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A recent study highlights the first report of thermo-responsive rare-earth elements (REE)-selective protein. The ELP and the REE-binding domain are genetically fused to form REE-selective and thermo-responsive genetically encoded ELP called RELP for the selective extraction and recovery of total REEs. RELP shows a sele... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lithotrophic microbes are responsible for the phenomenon known as acid mine drainage. Typically occurring in mining areas, this process concerns the active metabolism of pyrites and other reduced sulfur components to sulfate. One example is the acidophilic bacterial genus, A. ferrooxidans, that use iron(II) sulfide (Fe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Particle size analyzers are used also in biology to measure protein aggregation.
DLS is a particularly appreciated technique for the characterization of nanoparticles designed for drug delivery, such as vaccines. DLS instruments are for instance part of the quality control process for mRNA vaccines formulated in lipid ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A decade after the discovery of RNAi mechanism in 1993, the pharmaceutical sector heavily invested in the research and development of siRNA therapy. There are several advantages that this therapy has over small molecules and antibodies. It can be administered quarterly or every six months. Another advantage is that, un... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The constant momentum flux condition can be obtained by integrating the momentum equation across the jet.
where is used to simplify the above equation. The mass flux across any cross section normal to the axis is not constant, because there is a slow entrainment of outer fluid into the jet, and it's a part of the bo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Like the complex multicellularity seen in animals, the multicellularity of land plants is developmentally organized into tissue and organ units via transcription factor genes with homeotic effects.
Although plants have homeobox-containing genes, plant homeotic factors tend to possess MADS-box DNA binding domains.
Anima... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Clinical neurochemistry is the field of neurological biochemistry which relates biochemical phenomena to clinical symptomatic manifestations in humans. While neurochemistry is mostly associated with the effects of neurotransmitters and similarly functioning chemicals on neurons themselves, clinical neurochemistry relat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are two causes of charge carrier motion and separation in a solar cell:
#drift of carriers, driven by the electric field, with electrons being pushed one way and holes the other way
#diffusion of carriers from zones of higher carrier concentration to zones of lower carrier concentration (following a gradient of c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Whereas most meteorites originate from asteroids, the contrasting make-up of micrometeorites suggests that most originate from comets.
Fewer than 1% of MMs are achondritic and are similar to HED meteorites, which are thought to be from the asteroid 4 Vesta. Most MMs are compositionally similar to carbonaceous chondrite... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The reaction mechanism for an oxidation of an alcohol to an aldehyde according to the hypervalent twisting mechanism involves a ligand exchange reaction replacing the hydroxyl group by the alcohol followed by a twist and an elimination reaction. The twist is a requirement because the iodine to oxygen double bond is ori... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Praks and Brkić show one approximation of the Colebrook equation based on the Wright -function, a cognate of the Lambert W-function
:, , , and
The equation was found to match the Colebrook–White equation within 0.0012%. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Ski complex is a multi-protein complex involved in the 3' end degradation of messenger RNAs in yeast. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chance theories are based on the assumption that "Absolute asymmetric synthesis, i.e., the formation of enantiomerically enriched products from achiral precursors without the intervention of chiral chemical reagents or catalysts, is in practice unavoidable on statistical grounds alone".
Consider the racemic state as a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An ideal surface is flat, rigid, perfectly smooth, chemically homogeneous, and has zero contact angle hysteresis. Zero hysteresis implies the advancing and receding contact angles are equal. In other words, only one thermodynamically stable contact angle exists. When a drop of liquid is placed on such a surface, the ch... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another popular method for decomplexation involves oxidation of a low valent complex. Oxidants include air, dioxirane, ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN), and halogens. Oxidants are selected to avoid reaction with the released organic ligand. Illustrative is the use of ferric chloride to release alkynes from Co(CR)(CO). ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mezlocillin is a broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic. It is active against both Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria. Unlike most other extended spectrum penicillins, it is excreted by the liver, therefore it is useful for biliary tract infections, such as ascending cholangitis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The nitrogen compounds through which excess nitrogen is eliminated from organisms are called nitrogenous wastes () or nitrogen wastes. They are ammonia, urea, uric acid, and creatinine. All of these substances are produced from protein metabolism. In many animals, the urine is the main route of excretion for such waste... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The β-agonsist that are clinically used are all substituted β-phenethylamine (see figure 5) and they have three kinds of phenyl rings shown in figure 4. They are called resorcinol ring, salicyl alcohol ring or N-formamide ring. The alcohol substituents in the phenyl ring are reactive and complicate the synthesis of the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Weatherization (American English) or weatherproofing (British English) is the practice of protecting a building and its interior from the elements, particularly from sunlight, precipitation, and wind, and of modifying a building to reduce energy consumption and optimize energy efficiency.
Weatherization is distinct fro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
He invented the first hardware security module (HSM), the so-called "Atalla Box", a security system that secures a majority of transactions from ATMs today. At the same time, Atalla contributed to the development of the personal identification number (PIN) system, which has developed among others in the banking industr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Agrominerals (also known as stone bread or petrol fertilizer) are minerals of importance to agriculture and horticulture industries for they can provide essential plant nutrients. Some agrominerals occur naturally or can be processed to be used as alternative fertilizers or soil amendments. The term agromineral was cre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the glycolytic pathway, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is dephosphorylated to form 3-phosphoglyceric acid in a coupled reaction producing two ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation. The single phosphate group left on the 3-PGA molecule then moves from an end carbon to a central carbon, producing 2-phosphoglycerate. This p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Zerewitinoff determination or Zerevitinov determination is a quantitative chemical test for the determination of active hydrogens in a chemical substance. A sample is treated with the Grignard reagent, methylmagnesium iodide, which reacts with any acidic hydrogen atom to form methane. This gas can be determined qua... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Boger pyridine synthesis is a cycloaddition approach to the formation of pyridines named after its inventor Dale L. Boger, who first reported it in 1981. The reaction is a form of inverse-electron demand Diels-Alder reaction in which an enamine reacts with a 1,2,4-triazine to form the pyridine nucleus. The reaction... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Generally this topic is discussed when covering mass spectrometry and occurs generally by the same mechanisms.
To neutralize the positive charge on the ionization site a single two-electron transfer must be made. Neutralization of the positive charge at the ionization site is performed at the expense of the atom adjace... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1970-75, Giguère et al. observed infrared and Raman spectra of dilute aqueous solutions of trioxidane. In 2005, trioxidane was observed experimentally by microwave spectroscopy in a supersonic jet. The molecule exists in a skewed structure, with an oxygen–oxygen–oxygen–hydrogen dihedral angle of 81.8°. The oxygen–ox... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A smart fluid is a fluid whose properties (e.g. viscosity) can be changed by applying an electric field or a magnetic field.
The most developed smart fluids today are fluids whose viscosity increases when a magnetic field is applied. Small magnetic dipoles are suspended in a non-magnetic fluid, and the applied magnetic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Risers, also known as feeders, are the most common way of providing directional solidification. It supplies liquid metal to the solidifying casting to compensate for solidification shrinkage. For a riser to work properly the riser must solidify after the casting, otherwise it cannot supply liquid metal to shrinkage wit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
UNECE recognizes several rivers that cross international borders which flow into the Caspian Sea.
These are: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In aqueous solution, carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid
:CO + HO HCO
This reaction is very slow in the absence of a catalyst, but quite fast in the presence of the hydroxide ion
:CO + OH hydrogencarbonate|
A reaction similar to this is almost instantaneous with carbonic anhydrase. The structure of the active site in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Roman Bun Ingots are less pure than the earlier LBA examples and Tylecote suggests that they may be a direct product of smelting. Theoretically such an ingot could be formed in the base of the furnace. However, this is problematic in the case of the stamped examples as this would require the furnace to be dismantle... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The principal components of volcanic gases are water vapor (HO), carbon dioxide (CO), sulfur either as sulfur dioxide (SO) (high-temperature volcanic gases) or hydrogen sulfide (HS) (low-temperature volcanic gases), nitrogen, argon, helium, neon, methane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Other compounds detected in volcan... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Given two signals and , each of which possess power spectral densities and , it is possible to define a cross power spectral density (CPSD) or cross spectral density (CSD). To begin, let us consider the average power of such a combined signal.
Using the same notation and methods as used for the power spectral densit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Other effective molecules also came from industry during the period of 1970 to 1990, including anthracyclines and epipodophyllotoxins — both of which inhibited the action of topoisomerase II, an enzyme crucial for DNA synthesis. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Deamination is the removal of an amino group from a molecule. Enzymes that catalyse this reaction are called deaminases.
In the human body, deamination takes place primarily in the liver; however, it can also occur in the kidney. In situations of excess protein intake, deamination is used to break down amino acids for ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*5.A.1 The Disulfide Bond Oxidoreductase D (DsbD) Family
*5.A.2 The Disulfide Bond Oxidoreductase B (DsbB) Family
*5.A.3 The Prokaryotic Molybdopterin-containing Oxidoreductase (PMO) Family | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In June 2012, the institution ASTM International organized a symposium on Geopolymer Binder Systems. The introduction to the symposium states: When performance specifications for Portland cement were written, non-portland binders were uncommon...New binders such as geopolymers are being increasingly researched, markete... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Silicon carbide can host point defects in the crystal lattice which are known as color centers. These defects can produce single photons on demand and thus serve as a platform for single-photon source. Such a device is a fundamental resource for many emerging applications of quantum information science. If one pumps a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metallurgy derives from the Ancient Greek , , "worker in metal", from , , "mine, metal" + , , "work" The word was originally an alchemists term for the extraction of metals from minerals, the ending -urgy signifying a process, especially manufacturing: it was discussed in this sense in the 1797 Encyclopædia Britannica'... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During the American Revolutionary War, a number of caves were mined for saltpeter to make gunpowder when supplies from Europe were embargoed. Abigail Adams reputedly also made gunpowder at her family farm in Massachusetts.
The New York Committee of Safety produced some essays on making gunpowder that were printed in 17... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The formyl group readily oxidizes to the corresponding carboxyl group (). The preferred oxidant in industry is oxygen or air. In the laboratory, popular oxidizing agents include potassium permanganate, nitric acid, chromium(VI) oxide, and chromic acid. The combination of manganese dioxide, cyanide, acetic acid and meth... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Human activities have a major effect on the global sulfur cycle. The burning of coal, natural gas, and other fossil fuels has greatly increased the amount of sulfur in the atmosphere and ocean and depleted the sedimentary rock sink. Without human impact sulfur would stay tied up in rocks for millions of years until i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Redox reactions are highly influential in wetland soil chemistry through transformations including those of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen. The abundance of oxygen changes the abundance of oxidized or reduced states of each compound. Areas of higher oxygen availability (aerobic) tend towards oxidized states and areas of low ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Değirmentepe or Değirmentepe Hüyük is an archaeological site which is located at 50 km north of the river Euphrates and at 24 km in the northeast of Malatya province in eastern Anatolia. It is now submerged in the reservoir area of the Karakaya and Atatürk dams. Rescue excavations were undertaken in under the supervis... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The condition that the ETH imposes on the diagonal elements of an observable is responsible for the equality of the predictions of the diagonal and microcanonical ensembles. However, the equality of these long-time averages does not guarantee that the fluctuations in time around this average will be small. That is, the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
3D cell culturing by Magnetic Levitation Method (MLM) is the application of growing 3D tissue by inducing cells treated with magnetic nanoparticle assemblies in spatially varying magnetic fields, using neodymium magnetic drivers and promoting cell-to-cell interactions by levitating the cells up to the air/liquid interf... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In alchemy, an athanor (, at-tannūr) is a furnace used to provide a uniform and constant heat for alchemical digestion. Etymologically, it descends from a number of Arabic texts of the period of the Caliphate which use the term "al-tannoor" in talismanic alchemy, meaning a bread-oven, from which the design portrayed ev... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Organic phosphonium cations are lipophilic and can be useful in phase transfer catalysis, much like quaternary ammonium salts. Salts or inorganic anions and tetraphenylphosphonium () are soluble in polar organic solvents. One example is the perrhenate (PPh[ReO]). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The electrolysis process, also known as the hydrometallurgical process, Roast-Leach-Electrowin (RLE) process, or electrolytic process, is more widely used than the pyrometallurgical processes.
The electrolysis process consists of 4 steps: leaching, purification, electrolysis, and melting and casting. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The net effect of soil liming on soil organic carbon is primarily the result of three processes.
# Increased plant productivity resulting in larger organic matter inputs. As soil liming ameliorates soil conditions that inhibit plant growth, an increase in plant productivity is expected. The higher yields resulting from... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cyclamin is an irritant compound that causes gastroenteritis, bloody stools, dizziness, seizures and even death by asphyxiation. Studied by many physiologists, cyclamin was viewed merely as a local irritant. However, considering the toxic effects of cyclamin, this a misconception. The roots and bulbs of cyclamen plants... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vargulin, also called Cypridinid luciferin, Cypridina luciferin, or Vargula luciferin, is the luciferin found in the ostracod Cypridina hilgendorfii, also named Vargula hilgendorfii. These bottom dwelling ostracods emit a light stream into water when disturbed presumably to deter predation. Vargulin is also used by the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are multiple technologies available that identify genetic variants. Each technology has advantages and disadvantages in terms of technical and financial factors. Two such technologies are microarrays and whole-genome sequencing. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In crystallography, crystal structure is a description of the ordered arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline material. Ordered structures occur from the intrinsic nature of the constituent particles to form symmetric patterns that repeat along the principal directions of three-dimensional space in ma... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Though he later downplayed the hypothesis, Orgel, along with Francis Crick, proposed a detailed panspermia scenario for the origin of life on Earth, going so far as to suggest that life on Earth was designed by an alien species and sent to Earth. They proposed a design for the spaceship that aliens could have used to s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The principle behind fluorescence is that the fluorescent moiety contains electrons which can absorb a photon and briefly enter an excited state before either dispersing the energy non-radiatively or emitting it as a photon, but with a lower energy, i.e., at a longer wavelength (wavelength and energy are inversely prop... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sex and drugs date back to ancient humans and have been interlocked throughout human history. Both legal and illegal, the consumption of drugs and their effects on the human body encompasses all aspects of sex, including desire, performance, pleasure, conception, gestation, and disease.
There are many different types o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The kinetic theory of gases entails that due to the microscopic reversibility of the gas particles' detailed dynamics, the system must obey the principle of detailed balance. Specifically, the fluctuation-dissipation theorem applies to the Brownian motion (or diffusion) and the drag force, which leads to the Einstein–S... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The original Boger fluid was an aqueous solution, as were all the solutions synthesized until 1983, when organic Boger fluids were produced using a dilute solution of polyisobutylene (PIB) in a mixture of polybutene (PB) with a small quantity of kerosene oil added. From then on, most Boger fluids have been PIB - PB sol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Smith earned a BS in Metallurgical Engineering from Michigan Technological University in 1969, subsequently working at an engineering firm in Moab, Utah. He returned to Michigan Tech to complete an M.S. degree in 1972 and then moved to Minneapolis for a research position at the University of Minnesota. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A variety of protective equipment may be used, including gas masks and respirators. In riot control situations, protesters sometimes use equipment (aside from simple rags or clothing over the mouth) such as swimming goggles and adapted water bottles, as well as covering as much skin as possible.
Activists in United Sta... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oxidation is the process of an element losing electrons. For example, iron will transfer two of its electrons to oxygen, forming an oxide. This occurs all throughout as an unintended part of the steelmaking process.
Oxygen blowing is a method of steelmaking where oxygen is blown through pig iron to lower the carbon c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ISASMELT process is an energy-efficient smelting process that was jointly developed from the 1970s to the 1990s by Mount Isa Mines (a subsidiary of MIM Holdings and now part of Glencore) and the Government of Australia's CSIRO. It has relatively low capital and operating costs for a smelting process.
ISASMELT techn... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* (Biblical interpretation, the architecture of the Jewish Temple, ancient history, alchemy and the Apocalypse). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An example of a plumbide is CeRhPb. The lead atom has a coordination number of 12 in the crystal structure of this compound. It is bound to four rhodiums, six ceriums, and two other lead atoms in the crystal structure of the chemical.
Several other plumbides are the MPdPb plumbides, where M is a rare-earth element, and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
NASAs Europa Clipper probe is designed as a flyby mission to Jupiters smallest Galilean moon, Europa. Set to launch in 2024, this probe will investigate the potential for habitability on Europa. Europa is one of the best candidates for biosignature discovery in the Solar System because of the scientific consensus that ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Niyazi Serdar Sarıçiftçi (born 1961 in Konya, Turkey) is a Turkish-Austrian physicist. He is professor for physical chemistry at the Johannes Kepler University (JKU) Linz. There, he leads the Institut for Physical Chemistry as well as the Institut for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The size of materials being processed in an operation is very important. Having oversize material being conveyed will cause damage to equipment and slow down production. Particle-size analysis also helps the effectiveness of SAG Mills when crushing material.
In the building industry, the particle size can directly aff... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
;Pre-2004
*Organometallic C–H Bond Activation: An Introduction Alan S. Goldman and Karen I. Goldberg ACS Symposium Series 885, Activation and Functionalization of C–H Bonds, 2004, 1–43 | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A superhydrophobic coating is a thin surface layer that repels water. It is made from superhydrophobic (ultrahydrophobicity) materials. Droplets hitting this kind of coating can fully rebound. Generally speaking, superhydrophobic coatings are made from composite materials where one component provides the roughness and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are currently two accepted models for the creation of human artificial chromosome vectors. The first is to create a small minichromosome by altering a natural human chromosome. This is accomplished by truncating the natural chromosome, followed by the introduction of unique genetic material via the Cre-Lox system... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sieve analysis is often used because of its simplicity, cheapness, and ease of interpretation. Methods may be simple shaking of the sample in sieves until the amount retained becomes more or less constant. Alternatively, the sample may be washed through with a non-reacting liquid (usually water) or blown through with a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oxide fluxes are often combined to reduce volatility, viscosity, and reactivity towards the crucibles. Metallic fluxes aren't typically combined, as they do not suffer from the same volatility, viscosity, and reactivity issues. An ideal flux should have the following properties:
* Good solubility for desired compound a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metabolism and Hofmann elimination
Deacetylating vecuronium at position 3 results in a very active metabolite. In the case of rapacuronium the 3-deacylated metabolite is even more potent than rapacuronium. As long as the D-ring acetylcholine moiety is unchanged they retain their muscle relaxing effect. Mono-quaternar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Surface run-off results in a significant amount of economic effects. Pine straws are cost effective ways of dealing with surface run-off. Moreover, Surface run-off can be reused through the growth of elephant mass. In Nigeria, elephant grass is considered to be an economical way in which surface run-off and erosion can... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stable isotope mass spectrometry is conducted in the Department of Geography, and was recently used by the Landmark Trust to determine very precisely the age of the timber from Llwyn Celyn farmhouse to the year 1420. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PAF is a potent activator of platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis. It is similar to the ubiquitous membrane phospholipid phosphatidylcholine except that it contains an acetyl-group in the SN-2 position and the SN-1 position contains an ether-linkage. PAF signals through a dedicated G-protein coupled re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Yakov Frenkel represented diffusion process in condensed matter as an ensemble of elementary jumps and quasichemical interactions of particles and defects. Henry Eyring applied his theory of absolute reaction rates to this quasichemical representation of diffusion. Mass action law for diffusion leads to various nonline... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is an aggressive electrophile and readily hydrolyzes to the strong acid triflic acid. It is very harmful to skin and eyes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Prof. Kotcherlakota Rangadhama Rao Memorial Lecture Award is given for the outstanding contributions in the subject of Spectroscopy in Physics. The award was established by the Indian National Science Academy of Calcutta in the year 1979. The honour is awarded to Indian citizens. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Special, stringent care is required when handling aircraft hydraulic fluid, as it is critical to flight safety that it stay free from contamination. It is also necessary to strictly adhere to authorized references when servicing or repairing any aircraft system. Samples from aircraft hydraulic systems are taken during ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pullulan is generated by the microbial A. pullulans through the processing mainly of glucose, but can also be produced from maltose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, and mannose. In a commercial setting, pullulan is obtained from a strain of A. pullulans that is non-toxic, non-pathogenic, and unmodified genetically that i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Potential flow theory can also be used to model irrotational compressible flow. The derivation of the governing equation for from Eulers equation is quite straightforward. The continuity and the (potential flow) momentum equations for steady flows are given by
where the last equation follows from that fact that entrop... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A valve is a device or natural object that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are technically fittings, but are usually discussed as a separate category. In an open valve, fluid flow... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are multiple different ways to fix cultural eutrophication with raw sewage being a point source of pollution. For example, sewage treatment plants can be upgraded for biological nutrient removal so that they discharge much less nitrogen and phosphorus to the receiving water body. However, even with good secondary... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hull speed or displacement speed is the speed at which the wavelength of a vessel's bow wave is equal to the waterline length of the vessel. As boat speed increases from rest, the wavelength of the bow wave increases, and usually its crest-to-trough dimension (height) increases as well. When hull speed is exceeded, a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Organocatalysts for asymmetric synthesis can be grouped in several classes:
* Biomolecules: proline, phenylalanine. Secondary amines in general. The cinchona alkaloids, certain oligopeptides.
* Synthetic catalysts derived from biomolecules.
* Hydrogen bonding catalysts, including TADDOLS, derivatives of BINOL such as N... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The quantum yield of photosynthesis, which is also the photochemical quenching of fluorescence, is calculated through the following equation:
Φ = (F-F)/F = F/F
F is the low fluorescence intensity, which is measured by a short light flash that is not strong enough to cause photochemistry, and thus induces fluorescence. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The isotopic reference frame of Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW) was established by Harmon Craig in 1961 by measuring δH and δO in samples of deep ocean water previously studied by Epstein & Mayeda (1953). Originally SMOW was a purely theoretical isotope ratio intended to represent the mean state of the deep ocean. In ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydroalumination of alkynes may be either stereospecifically cis or trans depending on the conditions employed. When a dialkylalane such as di(isobutyl)aluminium hydride (DIBAL-H) is used, the hydrogen and aluminium delivered from the reagent end up cis in the resulting alkenylalane. This stereospecificity can be expla... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In molecular biology, gel extraction or gel isolation is a technique used to isolate a desired fragment of intact DNA from an agarose gel following agarose gel electrophoresis. After extraction, fragments of interest can be mixed, precipitated, and enzymatically ligated together in several simple steps. This process, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lovelock started defining the idea of a self-regulating Earth controlled by the community of living organisms in September 1965, while working at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California on methods of detecting life on Mars. The first paper to mention it was Planetary Atmospheres: Compositional and other Changes As... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The main tools used to collect bioaerosols are collection plates, electrostatic collectors, mass spectrometers, and impactors, other methods are used but are more experimental in nature.<nowiki/> Polycarbonate (PC) filters have had the most accurate bacterial sampling success when compared to other PC filter options. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glucuronidation is often involved in drug metabolism of substances such as drugs, pollutants, bilirubin, androgens, estrogens, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, fatty acid derivatives, retinoids, and bile acids. These linkages involve glycosidic bonds. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sources:
The only parameter which characterizes the explosion is the Damköhler number . When is very high, conduction time is longer than the chemical reaction time and the system explodes with high temperature since there is not enough time for conduction to remove the heat. On the other hand, when is very low, heat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Interfacial energy affects the mechanisms of grain boundary sliding and dislocation transmission. Higher interfacial energy promotes greater resistance to grain boundary sliding, as the higher energy barriers inhibit the relative movement of adjacent grains. Additionally, dislocations that encounter grain boundaries ca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
UTP also has roles in mediating responses by extracellular binding to the P2Y receptors of cells. UTP and its derivatives are still being investigated for their applications in human medicine. However, there is evidence from various model systems to suggest it has applications in pathogen defense and injury repair. In ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pancreatic lipase inhibitor was originally discovered and isolated from fermented broth of the Streptomyces toxytricini bacterium in 1981 and named lipstatin. It is a selective and potent irreversible inhibitor of human gastric and pancreatic lipases. Tetrahydrolipstatin, more commonly known as orlistat, is a saturated... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Flutamide is an arylpropionamide analog with pure antiandrogenic properties, seen in figure 4. It is completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration and undergoes extensive first pass metabolism to its active form, 2-hydroxyflutamide, and hydrolysis product, 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitroanilin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plant defense signaling is activated by the pathogen-detecting receptors that are described in an above section. The activated receptors frequently elicit reactive oxygen and nitric oxide production, calcium, potassium and proton ion fluxes, altered levels of salicylic acid and other hormones and activation of MAP kin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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