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Hydrazones are susceptible to hydrolysis:
Alkyl hydrazones are 10- to 10-fold more sensitive to hydrolysis than analogous oximes.
When derived from hydrazine itself, hydrazones condense with a second equivalent of a carbonyl to give azines:
Hydrazones are intermediates in the Wolff–Kishner reduction.
Hydrazones are rea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Green infrastructure is often cheaper than more conventional water management strategies. Philadelphia found that its new green infrastructure plan will cost $1.2 billion over 25 years, compared with the $6 billion a gray infrastructure would have cost. The expenses for implementing green infrastructure are often small... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Agricultural chemistry often aims at preserving or increasing the fertility of soil with the goals of maintaining or improving the agricultural yield and improving the quality of the crop. Soils are analyzed with attention to the inorganic matter (minerals), which comprise most of the mass of dry soil, and organic mat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The inducer in the lac operon is allolactose. If lactose is present in the medium, then a small amount of it will be converted to allolactose by a few molecules of β-galactosidase that are present in the cell. Allolactose binds to the repressor and decreases the repressor's affinity for the operator site.
However, when... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The surge of depolarization traveling from the axon hillock to the axon terminal is known as an action potential. Action potentials reach the axon terminal, where the action potential triggers the release of neurotransmitters from the neuron. The neurotransmitters that are released from the axon continue on to stimulat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An oxyhydrogen torch (also known as hydrogen torch) is an oxy-gas torch that burns hydrogen (the fuel) with oxygen (the oxidizer). It is used for cutting and welding metals, glasses, and thermoplastics.
Due to competition from arc welding and other oxy-fuel torches such as the acetylene-fueled cutting torch, the oxyhyd... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Where it is impossible or impractical to discharge sewage from a property into a gravity sanitary sewer, a pressure sewer may provide an alternative means of connection. A macerator pump in a pumping well close to the property ejects sewage through a small diameter high pressure pipe into the nearest gravity sewer. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Specific weight is often used as a property of soil to solve earthwork problems.
In soil mechanics, specific weight may refer to: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cereals & Grains Association has eleven [https://web.archive.org/web/20060927023025/http://www.aaccnet.org/divisions/default.cfm divisions]. These include biotechnology, carbohydrate, engineering/processing, milling/baking, nutrition, protein, rheology, rice, [https://www.cerealsgrains.org/membership/divisions/Pages/Fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gofman considered that "nuclear deterrence is important", for he did not believe that comprehensive test bans were enforceable; thus he favored underground atomic bomb tests while acknowledging that "They are harmful, a little will leak out. A small number of people will get hurt." He claimed "I dont understand the dis... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
About 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. Only about 0.85% is composed of another five elements: potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium. All 11 are necessary for life. The remaining elements are trace elements, of which m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some ferredoxins have a sufficiently high redox potential that they can be directly reduced by NADPH. One such ferredoxin is adrenoxin (-274mV) which takes part in the biosynthesis of many mammalian steroids. The ferredoxin Fd3 in the roots of plants that reduces nitrate and sulfite has a midpoint potential of -337mV a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While a finite thermal contact conductance is due to voids at the interface, surface waviness, and surface roughness, etc., a finite conductance exists even at near ideal interfaces as well. This conductance, known as thermal boundary conductance, is due to the differences in electronic and vibrational properties bet... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
These tests validated the system for planetary exploration. Some improvements to be addressed in the future are instrument miniaturization, extraction protocols, and antibody stability under outer space conditions. SOLID would be one of the payloads of the proposed Icebreaker Life to Mars, or a lander to Europa. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As a Tumor Associated Carbohydrate Antigen (TACA), Globo-H is a promising clinical target for immunotherapy. While absent in normal tissues, the glycosphingolipid is overexpressed in a variety of epithelial cancer cell types including human pancreatic, gastric, lung, colorectal, esophageal, and breast tumors. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Marmesin (nodakenetin) is a chemical compound precursor in psoralen and linear furanocoumarins biosynthesis.
Marmesin plays a central role in the biosynthesis of furocoumarins in the plant ruta graveolens, more commonly known as rue. It acts as the natural intermediate in the formation of the furan ring that leads to a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The frictional coefficient of an arbitrary spheroid of volume equals
where is the translational friction coefficient of a sphere of equivalent volume (Stokes' law)
and is the Perrin translational friction factor
The frictional coefficient is related to the diffusion constant D by the Einstein relation
Hence, can be... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Organophosphines are organophosphorus compounds with the formula PRH, where R is an organic substituent. These compounds can be classified according to the value of n: primary phosphines (n = 1), secondary phosphines (n = 2), tertiary phosphines (n = 3). All adopt pyramidal structures. Organophosphines are generally c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A subunit vaccine is a vaccine that contains purified parts of the pathogen that are antigenic, or necessary to elicit a protective immune response. Subunit vaccine can be made from dissembled viral particles in cell culture or recombinant DNA expression, in which case it is a recombinant subunit vaccine.
A "subunit" v... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Resin bound paving is a mixture of resin binder and aggregate. Clear resin is used to fully coat each aggregate particle before laying. Enough resin is used to allow each aggregate particle to adhere to one another and to the base yet leave voids for water to permeate through. Resin bound paving provides a strong and d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nanostructures with spectrally selective thermal emittance properties offer numerous technological applications for energy generation and efficiency, e.g., for daytime radiative cooling of photovoltaic cells and buildings. These applications require high emittance in the frequency range corresponding to the atmospheric... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
HDAC11 has been shown to be related to HDACs 3 and 8, but its overall sequence is quite different from the other HDACs, leading it to be in its own category. HDAC11 has a catalytic domain located in its N-terminus. It has not been found incorporated in any HDAC complexes such as Nurd or SMRT which means it may have a s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Use of Tramadol during pregnancy is generally avoided, as it may cause some reversible withdrawal effects in the newborn. A small prospective study in France found, while an increased risk of miscarriages existed, no major malformations were reported in the newborn. Its use during lactation is also generally advised ag... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Exohedral fullerenes, also called exofullerenes, are fullerenes that have additional atoms, ions, or clusters attached their outer spheres, such as CCl and CH. or fullerene ligands. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
VMA synthesis is the first step of a two-step process practiced by Rhodia since the 1970s to synthesize artificial vanilla. Specifically the reaction entails the condensation of guaiacol and glyoxylic acid in an ice cold, aqueous solution with sodium hydroxide. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The congress opened in the assembly hall of the Baden Parliament the 3th September, with Weltzien serving as the general secretary. In his address, he highlighted the international and discipline-specific nature of the meeting. Kekulé delivered an opening address. Wurtz documented the proceedings for future publication... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Adverse effects include nausea, indigestion, diarrhea, constipation, gastrointestinal ulceration, headache, dizziness, rash, salt and fluid retention, and high blood pressure.
Infrequent adverse effects include esophageal ulceration, heart failure, high blood levels of potassium, kidney impairment, confusion, and bronc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photoionization is the physical process in which an ion is formed from the interaction of a photon with an atom or molecule. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although losing favor in the medical industry, reporting of serum concentrations in units of "eq/L" (= 1 N) or "meq/L" (= 0.001 N) still occurs. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Solid diazonium halides are often dangerously explosive, and fatalities and injuries have been reported.
The nature of the anions affects stability of the salt. Arenediazonium perchlorates, such as nitrobenzenediazonium perchlorate, have been used to initiate explosives. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ab initio binding energy between the two water molecules is estimated to be 5-6 kcal/mol, although values between 3 and 8 have been obtained depending on the method. The experimentally measured dissociation energy (including nuclear quantum effects) of (HO) and (DO) are 3.16 ± 0.03 kcal/mol (13.22 ± 0.12 kJ/mol) an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As the Weber number increases, the drop deformation upon impact also increases. The drop deformation pattern can be split up into regimes based on the Weber number.
* At We << 1, there is not significant deformation.
* For We on the order of 1, the drop experiences significant deformation, and flattens somewhat on the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most living tissues prosper at a near-neutral pH—that is, a pH close to 7. The pH of blood ranges from 7.35 to 7.45, for instance. When cells are grown in tissue culture, the medium in which they grow is held close to this physiological pH. A small amount of phenol red added to this growth medium will have a pink-red c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cytochrome b was synthesized with photo-methionine to map the protein-protein interactions while also identifying its structure to study the mammalian mixed function oxidase system (also known as the MFO). This system is located in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum and it is composed of cytochrome P450, NADPH: ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DREADDS have been used in many animal models (e.g., mice and other non-primate animals) to target and influence the activity of various cells. Chemogenetics used in animals assists with demonstrating human disease models such as Parkinsons disease. Having this information allows scientists understand whether viral expr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The production of transparent wood from the delignification process vary study by study. However, the basics behind it are as follows: a wood sample is drenched in heated (80 °C–100 °C) solutions containing sodium chloride, sodium hypochlorite, or sodium hydroxide/sulfite for about 3–12 hours followed by immersion in b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Communities may implement low impact development techniques to reduce flows of stormwater into the collection system. This includes:
*constructing new and renovated streets, parking lots and sidewalks with interlocking stones, permeable paving and pervious concrete
*installing green roofs on buildings
*installing biore... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Antiaromaticity is a chemical property of a cyclic molecule with a π electron system that has higher energy, i.e., it is less stable due to the presence of 4n delocalised (π or lone pair) electrons in it, as opposed to aromaticity. Unlike aromatic compounds, which follow Hückels rule ([4n'+2] π electrons) and are highl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Any sort of saturated molecule can be the starting point for generating isolobal fragments. The molecule's bonding and nonbonding molecular orbitals (MOs) should be filled and the antibonding MOs empty. With each consecutive generation of an isolobal fragment, electrons are removed from the bonding orbitals and a front... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Radionuclide therapy (also known as systemic radioisotope therapy, radiopharmaceutical therapy, or molecular radiotherapy), is a form of targeted therapy. Targeting can be due to the chemical properties of the isotope such as radioiodine which is specifically absorbed by the thyroid gland a thousandfold better than oth... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
IBX is notable for oxidizing vicinal diols (or glycols) to diketones without cleavage of the carbon-carbon bond, but oxidative cleavage of glycols to two aldehydes or ketones can occur when modified conditions are used (elevated temperatures or trifluoroacetic acid solvent).
The reaction mechanism for this glycol cleav... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Conductivity or specific conductance of an electrolyte solution is a measure of its ability to conduct electricity. The SI unit of conductivity is siemens per meter (S/m).
Conductivity measurements are used routinely in many industrial and environmental applications as a fast, inexpensive and reliable way of measuring ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An organotroph is an organism that obtains hydrogen or electrons from organic substrates. This term is used in microbiology to classify and describe organisms based on how they obtain electrons for their respiration processes. Some organotrophs such as animals and many bacteria, are also heterotrophs. Organotrophs can... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A valve ball is also used for severe duty, high-pressure, high-tolerance applications. They are typically made of stainless steel, titanium, Stellite, Hastelloy, brass, or nickel. They can also be made of different types of plastic, such as ABS, PVC, PP or PVDF. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Friedrich Kohlrausch in 1875–1879 established that to a high accuracy in dilute solutions, molar conductivity can be decomposed into contributions of the individual ions. This is known as Kohlrausch's law of independent ionic migration.
For any electrolyte AB, the limiting molar conductivity is expressed as x times the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Homoserine (also called isothreonine) is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HOCCH(NH)CHCHOH. -Homoserine is not one of the common amino acids encoded by DNA. It differs from the proteinogenic amino acid serine by insertion of an additional -CH- unit into the backbone. Homoserine, or its lactone form, is the pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bragg diffraction (also referred to as the Bragg formulation of X-ray diffraction) was first proposed by Lawrence Bragg and his father, William Henry Bragg, in 1913 after their discovery that crystalline solids produced surprising patterns of reflected X-rays (in contrast to those produced with, for instance, a liquid)... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Like other Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), MIR elements used the machinery of LINE elements for their propagation in the genome, which took place around 130 million years ago. They cannot retrotranspose anymore since the loss of activity of the required reverse transcriptase. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam
*Chinese Alchemy
**Neidan
**Processing (Chinese materia medica)
*Iatrochemistry
**Spagyric
*New Age
*Psychoanalysis
**Analytical psychology
***Individuation
**Metacognition
*Rasayana | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Middle Bronze Age settlement is smaller than its precursor and no evidence for a palace has been found. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, metallacrowns are a macrocyclic compounds that consist of metal ions and solely or predominantly heteroatoms in the ring. Classically, metallacrowns contain an [M–N–O] repeat unit in the macrocycle. First discovered by Vincent L. Pecoraro and Myoung Soo Lah in 1989, metallacrowns are best described as ino... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Methanosarcina acetivorans is a versatile methane producing microbe which is found in such diverse environments as oil wells, trash dumps, deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and oxygen-depleted sediments beneath kelp beds. Only M. acetivorans and microbes in the genus Methanosarcina use all three known metabolic pathways fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The KhAB-500 is the provisional naming of a series of World War II-era aerial bombs developed by the Soviet Air Force to deliver chemical weapons. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Triptans is a word commonly used for a class of anti-migraine drugs that are selective 5-hydroxytryptamine/serotonin (5-HT) agonists. Migraine is a complex disease which affects about 15% of the population and can be highly disabling.
Triptans have advantages over ergotamine and dihydroergotamine, such as selective pha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Studies on insect cell lines and in vivo experiments on D. melanogaster have revealed active expression of Hexo1 and Hexo2, and, most importantly, the fused lobe (fdl) gene encoding fused ß-lobe (FDL), also known as GNase, an orthologue of A. thaliana and human Hex. FDL is expressed in high abundance in vesicles and th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A Ramachandran plot (also known as a Ramachandran diagram or a [φ,ψ] plot), originally developed in 1963 by G. N. Ramachandran, C. Ramakrishnan, and V. Sasisekharan, is a way to visualize energetically allowed regions for backbone dihedral angles ψ against φ of amino acid residues in protein structure.
In a protein cha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Typically, process flow diagrams of a single unit process include the following:
* Process piping
* Major equipment items
*Connections with other systems
* Major bypass and recirculation (recycle) streams
* Operational data (temperature, pressure, mass flow rate, density, etc.), often by stream references to a mass bal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term geochemistry was first used by the Swiss-German chemist Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1838: "a comparative geochemistry ought to be launched, before geognosy can become geology, and before the mystery of the genesis of our planets and their inorganic matter may be revealed." However, for the rest of the cen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It exploits the favourable properties of the central difference and upwind scheme. It switches to upwind difference scheme when central difference scheme produces inaccurate results for high Peclet numbers. It produces physically realistic solution and has proved to be helpful in the prediction of practical flows. The ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nucleotides are the monomers which polymerize into nucleic acids. All nucleotides contain a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base. The bases found in nucleic acids are either purines or pyrimidines. In the more complex multicellular animals, they are both primarily produced in the liver but the two different group... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mass transfer is the net movement of mass from one location (usually meaning stream, phase, fraction, or component) to another. Mass transfer occurs in many processes, such as absorption, evaporation, drying, precipitation, membrane filtration, and distillation. Mass transfer is used by different scientific discipline... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Emissive power is the rate at which radiation is emitted per unit area. It is a measure of heat flux. The total emissive power from a surface is denoted as and can be determined by,where is in units of steradians and is the total intensity.
The total emissive power can also be found by integrating the spectral emiss... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Membership of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) is an award granted by the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) in recognition of "research excellence and the outstanding achievements made by a life scientist".
, 88 EMBO Members and Associate Members have been awarded Nobel Prizes in either ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Examples of heterogeneous mixtures are emulsions and foams. In most cases, the mixture consists of two main constituents. For an emulsion, these are immiscible fluids such as water and oil. For a foam, these are a solid and a fluid, or a liquid and a gas. On larger scales both constituents are present in any region of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In certain countries, including Austria, Italy, Estonia, Hungary, Spain and Israel, the male does not have the full ability to withdraw consent to storage or use of embryos once they are fertilised. In the United States, the matter has been left to the courts on a more or less ad hoc basis. If embryos are implanted and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The grain macrostructure in ingots and most castings have three distinct regions or zones: the chill zone, columnar zone, and equiaxed zone. The image below depicts these zones.
The chill zone is named so because it occurs at the walls of the mold where the wall chills the material. Here is where the nucleation phase o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
All cells require ATP as an energy source for their metabolic activity. The kidney is damaged by anoxia when kidney cortical cells are unable to generate sufficient ATP under anaerobic conditions to meet the needs of the cells. When excising a kidney some anoxia is inevitable in the interval between dividing the renal ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A group from Princeton University reported the application of diffusiophoresis to water purification. Contaminated water is treated with CO to create carbonic acid, and to split the water into a waste stream and a potable water stream. This allows for easy ionic separation of suspended particles. This has huge energy c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Standard ellipsometry (or just short ellipsometry) is applied, when no s polarized light is converted into p polarized light nor vice versa. This is the case for optically isotropic samples, for instance, amorphous materials or crystalline materials with a cubic crystal structure. Standard ellipsometry is also sufficie... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Number of chiral environments are created within the polymer. Cavities are formed between adjacent glucose units, and spaces/channels between polysaccharide chains. These chiral cavities or channels give the chiral discrimination capability to polysaccharide CSPs. The mechanism of Chiral discrimination is not well unde... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Victoreen produced their Model 496 in the 1980s and many were purchased by the United States Department of Energy. The 496 used a modified version of the same casing as the CD V-700 Model 6Bs that Victoreen had produced in the 1960s. If the decal on top of a Model 496 is removed, the markings of the older civil defense... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The atomic nucleus is the small, dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom, discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford based on the 1909 Geiger–Marsden gold foil experiment. After the discovery of the neutron in 1932, models for a nucleus composed of protons and neutrons were quickly develo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Once they are identified along the z-axis, individual layers of DVD-like data may be accessed and tracked in similar ways to DVDs. The possibility of using parallel or page-based addressing has also been demonstrated. This allows much faster data transfer rates, but requires the additional complexity of spatial light m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Optical rotation is measured with an instrument called a polarimeter. There is a linear relationship between the observed rotation and the concentration of optically active compound in the sample. There is a nonlinear relationship between the observed rotation and the wavelength of light used. Specific rotation is calc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Journal of Chemical Ecology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media covering all aspects of chemical ecology. The journal was established in 1975 and is the official journal of the International Society of Chemical Ecologists and the Asia-Pacific Association of Che... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Memory foam derives its viscoelastic properties from several effects, due to the materials internal structure. The network effect is the force working to restore the foams structure when it is deformed. This effect is generated by the deformed porous material pushing outwards to restore its structure against an applied... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The "twin prime editing" (twinPE) mechanism reported in 2021 allows editing large sequences of DNA – sequences as large as genes – which addresses the method's key drawback. It uses a prime editor protein and two prime editing guide RNAs. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The polypyrimidine tract is a region of pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) that promotes the assembly of the spliceosome, the protein complex specialized for carrying out RNA splicing during the process of post-transcriptional modification. The region is rich with pyrimidine nucleotides, especially uracil, and is usually 15–20 b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The selection of the space-holder is one of the most crucial steps because it defines many of the properties of the resulting foam, including cell shape, cell size and macroporosity. The space-holder should be inert and represent the size and shape of the desired pores. The porosity may be adjusted anywhere between 50 ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another species that exhibits alarm calls is the Barbary macaque. Barbary macaque mothers are able to recognize their own offspring's calls and behave accordingly. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When referring to a promoter some authors actually mean promoter + operator; i.e., the lac promoter is IPTG inducible, meaning that besides the lac promoter, the lac operon is also present. If the lac operator were not present the IPTG would not have an inducible effect.
Another example is the Tac-Promoter system (Ptac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*The extremely strong complexation between avidin and biotin is instrumental in blood clotting, and has been used as the recognition motif to construct synthetic systems.
*The binding of enzymes with their cofactors has been used as a route to produce modified enzymes, electrically contacted enzymes, and even photoswit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One cheminformatics study identified 849,574 unique substituents up to 12 non-hydrogen atoms large and containing only carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, selenium, and the halogens in a set of 3,043,941 molecules. Fifty substituents can be considered common as they are found in more than 1% of this... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Liquefaction processes are used for scientific, industrial and commercial purposes. Many gases can be put into a liquid state at normal atmospheric pressure by simple cooling; a few, such as carbon dioxide, require pressurization as well. Liquefaction is used for analyzing the fundamental properties of gas molecules (i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The discovery of SEOP took decades for all the pieces to fall into place to create a complete technique. First, in 1897, Zeemans studies of sodium vapor led to the first result of optical pumping. The next piece was found in 1950 when Kastler determined a method to electronically spin-polarize rubidium alkali metal vap... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The overall performance of PET systems can be evaluated by quality control tools such as the Jaszczak phantom. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the quantum model of the electron, there is non-zero probability of finding the electron within the nucleus. In internal conversion, the wavefunction of an inner shell electron (usually an s electron) penetrates the nucleus. When this happens, the electron may couple to an excited energy state of the nucleus and tak... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The radiotracer dilution method is used to calibrate open channel flow measurements. A solution with a known tracer concentration is injected at a constant known velocity into the channel flow. Downstream the tracer solution is thoroughly mixed over the flow cross-section, a continuous sample is taken and its tracer co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Formation of the Pol I preinitiation complex requires the binding of selective factor 1 (SL1 or TIF-IB) to the core element of the rDNA promoter. SL1 is a complex composed of TBP and at least three TBP-associated factors (TAFs). For basal levels of transcription, only SL1 and the initiation-competent form of Pol I (Pol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reports on the "classical" pharmacology of pempidine have been published. The Spinks group, at ICI, compared pempidine, its N-ethyl analogue, and mecamylamine in considerable detail, with additional data related to several structurally simpler compounds. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RNA replication is the copying of one RNA to another. Many viruses replicate this way. The enzymes that copy RNA to new RNA, called RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, are also found in many eukaryotes where they are involved in RNA silencing.
RNA editing, in which an RNA sequence is altered by a complex of proteins and a "... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Other factors, such as signaller arousal, receiver identity, or increased risk of predation from calling, do not have a significant effect on the frequency of alarm call production. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In materials science, work hardening, also known as strain hardening, is the strengthening of a metal or polymer by plastic deformation. Work hardening may be desirable, undesirable, or inconsequential, depending on the context.
This strengthening occurs because of dislocation movements and dislocation generation withi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pyruvate is converted into acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase. This acetyl-CoA is then converted into acetate in E. coli, whilst producing ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. Acetate formation requires two enzymes: phosphate acetyltransferase and acetate kinase.
acetyl-CoA ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Propane-1,3-dithiol is the parent member of this series. It is employed as a reagent in organic chemistry, since it forms 1,3-dithianes upon treatment with ketones and aldehydes. When derived from aldehydes, the methyne () group is sufficiently acidic that it can be deprotonated and the resulting anion can be C-alkyla... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The iodine clock reaction is a classical chemical clock demonstration experiment to display chemical kinetics in action; it was discovered by Hans Heinrich Landolt in 1886. The iodine clock reaction exists in several variations, which each involve iodine species (iodide ion, free iodine, or iodate ion) and redox reage... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most common radical in the lower atmosphere is molecular dioxygen. Photodissociation of source molecules produces other radicals. In the lower atmosphere, important radical are produced by the photodissociation of nitrogen dioxide to an oxygen atom and nitric oxide (see below), which plays a key role in smog forma... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many retrosynthetic disconnections important for organic synthesis planning use carbocationic synthons. Carbon-carbon bonds, for example, exist ubiquitously in organic molecules, and are usually disconnected during a retrosynthetic analysis to yield carbocationic and carbanionic synthons. Carbon-heteroatom bonds, such ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vertebrate ferritin consists of two or three subunits which are named based on their molecular weight: L "light", H "heavy", and M "middle" subunits. The M subunit has only been reported in bullfrogs. In bacteria and archaea, ferritin consists of one subunit type. H and M subunits of eukaryotic ferritin and all subunit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Availability of IVF in England is determined by Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs). The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommends up to 3 cycles of treatment for people under 40 years old with minimal success conceiving after 2 years of unprotected sex. Cycles will not be continued for peopl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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