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The Imd pathway appears to have evolved in the last common ancestor of centipedes and insects. However certain lineages of insects have since lost core components of Imd signalling. The first-discovered and most famous example is the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. It is thought that plant-feeding aphids have lost Imd s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Symmetry–adapted coordinates may be created by applying a projection operator to a set of internal coordinates. The projection operator is constructed with the aid of the character table of the molecular point group. For example, the four (un–normalized) C–H stretching coordinates of the molecule ethene are given by
wh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Norvaline is used as a dietary supplement for bodybuilding.
Recently, it was suggested in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Observations of supercritical adsorption reported before 1930 was covered in studies by McBain and Britton. All of the important articles on this subject published between 1930 and 1966 have been reviewed by Menon. During the last 20 years, a growing interest in supercritical adsorption research under the impetus of th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An ectodomain is the domain of a membrane protein that extends into the extracellular space (the space outside a cell). Ectodomains are usually the parts of proteins that initiate contact with surfaces, which leads to signal transduction. A notable example of an ectodomain is the S protein, commonly known as the spike ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Compounds with carbon phosphorus(III) multiple bonds are called phosphaalkenes (RC=PR) and phosphaalkynes (RC≡P). They are similar in structure, but not in reactivity, to imines (RC=NR) and nitriles (RC≡N), respectively. In the compound phosphorine, one carbon atom in benzene is replaced by phosphorus. Species of this ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cyclins are a group of proteins that activate kinases involved in cell division. The degradation of cyclins is the key step that governs the exit from mitosis and progress into the next cell cycle. Cyclins accumulate in the course the cell cycle, then abruptly disappear just before the anaphase of mitosis. The cyclins ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Protactinium was first identified in 1913 by Kasimir Fajans and Oswald Helmuth Göhring at the University of Karlsruhe. The new element was named brevium due to the brief half-life of the isotope specific studied, Protactinium-234 (234 Pa).
Fajans and Göhring also worked to identify as many isotopes of the new element a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The mean lifespan of methane in the atmosphere was estimated in a range between 9.6 years and twelve years. These differences are caused by the uncertainties about hydroxyl radical (-OH) concentrations and formation processes. When -OH reacts with methane, it is removed from the atmosphere, so changes in its concentrat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bicyclic molecules are described by IUPAC nomenclature. The root of the compound name depends on the total number of atoms in all rings together, possibly followed by a suffix denoting the functional group with the highest priority. Numbering of the carbon chain always begins at one bridgehead atom (where the rings mee... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A Dutch biochemist and physicist Anthonie Muller wrote many papers on thermosynthesis since 1983.
He defined thermosynthesis as:
"Biological heat engines working on thermal cycling."
also as:
"Theoretical biological mechanism for free energy gain from thermal cycling, tentatively stated as the energy source for origin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Protoplasts can be used to study membrane biology, including the uptake of macromolecules and viruses . These are also used in somaclonal variation.
Protoplasts are widely used for DNA transformation (for making genetically modified organisms), since the cell wall would otherwise block the passage of DNA into the cell... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pyroelectric fusion has previously been observed in erbium hydrides. A high-energy beam of deuterium ions generated by pyroelectric crystals was directed at a stationary, room-temperature or target, and fusion was observed.
In previous fusion research, such as inertial confinement fusion (ICF), fuel such as the rarer... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology is published monthly. The editors are Robert Carpentier and Dominic J. Robinson. Carpentier covers the fields of biophysics, biomolecular spectroscopy, photosynthesis, environmental photobiology, oxygen radicals, DNA repair, and UV-/VIS effects. Robinson covers ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Laser Doppler velocimetry is used in the analysis of vibration of MEMS devices, often to compare the performance of devices such as accelerometers-on-a-chip with their theoretical (calculated) modes of vibration. As a specific example in which the unique features of Laser Doppler velocimetry are important, the measurem... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Durrant's research focuses on a range of photochemical applications including solar cells, solar fuel production and photocatalysis, nanomaterials and plastic electronics. Durrant has authored over 400 publications, focusing on the charge carrier kinetics which determine materials and device function.
Durrant teaches ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metal-alkene complexes can be viewed as the smallest metallacycles, but they usually are not classified as metallacycles. In the Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson model, one resonance structure for the M(η-alkene) center is the metallacyclopropane. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The field of oxidative phosphorylation began with the report in 1906 by Arthur Harden of a vital role for phosphate in cellular fermentation, but initially only sugar phosphates were known to be involved. However, in the early 1940s, the link between the oxidation of sugars and the generation of ATP was firmly establis... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Besides making pioneering contribution in the domain of Soil Science, Dr Mukherjee played a key role in the development of agricultural research and education in the country. Soon after his appointment as Director of the Imperial (now Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi), in 1945, Dr Mukherjee began to
r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Classical invariant manifolds are invariant sets in the phase space of an autonomous dynamical system. In contrast,
LCSs are only required to be invariant in the extended phase space. This means that even if the underlying dynamical system is autonomous, the LCSs of the system over the interval will generally be time... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mitogens act primarily by influencing a set of proteins which are involved in the restriction of progression through the cell cycle. The G1 checkpoint is controlled most directly by mitogens: further cell cycle progression does not need mitogens to continue. The point where mitogens are no longer needed to move the cel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because SuDS describe a collection of systems with similar components or goals, there is a large crossover between SuDS and other terminologies dealing with sustainable urban development. The following are examples generally accepted as components in a SuDS system:
Bioswales
Permeable pavement
Wetlands
Artificial wetl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The enteric nervous system consists of some one hundred million neurons that are embedded in the peritoneum, the lining of the gastrointestinal tract extending from the esophagus to the anus. These neurons are collected into two plexuses – the myenteric (or Auerbachs) plexus that lies between the longitudinal and the s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At the end of World War II, the Allies occupied Germany and found large stockpiles of chemical weapons that they did not know how to dispose of or deal with. Ultimately, the Allies disposed large quantities of these chemical weapons into the Baltic Sea, including 32 000 tonnes of chemical munitions and chemical warfare... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The compound is typically prepared by heating thin layers of urea, the thin layers facilitating escape of ammonia:
:3 (HN)CO → [HNC(O)NH]CO + 2 NH
It can also prepared by treatment of urea with phosgene:
:2 (HN)CO + COCl → [HNC(O)NH]CO + 2 HCl
A similar synthesis employs urea and dimethyl carbonate with ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In molecular cloning and biology, a gene knock-in (abbreviation: KI) refers to a genetic engineering method that involves the one-for-one substitution of DNA sequence information in a genetic locus or the insertion of sequence information not found within the locus. Typically, this is done in mice since the technology ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Hildebrand solubility parameter is the square root of the cohesive energy density:
The cohesive energy density is the amount of energy needed to completely remove unit volume of molecules from their neighbours to infinite separation (an ideal gas). This is equal to the heat of vaporization of the compound divided b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Earth absorbs some of the radiant energy received from the sun, reflects some of it as light and reflects or radiates the rest back to space as heat. A planets surface temperature depends on this balance between incoming and outgoing energy. When Earths energy balance is shifted, its surface becomes warmer or cooler, l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pleuran is an insoluble polysaccharide (β-(1,3/1,6)-D-glucan), isolated from Pleurotus ostreatus.
Pleuran belongs to a group of glucose polymers commonly called beta-glucans demonstrating biological response modifier properties. These immunomodulating properties render the host more resistant to infections and neoplasm... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A general material surface experiences shear and strain in its deformation, both of which depend continuously on initial conditions by the continuity of the map .
The averaged strain and shear within a strip of -close material lines, therefore, typically show variation within such a strip.
The two-dimensional geodesic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These are strong but flexible springs inserted into a pipe to support the pipe walls during manual bending. They have diameters only slightly less than the internal diameter of the pipe to be bent. They are only suitable for bending soft copper pipe (typically used in household plumbing) or PVC pipe.
The spring is pus... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Malonyl-CoA plays a special role in the mitochondrial clearance of toxic malonic acid in the metabolic disorder combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria (CMAMMA). In CMAMMA due to ACSF3, malonyl-CoA synthetase is decreased, which can generate malonyl-CoA from malonic acid, which can then be converted to acetyl-CoA b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The database user interface is web-based and can be queried using text or accession numbers/identifiers. Since its integration with the other components of BOND, sequences have been added to interactions, molecular complexes and pathways in the results. Records include information on: BIND ID, description of the inter... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The primordial radionuclides have been included for comparison; they are italicised and offset from the list of stable nuclides proper.
Abbreviations for predicted unobserved decay:
A for alpha decay, B for beta decay, 2B for double beta decay, E for electron capture, 2E for double electron capture, IT for isomeric tra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the treatment of epilepsy, drugs such as vigabatrin that target both GABA transporters and the GABA metabolizing enzyme GABA-transaminase have been marketed, providing proof of principle for the neurotransmitter cycling systems as pharmacological targets. However, with regard to glutamate transport and metabolism, n... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The mathematical equation for Boyle's law is:
where denotes the pressure of the system, denotes the volume of the gas, is a constant value representative of the temperature and volume of the system.
So long as temperature remains constant the same amount of energy given to the system persists throughout its operatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are two common methods in which to construct a DNA molecular-weight size marker. One such method employs the technique of partial ligation. DNA ligation is the process by which linear DNA pieces are connected to each other via covalent bonds; more specifically, these bonds are phosphodiester bonds. Here, a 100bp ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The hardenability of a ferrous alloy is measured by a Jominy test: a round metal bar of standard size (indicated in the top image) is transformed to 100% austenite through heat treatment, and is then quenched on one end with room-temperature water. The cooling rate will be highest at the end being quenched, and will d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mating in yeast is stimulated by the presence of a pheromone which binds to either the Ste2 receptor (in a-cells) or the Ste3 receptor (in α-cells). The binding of this pheromone then leads to the activation of a heterotrimeric G protein. The dimeric portion of this G-protein recruits Ste5 (and its related MAPK cascade... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There is currently some interest in developing air cars. Several engines have been proposed for these, although none have demonstrated the performance and long life needed for personal transport. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The nines scale is also used in other contexts, such as describing the purity of gases. The purity of a gas is an indication of the ratio of it to other gases in its mixture, as measured by volume. Thus, a high purity refers to a low amount of other gases, or impurities. Gases of higher purity are in many contexts cons... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term sublimation refers specifically to a physical change of state and is not used to describe the transformation of a solid to a gas in a chemical reaction. For example, the dissociation on heating of solid ammonium chloride into hydrogen chloride and ammonia is not sublimation but a chemical reaction. Similarly t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The two types of beta decay are known as beta minus and beta plus. In beta minus (β) decay, a neutron is converted to a proton, and the process creates an electron and an electron antineutrino; while in beta plus (β) decay, a proton is converted to a neutron and the process creates a positron and an electron neutrino. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The expressome is a supramolecular complex consisting of RNA polymerase and a trailing ribosome linked by a shared mRNA transcript. It is supported by the transcription factors NusG and NusA, which interact with both RNA polymerase and the ribosome to couple the complexes together. When coupled by transcription factor ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The photoacoustic effect or optoacoustic effect is the formation of sound waves following light absorption in a material sample. In order to obtain this effect the light intensity must vary, either periodically (modulated light) or as a single flash (pulsed light). The photoacoustic effect is quantified by measuring th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A sequence in biology is the one-dimensional ordering of monomers, covalently linked within a biopolymer; it is also referred to as the primary structure of a biological macromolecule. While it can refer to many different molecules, the term sequence is most often used to refer to a DNA sequence. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the context of radiation protection, activity median aerodynamic diameter (AMAD) is the MAD for the airborne activity in a given aerosol. Internal dosimetry uses it as a means of simplifying the true distribution of aerodynamic diameters of a given aerosol. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The thermal stability of PPA is highly dependent on whether the polymer is end-capped or isolated without end groups. Cyclic PPA, in addition to functionalized linear PPA chains are known to be thermally stable for up to 150C as determined by both Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Physical lipolysis involves destruction of fat cells containing the fat droplets and can be used as part of cosmetic body contouring procedures. Currently there are four main non-invasive body contouring techniques in aesthetic medicine for reducing localized subcutaneous adipose tissue in addition to the standard mini... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An inductively coupled plasma (ICP) or transformer coupled plasma (TCP) is a type of plasma source in which the energy is supplied by electric currents which are produced by electromagnetic induction, that is, by time-varying magnetic fields. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Martha spent much of her scientific career interested in the quantitative analysis of various elements. Specifically, she studied the composition of ammonium phosphates in magnesium, zinc, and cadmium. Her study of ammonium phosphates was later used as a tool in her later analytical work. Martha spent much of her resea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry (JBIC) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal. It is an official publication of the Society of Biological Inorganic Chemistry and published by Springer Science+Business Media.
Biological inorganic chemistry is a growing field of science that embraces the principles of biology an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Avogadros law provides a way to calculate the quantity of gas in a receptacle. Thanks to this discovery, Johann Josef Loschmidt, in 1865, was able for the first time to estimate the size of a molecule. His calculation gave rise to the concept of the Loschmidt constant, a ratio between macroscopic and atomic quantities.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The following table shows radiation quantities in SI and non-SI units:
Although the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission permits the use of the units curie, rad, and rem alongside SI units, the European Union European units of measurement directives required that their use for "public health ... purposes" be pha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While RPKA allows observation of rates over the course of the entire reaction, conducting only same-excess experiments does not provide sufficient information for determination of the corresponding rate constants. In order to construct enough independent relationships to solve for all of the unknown rate constants, it ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Winkler test for dissolved oxygen: Used to determine oxygen concentration in water. Oxygen in water samples is reduced using manganese(II) sulfate, which reacts with potassium iodide to produce iodine. The iodine is released in proportion to the oxygen in the sample, thus the oxygen concentration is determined with a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ability of a surface to self-clean commonly depends on the hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity of the surface. Whether cleaning aqueous or organic matter from a surface, water plays an important role in the self-cleaning process. Specifically, the contact angle of water on the surface is an important characteristic th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) is a technique that integrates the separation of volatile compounds using a gas chromatograph with the detection of odour using an olfactometer (human assessor). It was first invented and applied in 1964 by Fuller and co-workers. While GC separates volatile compounds from an extra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Isolated chloroplasts placed under light conditions but in the absence of CO, reduce and then oxidize artificial electron acceptors, allowing the process to proceed. Oxygen (O) is released as a byproduct, but not sugar (CHO).
Chloroplasts placed under dark conditions and in the absence of CO, oxidize the artificial ac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dose rate from a single uptake decays over time due to both radioactive decay, and biological decay (i.e. excretion from the body). The combined radioactive and biological half-life, called the effective half-life of the material, may range from hours for medical radioisotopes to decades for transuranic waste. Comm... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tropospheric ozone depletion events are phenomena that reduce the concentration of ozone in the earth's troposphere. Ozone (O3) is a trace gas which has been of concern because of its unique dual role in different layers of the lower atmosphere. Apart from absorbing UV-B radiation and converting solar energy into heat ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some molecular compounds that adopt square pyramidal geometry are XeOF, and various halogen pentafluorides (XF, where X = Cl, Br, I). Complexes of vanadium(IV), such as vanadyl acetylacetonate, [VO(acac)], are square pyramidal (acac = acetylacetonate, the deprotonated anion of acetylacetone (2,4-pentanedione)). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ken Kesey was born in 1935 in La Junta, Colorado to dairy farmers Frederick A. Kesey and Ginevra Smith. In 1946, the family moved to Springfield, Oregon. A champion wrestler in both high school and college, he graduated from Springfield High School in 1953.
Kesey attended the University of Oregons School of Journalism,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Colonies of the ant Temnothorax albipennis nest in small crevices between rocks. When the rocks shift and the nest is broken up, these ants must quickly choose a new nest to move into. During the first phase of the decision-making process, a small portion of the workers leave the destroyed nest and search for new crevi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Of the 32 crystallographic point groups, 10 are polar:
The space groups associated with a polar point group do not have a discrete set of possible origin points that are unambiguously determined by symmetry elements.
When materials having a polar point group crystal structure are heated or cooled, they may temporarily ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since microsphere beads are easily suspended in solution and each microsphere retains its identity when hybridized to the test sample, a typical suspension array experiment can analyze a wide range of biological analysis in a single reaction, called "multiplexing". In general, each type of microsphere used in an array ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Amino radicals can be produced by reacting OH radical with ammonia in irradiated aqueous solutions. This reaction is formulated as a hydrogen abstraction reaction.
The rate constant (k) for this reaction was determined to be , while the parallel reaction of OH with was found to be much slower. This rate was redetermin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By definition, antagonists display no efficacy to activate the receptors they bind. Antagonists do not maintain the ability to activate a receptor. Once bound, however, antagonists inhibit the function of agonists, inverse agonists, and partial agonists. In functional antagonist assays, a dose-response curve measures t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A fuel element failure is a rupture in a nuclear reactor's fuel cladding that allows the nuclear fuel or fission products, either in the form of dissolved radioisotopes or hot particles, to enter the reactor coolant or storage water.
The de facto standard nuclear fuel is uranium dioxide or a mixed uranium/plutonium dio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A variation of the heat flow technique is called power compensation calorimetry. This method uses a cooling jacket operating at constant flow and temperature. The process temperature is regulated by adjusting the power of the electrical heater. When the experiment is started, the electrical heat and the cooling power (... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A hypersonic wind tunnel is designed to generate a hypersonic flow field in the working section, thus simulating the typical flow features of this flow regime - including compression shocks and pronounced boundary layer effects, entropy layer and viscous interaction zones and most importantly high total temperatures of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The terms resin flux and rosin flux are ambiguous and somewhat interchangeable, with different vendors using different assignments. Generally, fluxes are labeled as rosin if the vehicle they are based on is primarily natural rosin. Some manufactures reserve "rosin" designation for military fluxes based on rosin (R, RMA... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At the appropriate Krafft temperature and critical micelle concentration these molecules will form individual tear-drop loops, where the hydrophobic ends are attracted to one another, to other molecules, and also to the similarly hydrophobic QDs. This forms a loaded micelle with a hydrophilic outer shell and a hydropho... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Grain boundaries can cause failure mechanically by embrittlement through solute segregation (see Hinkley Point A nuclear power station) but they also can detrimentally affect the electronic properties. In metal oxides it has been shown theoretically that at the grain boundaries in AlO and MgO the insulating properties ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Kurnakov test, also known as Kurnakovs reaction, is a chemical test that distinguishes pairs of cis- and trans-isomers of [PtAX] (A = NH, X = halogen or pseudohalide). Upon treatment with thiourea, the trans-dihalides give less soluble white products, whereas the cis'-dihalides give more soluble yellow products. Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Organolithium reagents, including n-BuLi are used in synthesis of specific aldehydes and ketones. One such synthetic pathway is the reaction of an organolithium reagent with disubstituted amides:
: RLi + RCONMe → LiNMe + RC(O)R | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Iron can also enter cells via CD44 in complexes bound to hyaluronic acid during epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). In this process, epithelial cells transform into mesenchymal cells with detachment from the basement membrane, to which they’re normally anchored, paving the way for the newly differentiated motile m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gay-Lussac was born at Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat in the present-day department of Haute-Vienne.
His father, Anthony Gay, son of a doctor, was a lawyer and prosecutor and worked as a judge in Noblat Bridge. Father of two sons and three daughters, he owned much of the Lussac village and began to add the name of this hamlet... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pioneer factors can also affect transcription and differentiation through the control of DNA methylation. Pioneer factors that bind to CpG islands and cytosine residues block access to methyltransferases. Many eukaryotic cells have CpG islands in their promoters that can be modified by methylation having adverse effe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bitumen is a commonly recycled material in the construction industry. The two most common recycled materials that contain bitumen are reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and reclaimed asphalt shingles (RAS). RAP is recycled at a greater rate than any other material in the United States, and typically contains approximatel... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The parent boroxine (cyclo-(HBO)) is prepared in small quantities as a low pressure gas by high temperature reaction of water and elemental boron or reaction of various boranes (BH or BH) with O. It is thermodynamically unstable with respect to disproportionation to diborane and boron oxide. Some reactivity studies a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The other analogues of the phosphaethynolate anion all obey the general formulae E-C-X and are made by varying E and X. When changing either atom, unique trends amongst the different analogues become apparent. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aging Research and Drug Discovery (ARDD) is a non-profit conference which is organized by University of Copenhagen and Columbia University every year at University of Copenhagen. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ephaptic coupling is a form of communication within the nervous system and is distinct from direct communication systems like electrical synapses and chemical synapses. The phrase may refer to the coupling of adjacent (touching) nerve fibers caused by the exchange of ions between the cells, or it may refer to coupling ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The added mass can be incorporated into most physics equations by considering an effective mass as the sum of the mass and added mass. This sum is commonly known as the "virtual mass".
A simple formulation of the added mass for a spherical body permits Newton's classical second law to be written in the form
: becomes... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The risk of opioid-related adverse effects such as respiratory depression, falls, cognitive impairment and sedation is increased. Tramadol may interact with other medications and increase the risk for adverse events. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Non-aqueous acid–base titrations can be carried out advantageously by thermometric means.
Acid leach solutions from some copper mines can contain large quantities of Fe(III) as well as Cu(II). The "free acid" (sulfuric acid) content of these leach solutions is a critical process parameter. While thermometric titrimetry... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are a great variety of techniques to generate THz radiation and to detect THz fields. One can, e.g., use an antenna, a quantum-cascade laser, a free-electron laser, or optical rectification to produce well-defined THz sources. The resulting THz field can be characterized via its electric field E(t). Present-day e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A dispersion is a system in which distributed particles of one material are dispersed in a continuous phase of another material. The two phases may be in the same or different states of matter.
Dispersions are classified in a number of different ways, including how large the particles are in relation to the particles ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are several methods for preparing aldehydes, but the dominant technology is hydroformylation. Illustrative is the generation of butyraldehyde by hydroformylation of propene: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS) is an international non-profit association of national organizations concerned with the properties of water and steam, particularly thermophysical properties and other aspects of high-temperature steam, water and aqueous mixtures that are rele... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Monoclonal antibodies are structurally identical immunoglobulin molecules with identical epitope-specificity (all of them bind with the same epitope with same affinity) as against their polyclonal counterparts which have varying affinities for the same epitope.
They are usually not produced in a natural immune response... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
MDS has been used to characterise interactions between biomolecules under native conditions, and has been demonstrated to detect specific interactions within complex mixtures. It has also been used in detecting and quantifying protein-ligand interactions and protein-lipid interactions. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The commercially most important system is the LiO × AlO × nSiO system (LAS system). The LAS system mainly refers to a mix of lithium, silicon, and aluminum oxides with additional components, e.g., glass-phase-forming agents such as NaO, KO and CaO and refining agents. As nucleation agents most commonly zirconium(IV) ox... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The standard ISO 228 - Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are not made on the threads consists of the following parts:
* ISO 228-1:2000 Dimensions, tolerances and designation
* ISO 228-2:1987 Verification by means of limit gauges | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The limiting factor for fish undergoing hypoxia is the availability of fermentable substrate for anaerobic metabolism; once substrate runs out, ATP production ceases. Endogenous glycogen is present in tissue as a long term energy storage molecule. It can be converted into glucose and subsequently used as the starting... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Robert A. Volz is credited with discovering the first process for making reticulated polyurethane foam in 1956 while working for the Scott Paper Company. Production of reticulated polyurethane foam is a two-step process that begins with the creation of conventional (closed-cell) polyurethane foam, after which cell face... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
pRb acts as a recruiter that allows for the binding of proteins that alter chromatin structure onto the site E2F-regulated promoters. Access to these E2F-regulated promoters by transcriptional factors is blocked by the formation of nucleosomes and their further packing into chromatin. Nucleosome formation is regulated ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In instances in which DNA samples are degraded, like if there are intense fires or all that remains are bone fragments, standard STR testing on those samples can be inadequate. When standard STR testing is done on highly degraded samples, the larger STR loci often drop out, and only partial DNA profiles are obtained. P... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In molecular biology, a two-component regulatory system serves as a basic stimulus-response coupling mechanism to allow organisms to sense and respond to changes in many different environmental conditions. Two-component systems typically consist of a membrane-bound histidine kinase that senses a specific environmental ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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