituted chiral chromatography for the analytical separation of enantiomers. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biochemical oxygen demand (also known as BOD or biological oxygen demand) is an analytical parameter representing the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) consumed by aerobic bacteria growing on the organic material present in a water sample at a specific temperature over a specific time period. The BOD value is most common... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Yeast artificial chromosome are used as vectors to clone DNA fragments of more than 1 mega base (1Mb=1000kb) in size. They are useful in cloning larger DNA fragments as required in mapping genomes such as in the Human Genome Project. It contains a telomeric sequence, an autonomously replicating sequence (features requi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Potential renal acid load (PRAL) is a measure of the acid that the body produces after ingesting a food. This is different from pH, which is the acidity of a food before being consumed. PRAL is a different acidity measure than the food ash measurement.
Some acidic foods actually have a negative PRAL measurement, meanin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The position-specific isotope effect of an enzymatic reaction is expressed as the ratio of rate constants for a monoisotopic substrate and a substrate substituted with one rare isotope. For example, enzyme formate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reaction of formate and NAD+ to carbon dioxide and NADH. The hydrogen of forma... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Cromer cycle is primarily used in air conditioning and drying applications. The cold surface portion of the cycle is most often a result of a reversed Carnot or refrigeration cycle. For the Cromer cycle to operate, a desiccant must be exposed to two air streams, one with higher humidity from a cold surface, and one... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ligands are ordered alphabetically by name and precede the central atom name. The number of ligands coordinating is indicated by the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra- penta- etc. for simple ligands or bis-, tris-, tetrakis-, etc. for complex ligands. For example:
*[CoCl(NH)]Cl pentaamminechloridocobalt(3+) chloride where ammi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some cases of many genetic diseases are associated with variations in promoters or transcription factors.
Examples include:
* Asthma
* Beta thalassemia
* Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are 2 main application techniques of applying foam onto a fire, recognized by the European (EN1568) and international (ISO7203) standards:
Sweep (roll-on) method - Use only on a pool of flammable product on open ground. Direct the foam stream onto the ground in front of the product involved. May need to move the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are five UCP homologs known in mammals. While each of these performs unique functions, certain functions are performed by several of the homologs. The homologs are as follows:
*UCP1, also known as thermogenin or SLC25A7
*UCP2, also known as SLC25A8
*UCP3, also known as SLC25A9
*UCP4, also known as SLC25A27
*UCP5,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a directing group (DG) is a substituent on a molecule or ion that facilitates reactions by interacting with a reagent. The term is usually applied to C–H activation of hydrocarbons, where it is defined as a "coordinating moiety (an internal ligand), which directs a metal catalyst into the proximi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
FSM is a critical sanitation service in cities and towns in all countries where households use onsite sanitation systems. Citywide FSM programs may utilize multiple or one treatment facility, use stationary and mobile transfer stations, and engage with micro, small and medium-sized enterprises that may conduct some or ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sodium aluminosilicate refers to compounds which contain sodium, aluminium, silicon and oxygen, and which may also contain water. These include synthetic amorphous sodium aluminosilicate, a few naturally occurring minerals and synthetic zeolites. Synthetic amorphous sodium aluminosilicate is widely used as a food addi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 2000 – First demonstration proving that bending carbon nanotubes changes their resistance
* 2001 April — First report on a technique for separating semiconducting and metallic nanotubes.
* 2002 January — Multi-walled nanotubes demonstrated to be fastest known oscillators (> 50 GHz).
* 2003 September — NEC announced s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thomas Albrecht-Schönzart received his undergraduate education in chemistry at Southwest Minnesota State University, during which time he also performed research at Texas A&M with J. P. Fackler on gold chemistry and Ron Caple on organometallic chemistry at the University of Minnesota-Duluth via REU-NSF programs. He rec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The radioactive decay of strontium-90 generates a significant amount of heat, 0.95 W/g in the form of pure strontium metal or approximately 0.460 W/g as strontium titanatePu. It is used as a heat source in many Russian/Soviet radioisotope thermoelectric generators, usually in the form of strontium titanate. It was also... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A recent trend is to change the method by which the skimmer is fed dirty water from the aquarium as a means to recirculate water within the skimmer multiple times before it is returned to the sump or the aquarium. Aspirating pump skimmers are the most popular type of skimmer to use recirculating designs although other ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ribbon silicon is a type of polycrystalline silicon—it is formed by drawing flat thin films from molten silicon and results in a polycrystalline structure. These cells are cheaper to make than multi-Si, due to a great reduction in silicon waste, as this approach does not require sawing from ingots. However, they are al... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ketones engage in many organic reactions. The most important reactions follow from the susceptibility of the carbonyl carbon toward nucleophilic addition and the tendency for the enolates to add to electrophiles.
Nucleophilic additions include in approximate order of their generality:
* With water (hydration) gives gem... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This type of phase transformation is known as spinodal decomposition, and can be illustrated on a phase diagram exhibiting a miscibility gap. Thus, phase separation occurs whenever a material transition into the unstable region of the phase diagram. The boundary of the unstable region sometimes referred to as the binod... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Besides inhibiting human acetylcholinesterase (although to a lesser degree than the insect enzyme), carbamate insecticides also target human melatonin receptors. The human health effects of carbamates are well documented in the list of known endocrine disruptor compounds. Clinical effects of carbamate exposure can vary... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polymer devolatilization, also known as polymer degassing, is the process of removing low-molecular-weight components such as residual monomers, solvents, reaction by-products and water from polymers. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alex G. Streng was an experimental chemist, notable for his work with fluorine compounds. His work on the synthesis and properties of dioxygen difluoride, published in 1963 in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, is notorious for Streng's willingness to push the limits of experimental endeavour with this highl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Monatomic cations are named by taking the element name and following it with the charge in brackets e.g
* sodium(1+)
* chromium(3+)
Sometimes an abbreviated form of the element name has to be taken, e.g. germide for germanium as germanide refers to .
Polyatomic cations of the same element are named as the element nam... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The nomenclature of organic acid anhydrides is derived from the names of the constituent carboxylic acids. In symmetrical acid anhydrides, only the prefix of the original carboxylic acid is used and the suffix "anhydride" is added. For most unsymmetrical acid anhydrides - also called mixed anhydrides- the prefixes from... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Z-HIT is a special case of the Hilbert transform and through restriction by the Kramers–Kronig relations it can be derived for one-Port-systems. The frequency-dependent relationship between impedance and phase angle can be observed in the Bode plot of an impedance spectrum. Equation (1) is obtained as a general solutio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dispersants are used as plasticizers or superplasticizers in concrete formulations to lower the use of water while retaining the needed slump (flow) property. A lower water content makes the concrete stronger and more impervious to water penetration.
Similarly, dispersants are used as plasticizers in the gypsum slurry ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Iron–sulfur proteins are proteins characterized by the presence of iron–sulfur clusters containing sulfide-linked di-, tri-, and tetrairon centers in variable oxidation states. Iron–sulfur clusters are found in a variety of metalloproteins, such as the ferredoxins, as well as NADH dehydrogenase, hydrogenases, coenzyme... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many drugs are supplied as salts, with a cation and an anion. The way the INN system handles these is explained by the WHO at its "Guidance on INN" webpage. For example, amfetamine and oxacillin are INNs, whereas various salts of these compounds – e.g., amfetamine sulfate and oxacillin sodium – are modified INNs (INNM)... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Neuromuscular blocking drugs are often classified into two broad classes:
*Pachycurares, which are bulky molecules with nondepolarizing activity
*Leptocurares, which are thin and flexible molecules that tend to have depolarizing activity.
It is also common to classify them based on their chemical structure.
*Acetylchol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Injection formulations of esomeprazole are used for gastroprotection in veterinary medicine. In goats administered the drug by intravenous or subcutaneous injection rapid elimination was noted. In that study the sulfone metabolite was detectable for several hours after injection of the parent drug. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A spectrochemical series is a list of ligands ordered by ligand "strength", and a list of metal ions based on oxidation number, group and element. For a metal ion, the ligands modify the difference in energy Δ between the d orbitals, called the ligand-field splitting parameter in ligand field theory, or the crystal-fie... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Countercurrent chromatography (CCC, also counter-current chromatography) is a form of liquid–liquid chromatography that uses a liquid stationary phase that is held in place by inertia of the molecules composing the stationary phase accelerating toward the center of a centrifuge due to centripetal force and is used to s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The activating groups are mostly resonance donors (+M). Although many of these groups are also inductively withdrawing (–I), which is a deactivating effect, the resonance (or mesomeric) effect is almost always stronger, with the exception of Cl, Br, and I.
In general, the resonance effect of elements in the third peri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Also known as heated persulfate, the method utilizes the same free radical formation as UV persulfate oxidation except uses heat to magnify the oxidizing power of persulfate. Chemical oxidation of carbon with a strong oxidizer, such as persulfate, is highly efficient, and unlike UV, is not susceptible to lower recoveri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Calcium hydroxide is commonly used to prepare lime mortar.
One significant application of calcium hydroxide is as a flocculant, in water and sewage treatment. It forms a fluffy charged solid that aids in the removal of smaller particles from water, resulting in a clearer product. This application is enabled by the low ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The pseudo-Voigt profile (or pseudo-Voigt function) is an approximation of the Voigt profile V(x) using a linear combination of a Gaussian curve G(x) and a Lorentzian curve L(x) instead of their convolution.
The pseudo-Voigt function is often used for calculations of experimental spectral line shapes.
The mathematical ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many organisms have a ribonucleoprotein enzyme called telomerase, which carries out the task of adding repetitive nucleotide sequences to the ends of the DNA. Telomerase "replenishes" the telomere "cap" and requires no ATP In most multicellular eukaryotic organisms, telomerase is active only in germ cells, some types o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Solvent suppression is any technique in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) to decrease undesired signal from a sample's solvent. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Eduard Farber, also Eduard Färber or Eduard Faerber, (17 April 1892, in Brody, Galicia – 15 July 1969) was an Austrian-American industrial chemist and historian of chemistry. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is sometimes necessary to split tablets into halves or quarters. Tablets are easier to break accurately if scored, but there are devices called pill-splitters which cut unscored and scored tablets. Tablets with special coatings (for example, enteric coatings or controlled-release coatings) should not be broken befor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reaction of the anhydrous compound with sodium cyclopentadienide gives cobaltocene . This 19-electron species is a good reducing agent, being readily oxidised to the yellow 18-electron cobaltocenium cation . | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Today, MBBR technology is used for municipal sewage treatment, industrial wastewater treatment, and decentralized wastewater treatment. This technology has been used in many different industries, some of them being:
* Automotive industry
* Chemical industry
* Food and beverage
* Metal plating and finishing
The MBBR sys... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1985, the first public symposium on the Gaia hypothesis, Is The Earth a Living Organism? was held at University of Massachusetts Amherst, August 1–6. The principal sponsor was the National Audubon Society. Speakers included James Lovelock, Lynn Margulis, George Wald, Mary Catherine Bateson, Lewis Thomas, Thomas Berr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cosmids are plasmids that incorporate a segment of bacteriophage λ DNA that has the cohesive end site (cos) which contains elements required for packaging DNA into λ particles. Under apt origin of replication (ori), it can replicate as a plasmid It is normally used to clone large DNA fragments between 28 and 45 Kb. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The amino acid is not genetically coded, but it arises by post-translational methylation of cysteine. One pathway involves methyl transfer from alkylated DNA by zinc-cysteinate-containing repair enzymes.
Beyond its biological context, it has been examined as a chelating agent. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A threaded pipe has a screw thread at one or both ends for assembly. Steel pipe is often joined with threaded connections; tapered threads are cut into the end of the pipe, and sealant is applied in the form of thread-sealing compound or thread seal tape (also known as PTFE or Teflon tape) and the pipe is screwed into... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2014, the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration introduced a specialized label design for use when marking pipes associated with refrigeration systems using ammonia, including information such as the physical state, pressure and purpose in the system. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The pronunciation of the compound reflects its origin and first isolation from sugar beets (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris), and does not derive from the Greek letter beta (β). It is commonly pronounced beta-INE or BEE-tayn. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In geochemistry, geophysics and nuclear physics, primordial nuclides, also known as primordial isotopes, are nuclides found on Earth that have existed in their current form since before Earth was formed. Primordial nuclides were present in the interstellar medium from which the solar system was formed, and were formed ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Green roofs create natural habitat as part of an urban wilderness. Even in high-rise urban settings as tall as 19 stories, it has been found that green roofs can attract beneficial insects, birds, bees and butterflies. A recent list of the bee species recorded from green roofs (worldwide) highlights both the diversity... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Physical methods are the conceptually simplest, using some physical means to force the transfected material into the target cell's nucleus. The most widely used physical method is electroporation, where short electrical pulses disrupt the cell membrane, allowing the transfected nucleic acids to enter the cell. Other ph... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
GABA degradation pathways exists in almost all eukaryotic organisms and takes place by the action of similar enzymes. Although, GABA in E.coli is predominantly used as an alternative source of energy through GABA degradation pathways, GABA in higher eukaryotic organisms acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter and also a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Concomitant with the displacement of two N-H protons, porphyrins bind metal ions in the N4 "pocket". The metal ion usually has a charge of 2+ or 3+. A schematic equation for these syntheses is shown:
:Hporphyrin + [ML] → M(porphyrinate)L + 4 L + 2 H, where M = metal ion and L = a ligand | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The problem of defining a radius for the atomic nucleus has some similarity to that of defining a radius for the entire atom; neither has well defined boundaries. However, basic liquid drop models of the nucleus imagine a fairly uniform density of nucleons, theoretically giving a more recognizable surface to a nucleus ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Flux, or metabolic flux is the rate of turnover of molecules through a metabolic pathway. Flux is regulated by the enzymes involved in a pathway. Within cells, regulation of flux is vital for all metabolic pathways to regulate the pathway's activity under different conditions. Flux is therefore of great interest in met... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The market for membrane bioreactors is segmented based on end-user type, such as municipal and industrial users, and end-user geography, for instance Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA), Asia-Pacific (APAC), and the Americas.
In this line, in 2016, some studies and reports showed that the APAC region took the lead in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The idea of photostimulation as a method of controlling biomolecule function was developed in the 1970s. Two researchers, Walther Stoeckenius and Dieter Oesterhelt discovered an ion pump known as bacteriorhodopsin which functions in the presence of light in 1971. In 1978, J.F. Hoffman invented the term “caging”. Unfort... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are at least 25 enzymes and specific transport proteins in the β-oxidation pathway. Of these, 18 have been associated with human disease as inborn errors of metabolism.
Furthermore, studies indicate that lipid disorders are involved in diverse aspects of tumorigenesis, and fatty acid metabolism makes malignant ce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the energy range used in CEMS, the incident radiation can interact with the absorber through two kinds of processes: (a) conventional interactions – photoelectric and Compton effects, and (b) nuclear resonant absorption – Mössbauer effect. Due to conventional interactions the beam is attenuated and electrons are emi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Arenediazonium cations reduced by hypophosphorous acid, ethanol, sodium stannite or alkaline sodium thiosulphate gives benzene:
An alternative way suggested by Baeyer & Pfitzinger is to replace the diazo group with H is: first to convert it into hydrazine by treating with then to oxidize it into hydrocarbon by boiling... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the mid-20th century, prior to the development of solid state components such as Zener diodes, voltage regulation in circuits was often accomplished with voltage-regulator tubes, which used glow discharge. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Homoepitaxial growth of semiconductor thin films are generally done by chemical or physical vapor deposition methods that deliver the precursors to the substrate in gaseous state. For example, silicon is most commonly deposited from silicon tetrachloride (or germanium tetrachloride) and hydrogen at approximately 1200 t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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