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iv: intravenous, sc: subcutaneous, HIT: heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, VTE: Venous thromboembolism, DVT: Deep vein thrombosis, PTCA: Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention, FDA: Food and Drug Administration, AF: Atrial fibrillation, TI: Therapeutic index | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reaction progress data may often most simply be presented as plot of substrate concentration ([A]) vs. time (t) or fraction conversion (F) vs. time (t). The latter requires minor algebraic manipulation to convert concentration/absorbance values to fractional conversion (F), by:
:F =
where [A] is the amount, absorbance... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, is a class of double-stranded RNA at first non-coding RNA molecules, typically 20–24 (normally 21) base pairs in length, similar to miRNA, and operating within the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. It interferes with the expressio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fans generate noise from the rapid flow of air around blades and obstacles causing vortexes, and from the motor. Fan noise is roughly proportional to the fifth power of fan speed; halving speed reduces noise by about 15 dB.
The perceived loudness of fan noise also depends on the frequency distribution of the noise. Thi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diffusive–thermal instability or thermo–diffusive instability is an intrinsic flame instability that occurs both in premixed flames and in diffusion flames and arises because of the difference in the diffusion coefficient values for the fuel and heat transport, characterized by non-unity values of Lewis numbers. The in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Installation of couplers and tapping tee fittings require slightly different procedures. Common installation steps for each are given below. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because RIP is so efficient at detecting and mutating repeats, fungal biologists often use it as a tool for mutagenesis. A second copy of a single-copy gene is first transformed into the genome. The fungus must then mate and go through its sexual cycle to activate the RIP machinery. Many different mutations within the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Following oral administration of lisinopril, peak serum concentrations of lisinopril occur within about seven hours, although there was a trend to a small delay in time taken to reach peak serum concentrations in acute myocardial infarction patients. The peak effect of lisinopril is about 6 hours after administration f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Binary liquid is a type of chemical combination, which creates a special reaction or feature as a result of mixing two liquid chemicals, that are normally inert or have no function by themselves. A number of chemical products are produced as a result of mixing two chemicals as a binary liquid, such as plastic foams and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some other confinement principles have been investigated.
* Antimatter-initialized fusion uses small amounts of antimatter to trigger a tiny fusion explosion. This has been studied primarily in the context of making nuclear pulse propulsion, and pure fusion bombs feasible. This is not near becoming a practical power so... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Graham's research on the diffusion of gases was triggered by his reading about the observations of German chemist Johann Döbereiner that hydrogen gas diffused out of a small crack in a glass bottle faster than the surrounding air diffused in to replace it. Graham measured the rate of diffusion of gases through plaster ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
AutoAnalyzers were used mainly for routine repetitive medical laboratory analyses, but they had been replaced during the last years more and more by discrete working systems which allow lower reagent consumption. These instruments typically determine levels of albumin, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase (AST)... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sensor-based sorting has been introduced by Wotruba and Harbeck as an umbrella term for all applications where particles are singularly detected by a sensor technique and then rejected by an amplified mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic process. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Deuterium-depleted water (DDW) is water which has a lower concentration of deuterium than occurs naturally at sea level on Earth.
DDW is sometimes known as light water or protium water, although "light water" has long referred to ordinary water, specifically in nuclear reactors. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
TIVA tags are created initially via solid-phase synthesis with the cell-penetrating peptide conjugated afterwards. The functional components of the tag can be summarized as following:
* Biotin: binds to streptavidin beads for tag isolation.
* Cy3 fluorophore: used to validated cleavage of photocleavable linker. If clea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Literature distinguishes two major mechanisms of solubilization process of oil by surfactant micelles, affecting the kinetics of solubilization: surface reaction, i.e., by transient adsorption of micelles at the water-oil interface, and bulk reaction, whereby the surfactant micelles capture dissolved oil molecules. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Researchers have been looking for a material that can mimic tissue properties to make the tissue engineering process more effective and less invasive to the human body. The porous, interconnecting network of nanocomposite hydrogels, created through cross-link, enable wastes and nutrients to easily enter and exit the st... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Typically, ellipsometry is done only in the reflection setup. The exact nature of the polarization change is determined by the sample's properties (thickness, complex refractive index or dielectric function tensor). Although optical techniques are inherently diffraction-limited, ellipsometry exploits phase information ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The compound with empirical formula FeSn is the first known kagome magnet. It is an intermetallic compound composed of iron (Fe) and tin (Sn), with alternating planes of FeSn and Sn. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The scientific work of Leonidas Zervas had a global resonance and his contribution was recognised by multiple awards throughout his life. In 1960 he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Basel on the occasion of the university's 500th anniversary, upon recommendation of Hans Erlenmeyer and Nobel laureat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Before joining the faculty of the University of Oregon in 1962, Mazo was a postdoctoral fellow at Institute voor Theoretische Physica, University of Amsterdam and a research associate at the University of Chicago (sponsored by the National Science Foundation). He also held an assistant professorship at the California I... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
On the other hand, softer, more polarisable centres prefer to coordinate in a more covalent manner through the phosphorus atom. Examples of this include complexes accommodating a neutral or sparsely charged transition metal centre. The first example of this nature of PCO binding was published by Grutzmacher and co-work... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The microstructure of a material refers to the structure of an object, organism, or material as viewed at magnifications exceeding 25 times. It is composed of the different phases of form, size, and distribution of grains, pores, precipitates, etc. The majority of solid microstructures are crystalline, however some mat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In order for paracrine factors to successfully induce a response in the receiving cell, that cell must have the appropriate receptors available on the cell membrane to receive the signals, also known as being competent. Additionally, the responding cell must also have the ability to be mechanistically induced. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The structural trans effect can be measured experimentally using X-ray crystallography, and is observed as a stretching of the bonds between the metal and the ligand trans to a trans-influencing ligand. Stretching by as much as 0.2 Å occurs with strong trans-influencing ligands such as hydride. A cis influence can also... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are also other types of interactions that generalize the idea of interacting p orbitals in a conjugated system. The concept of hyperconjugation holds that certain σ bonds can also delocalize into a low-lying unoccupied orbital of a π system or an unoccupied p orbital. Hyperconjugation is commonly invoked to expl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Inositol trisphosphate or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate abbreviated InsP or Ins3P or IP is an inositol phosphate signaling molecule. It is made by hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP), a phospholipid that is located in the plasma membrane, by phospholipase C (PLC).
Together with diacylglycerol (DAG)... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Heteroatom-promoted lateral lithiation is the site-selective replacement of a benzylic hydrogen atom for lithium for the purpose of further functionalization. Heteroatom-containing substituents may direct metalation to the benzylic site closest to the heteroatom or increase the acidity of the ring carbons via an induct... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sonoporation is performed with a dedicated sonoporator. Sonoporation may also be performed with custom-built piezoelectric transducers connected to bench-top function generators and acoustic amplifiers. Standard ultrasound medical devices may also be used in some applications.
Measurement of the acoustics used in sonop... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vacuum fusion is an analytical chemistry technique, used for determining the oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes nitrogen content of metals. While ineffective when used on alkali or earth metals, vacuum fusion remains a viable means when applied to almost all other metals. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CFCs were phased out via the Montreal Protocol due to their part in ozone depletion.
The atmospheric impacts of CFCs are not limited to their role as ozone-depleting chemicals. Infrared absorption bands prevent heat at that wavelength from escaping Earth's atmosphere. CFCs have their strongest absorption bands from C-F... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For materials that are difficult to sinter, a process called liquid phase sintering is commonly used. Materials for which liquid phase sintering is common are SiN, WC, SiC, and more. Liquid phase sintering is the process of adding an additive to the powder which will melt before the matrix phase. The process of liquid ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The compound is unaffected by acids. It can even be recrystallized from conc. HNO.
The protons in the 2- and 5-positions rapidly exchange with deuterium oxide under alkaline conditions. Sodium cyanide catalyzes this reaction. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the developed world, the estimated daily intake of CoQ has been determined at 3–6 mg per day, derived primarily from meat.
South Koreans have an estimated average daily CoQ (Q + Q) intake of 11.6 mg/d, derived primarily from kimchi. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The P element is a class II transposon, and moves by a DNA-based "cut and paste" mechanism. The recognition sequence comprises four exons separated by three introns. Complete splicing of the introns produces the transposase enzyme, while alternative partial splicing of introns 1 and 2, leaving only intron 3 in the mRNA... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ribozymes, antisense oligonucleotides, and more recently RNAi have been used to target mRNA molecules involved in asthma. These experiments have suggested that siRNA may be used to combat other respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cystic fibrosis. COPD is characterized by goble... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For ionic compounds, the standard enthalpy of formation is equivalent to the sum of several terms included in the Born–Haber cycle. For example, the formation of lithium fluoride,
may be considered as the sum of several steps, each with its own enthalpy (or energy, approximately):
# , the standard enthalpy of atomizat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since NMR spectroscopy has been available to chemists, there have been numerous studies on the applications of this technique. One of these noted the difference in the chemical shift (i.e. the distance between the peaks) of two diastereomers. Conversely, two compounds that are enantiomers have the same NMR spectral pro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Demarçay's interests moved from organic chemistry to organometallics and then to inorganic chemistry. He applied for a professorial position at the Academie des sciences in 1878, but was not accepted.
He became particularly interested in studying nitrogen sulfides, publishing three papers in 1880–1881. These compounds ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As shown in the figure, a protein is firstly conjugated with the initiator and the polymer chain then grows from the protein core in a controlled manner via living polymerization. Likewise, to the earlier discussed methods, grafting from approach can be designed for site-specific or random attachment. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The GLIC receptor is a bacterial (loeobacter) igand-gated on hannel, homolog to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is a proton-gated (the channel opens when it binds a proton, ion), cation-selective channel (it selectively lets the positive ions through). Like the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors is a function... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In cycloalkanes, each carbon is bonded nonpolar covalently to two carbons and two hydrogen. The carbons have sp hybridization and should have ideal bond angles of 109.5°. Due to the limitations of cyclic structure, however, the ideal angle is only achieved in a six carbon ring — cyclohexane in chair conformation.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Feringa was born as the son of farmer Geert Feringa (1918–1993) and his wife Lies Feringa née Hake (1924–2013). Feringa was the second of ten siblings in a Catholic family. He spent his youth on the family's farm, which is directly on the border with Germany, in Barger-Compascuum in the Bourtange moor. He is of Dutch a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
From 1985 to 1991, Hierlemann studied chemistry at the University of Tübingen, Germany. He received a PhD from the University of Tübingen in 1996 for his work on Mass-sensitive detection of organic volatiles using modified polysiloxanes. 1997–98 he held postdoctoral positions at Texas A&M University in College Station,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Biogeography of Deep-Water Chemosynthetic Ecosystems is a field project of the Census of Marine Life programme (CoML). The main aim of ChEss is to determine the biogeography of deep-water chemosynthetic ecosystems at a global scale and to understand the processes driving these ecosystems. ChEss addresses the main ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Borate esters are organic compounds, which are conveniently prepared by the stoichiometric condensation reaction of boric acid with alcohols (or their chalcogen analogs). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Müllerian mimicry is a natural phenomenon in which two or more well-defended species, often foul-tasting and sharing common predators, have come to mimic each other's honest warning signals, to their mutual benefit. The benefit to Müllerian mimics is that predators only need one unpleasant encounter with one member of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For a system undergoing a reversible reaction described by the general chemical equation
a thermodynamic equilibrium constant, denoted by , is defined to be the value of the reaction quotient Q when forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate. At chemical equilibrium, the chemical composition of the mixture do... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dr. Keith Fagnou was born on June 27, 1971, in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Fagnou, a former naval reserve officer, pursued studies at the University of Saskatchewan and received a Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) in 1995. After teaching at the high school level for a short period, he continued his studies in chemistry at t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hardenability is the depth to which a steel is hardened after putting it through a heat treatment process. It should not be confused with hardness, which is a measure of a sample's resistance to indentation or scratching. It is an important property for welding, since it is inversely proportional to weldability, that i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
N-philes are group of radical molecules which are specifically attracted to the C=N bonds, defying often the selectivity rules of electrophilic attack. N-philes can often masquerade as electrophiles, where acyl radicals are excellent examples which interact with pi electrons of aryl groups. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Like other enzymes, the activity of FF ATP synthase is reversible. Large-enough quantities of ATP cause it to create a transmembrane proton gradient, this is used by fermenting bacteria that do not have an electron transport chain, but rather hydrolyze ATP to make a proton gradient, which they use to drive flagella and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many natural phenols are chiral. An example of such molecules is catechin. Cavicularin is an unusual macrocycle because it was the first compound isolated from nature displaying optical activity due to the presence of planar chirality and axial chirality. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many problems in molecular reaction dynamics demand the simultaneous measurement of a particle's speed and angular direction; the most demanding require the measurement of this velocity in coincidence with internal energy. Studies of molecular reactions, energy transfer processes and photodissociation can only be under... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A key concept in the dynamics of vortices is the vorticity, a vector that describes the local rotary motion at a point in the fluid, as would be perceived by an observer that moves along with it. Conceptually, the vorticity could be observed by placing a tiny rough ball at the point in question, free to move with the f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The second law of thermodynamics is a statistical law. Hence, occasionally, single molecules may not obey the law. All molecules are subject to the molecular storm, i.e. the random movement of molecules in the cytoplasm and the extracellular fluid. Molecular demons or molecular machines either biological or artificiall... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ASTM D6866 method has been developed to certify the biologically derived content of bioplastics. Cosmic rays colliding with the atmosphere mean that some of the carbon is the radioactive isotope carbon-14. CO from the atmosphere is used by plants in photosynthesis, so new plant material will contain both carbon-14 ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reis was born and has always lived in Porto, being one of three children of a chemical engineering professor and a domestic. Reis spent a small part of his childhood in Metangula, Mozambique, a small town near Lake Niassa, while his father was engaged in military service during the Portuguese Colonial War. He is marri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The radiation of heat is generally denoted by the word emission. It is frequently described that surfaces "emit" radiation, however this is purely a simplification. According to the conservation of energy, emission always takes place at the expense of other forms of energy (electrical, chemical, etc.). Hence only mater... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In May, a new method using an altered version of HIV as a lentivirus vector was reported in the treatment of 50 children with ADA-SCID obtaining positive results in 48 of them, this method is expected to be safer than retroviruses vectors commonly used in previous studies of SCID where the development of leukemia was u... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The major source of sound when a droplet hits a liquid surface is the resonance of excited bubbles trapped underwater. These oscillating bubbles are responsible for most liquid sounds, such as running water or splashes, as they actually consist of many drop-liquid collisions. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DNA banking is used to conserve genetic material, especially that of organisms that face extinction. This is a more prominent issue today due to deforestation and climate change, which serve as a threat to biodiversity. The genetic information can be stored within lambda phage and plasma vectors. The National Institute... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Langmuir is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1985 and is published by the American Chemical Society. It is the leading journal focusing on the science and application of systems and materials in which the interface dominates structure and function. Research areas covered include surface and co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During his chemical revolution, Lavoisier created a new instrument for precisely measuring out gases. He called this instrument the gazomètre. He had two different versions; the one he used in demonstrations to the Académie and to the public, which was a large expensive version meant to make people believe that it had ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In contrast to solid electrolyte systems under high temperatures (usually higher than 200 °C), EPOC has rarely been reported in low-temperature aqueous systems (particularly at room temperature). Only a few examples have been demonstrated for the EPOC in an aqueous electrolyte solution at ambient temperature: H oxidati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The equation is also usable as a PVT equation for compressible fluids (e.g. polymers). In this case specific volume changes are small and it can be written in a simplified form:
where p is the pressure, V is specific volume, T is the temperature and A, B, C are parameters. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Amino acids contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. (In biochemistry, the term amino acid is used when referring to those amino acids in which the amino and carboxylate functionalities are attached to the same carbon, plus proline which is not actually an amino acid).
Modified amino acids are sometime... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In genetics and molecular biology, a corepressor is a molecule that represses the expression of genes. In prokaryotes, corepressors are small molecules whereas in eukaryotes, corepressors are proteins. A corepressor does not directly bind to DNA, but instead indirectly regulates gene expression by binding to repressors... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Менделеев Д. И. [http://runivers.ru/bookreader/book144952/#page/3/mode/1up Периодический закон (DjVu)]. Т. 1. // Собрание сочинений в 3 томах — М.: Издательство Академии наук СССР — via Runivers
* Менделеев Д. И. [http://runivers.ru/bookreader/book144957/#page/3/mode/1up Растворы (DjVu)]. Т. 2. (DjVu)]. Т. 2. // Собр... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Single molecule DNA sequencing requires a high level of precision to match the confidence from the redundant read coverage provided by current next-generation sequencing technologies.
* Nicks on both strands at similar positions resulting in low template during sequence-by-synthesis.
* Fluorochrome-labeled nucleotide... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ernst Homburg was born in Venlo, the Netherlands, on 2 August 1952.
From 1964 to 1969 he was educated at the Protestant Lyceum (nowadays Huygens Lyceum), Eindhoven. From 1969 to 1978 Homburg studied chemistry at the Free University Amsterdam and at the University of Amsterdam. At the Free University he followed a cours... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For the 3D uniform Fermi gas, with fermions of spin-½, the number of particles as a function of the energy is obtained by substituting the Fermi energy by a variable energy :
from which the density of states (number of energy states per energy per volume) can be obtained. It can be calculated by differentiating the n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cast iron DWV pipe and fittings are still used in premium construction because they muffle the sound of wastewater rushing through them, but today they are rarely joined with traditional lead joints. Instead, pipe and fittings with plain (non-belled) connections are butted against each other, and clamped with special r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In proteins and amino acids, the α-carbon is the backbone carbon before the carbonyl carbon atom in the molecule. Therefore, reading along the backbone of a typical protein would give a sequence of –[N—Cα—carbonyl C]– etc. (when reading in the N to C direction). The α-carbon is where the different substituents attach t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Calcium carbide is produced industrially in an electric arc furnace from a mixture of lime and coke at approximately . This is an endothermic reaction requiring per mole and high temperatures to drive off the carbon monoxide. This method has not changed since its invention in 1892:
:CaO + 3 C → CaC + CO
The high tempe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The stopped-flow method depends on the existence of spectroscopic properties that can be used for following the reaction. When that is not the case quenched flow provides an alternative that uses conventional chemical methods for analysis. Instead of a mechanical stopping system the reaction is stopped by quenching, th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In continuum mechanics the flow velocity in fluid dynamics, also macroscopic velocity in statistical mechanics, or drift velocity in electromagnetism, is a vector field used to mathematically describe the motion of a continuum. The length of the flow velocity vector is scalar, the flow speed.
It is also called velocity... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
HTS experiments have the ability to screen tens of thousands (or even millions) of compounds rapidly. Hence, it is a challenge to glean chemical/biochemical significance from mounds of data in the process of hit selection. To address this challenge, appropriate analytic methods have been adopted for hit selection. Ther... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Velocimetry can be traced back to the days of Leonardo da Vinci, who would float grass seeds on a flow and sketch the resulting trajectories of the seeds that he observed (a Lagrangian measurement). Eventually da Vinci's flow visualizations were used in his cardio vascular studies, attempting to learn more about blood ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because of the decreased basicity compared to pyridine, electrophilic substitution of pyrimidine is less facile. Protonation or alkylation typically takes place at only one of the ring nitrogen atoms. Mono-N-oxidation occurs by reaction with peracids.
Electrophilic C-substitution of pyrimidine occurs at the 5-position,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The specific characteristics of MSGE as compared with MSNE is that the emitted neutral particles are limited to gas molecules. MSGE is opposite to Mechanically Stimulated Gas Absorption that usually occurs under fretting corrosion of metals, exposure to gases at high pressures, etc.
There are three main sources of MSG... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A different, albeit physically closely related challenge is the detection of deeply lying flaws and inhomogeneities in electrically conducting solid materials.
In the traditional version of eddy current testing an alternating (AC) magnetic field is used to induce eddy currents inside the material to be investigated. If... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As a precursor of a photosensitizer, 5ALA is also used as an add-on agent for photodynamic therapy. In contrast to larger photosensitizer molecules, it is predicted by computer simulations to be able to penetrate tumor cell membranes. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The adsorption of methylene blue serves as an indicator defining the adsorptive capacity of granular activated carbon in water filters. Adsorption of methylene blue is very similar to adsorption of pesticides from water, this quality makes methylene blue serve as a good predictor for filtration qualities of carbon. It ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1916, Irving Langmuir presented his model for the adsorption of species onto simple surfaces. Langmuir was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1932 for his work concerning surface chemistry. He hypothesized that a given surface has a certain number of equivalent sites to which a species can “stick”, either by physisorption... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Atomic hydrogen diffusing through metals may collect at internal defects like inclusions and laminations and form molecular hydrogen. High pressures may be built up at such locations due to continued absorption of hydrogen leading to blister formation, growth and eventual bursting of the blister. Such hydrogen induced ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If the pressure difference is zero, as in a soap film without gravity, the interface will assume the shape of a minimal surface. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The degree of stomatal resistance can be determined by measuring leaf gas exchange of a leaf. The transpiration rate is dependent on the diffusion resistance provided by the stomatal pores and also on the humidity gradient between the leafs internal air spaces and the outside air. Stomatal resistance (or its inverse, s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Using Kickstarter, the project's founders raised $484,000 on June 8, 2013. This was significantly more than the initial target of $65,000.
Seeds were initially scheduled to be delivered in April 2014, and subsequently scheduled for the fall of 2014. In March 2016, delivery of seeds was forecast for 2016 on the Glowing ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Temperature is another interesting parameter to discuss since protein solubility is a function of temperature. In protein crystallization, manipulation of temperature to yield successful crystals is one common strategy. Unlike pH, temperature of different components of the crystallography experiments could impact the f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Calvin cycle starts by using the enzyme RuBisCO to fix CO into five-carbon Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) molecules. The result is unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break down into three-carbon molecules called 3-phosphoglyceric acid, or 3-PGA.
The ATP and NADPH made in the light reactions is used to con... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase repairs isoaspartate and D-aspartate residues by sticking a methyl group onto the side chain carboxyl group in the residue, creating an ester. The ester rapidly and spontaneously turns into the succinimide (red), and randomly turns back into normal aspartic acid (black) or isoaspartate a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since the model assumes homogeneous mixture, the theory is well applicable to study the explosive behavior of solid fuels (spontaneous ignition of bio fuels, organic materials, garbage, etc.,). This is also used to design explosives and fire crackers. The theory predicted critical values accurately for low conductivity... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There is usually a high-pressure turbine at one end, followed by an intermediate-pressure turbine, and finally one, two, or three low-pressure turbines, and the shaft that connects to the generator. As steam moves through the system and loses pressure and thermal energy, it expands in volume, requiring increasing diame... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reverse transfection is a technique for the transfer of genetic material into cells. As DNA is printed on a glass slide for the transfection process (the deliberate introduction of nucleic acids into cells) to occur before the addition of adherent cells, the order of addition of DNA and adherent cells is reverse that o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In electrochemistry, there are two types of ideal electrode, the ideal polarizable electrode and the ideal non-polarizable electrode. Simply put, the ideal polarizable electrode is characterized by charge separation at the electrode-electrolyte boundary and is electrically equivalent to a capacitor, while the ideal non... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
N-substituted derivatives are somewhat stable. They are invoked but rarely observed as intermediates in the Mannich reaction. These N,N,N-trisubstituted hexahydro-1,3,5-triazines arise from the condensation of the amine and formaldehyde as illustrated by the route to 1,3,5-trimethyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane:
Although ad... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Galileo spacecraft launched on October 18, 1989, the Ulysses on October 6, 1990, the Cassini on October 15, 1997, and the New Horizons on January 19, 2006. All of these spacecraft contain the general purpose heat source (GPHS) RTG commissioned by the U.S. Department of Energy. The GPHS-RTG employs identical heat-t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The pheromone is synthesized in the same region as venom, or other primary hormonal departments within the organism. Often, trail pheromone synthesis occurs in the ventral venom gland, poison gland, Dufour's gland, sternal gland, or hindgut. When secreted, the pheromone is dropped in a blotch-like fashion from the for... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most enzymes are sensitive to pH and have specific ranges of activity. All have an optimum pH. The pH can stop enzyme activity by denaturating (altering) the three-dimensional shape of the enzyme by breaking ionic, and hydrogen bonds. Most enzymes function between a pH of 6 and 8; however pepsin in the stomach works be... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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