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The Beilstein test is a simple qualitative chemical test for organic halides. It was developed by Friedrich Konrad Beilstein.
A copper wire is cleaned and heated in a Bunsen burner flame to form a coating of copper(II) oxide. It is then dipped in the sample to be tested and once again heated in a flame. A positive test... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some old studies suggested that the ingestion of large doses of thiamine (vitamin B) could be effective as an oral insect repellent against mosquito bites. However, there is now conclusive evidence that thiamin has no efficacy against mosquito bites. Some claim that plants such as wormwood or sagewort, lemon balm, lemo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The mechanism of nucleophilic epoxidation begins with conjugate addition of the peroxide (or other O-nucleophilic species) to the enone. Metal ions or conjugate acids present in solution coordinate both the peroxide oxygen and the enolate oxygen. Attack of the enolate on the peroxide oxygen generates the epoxide produc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Digestion is the breakdown of carbohydrates to yield an energy-rich compound called ATP. The production of ATP is achieved through the oxidation of glucose molecules. In oxidation, the electrons are stripped from a glucose molecule to reduce NAD+ and FAD. NAD+ and FAD possess a high energy potential to drive the produc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The original Ternary complex model was used to describe ligand, receptor, and G-protein interactions. It uses equilibrium dissociation constants for the interactions between the receptor and each ligand (K for ligand A; K for ligand B), as well as a cooperativity factor (α) that denotes the mutual effect of the two li... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Immunogold labeling was first used in 1971 by Faulk and Taylor to identify Salmonella antigens. It was first applied in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and was especially useful in highlighting proteins found in low densities, such as some cell surface antigens. As the resolution of scanning electron microscopy ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermochromic ink (also called thermochromatic ink) is a type of dye that changes color in response to a change in temperature. It was first used in the 1970s in novelty toys like mood rings, but has found some practical uses in things such as thermometers, product packaging, and pens. The ink has also found applicatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Amine oxides exhibit many kinds of reactions.
*Pyrolytic elimination. Amine oxides, when heated to 150–200 °C undergo a Cope reaction to form a hydroxylamine and an alkene. The reaction requires the alkyl groups to have hydrogens at the beta-carbon (i.e. works with ethyl and above, but not methyl)
*Reduction to amines.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The use of cloning for military purposes has also been explored in several fictional works. In Doctor Who, an alien race of armour-clad, warlike beings called Sontarans was introduced in the 1973 serial "The Time Warrior". Sontarans are depicted as squat, bald creatures who have been genetically engineered for combat. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biomarkers in analytical chemistry and in environmental science are chemicals, metabolites, susceptibility characteristics, or changes in the body that relate to the exposure of an organism to a chemical. They have the ability to identify if an exposure has occurred, the route of exposure, the pathway of exposure, and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While al-Kindi appreciated the usefulness of philosophy in answering questions of a religious nature, there would be many Islamic thinkers who were not as enthusiastic about its potential. But it would be incorrect to assume that they opposed philosophy simply because it was a "foreign science". Oliver Leaman, an exper... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bacterial luciferin is two-component system consisting of flavin mononucleotide and a fatty aldehyde found in bioluminescent bacteria. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The following table is a representative sample of Erwin Chargaffs 1952 data, listing the base composition of DNA from various organisms and support both of Chargaffs rules. An organism such as φX174 with significant variation from A/T and G/C equal to one, is indicative of single stranded DNA.
! scope=col|Organism!!sco... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The general structure is RR′C(X)C(=O)R where R is an alkyl or aryl residue and X any one of the halogens.
The preferred conformation of a halo ketone is that of a cisoid with the halogen and carbonyl sharing the same plane as the steric hindrance with the carbonyl alkyl group is generally larger. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As the first Ph.D. and full-time professor of biochemistry in Korea, Lee contributed to the establishment of biochemistry as a newly organized field of study in Korea.
He began with a study of glycolysis. In the late 1920s, the role of phosphorylated compounds in glycolysis had not yet been fully explained. Lee's work... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Greek prefixes in alphabetical order indicate ring size.
This ring-size nomenclature stems from the fact that hydrolysis of an α-lactam gives an α-amino acid and that of a β-Lactam gives a β-amino acid, and so on. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The structure of a gel network can be conceptualised as a random graph. This analogy is exploited to calculate the gel point and gel fraction for monomer precursors with arbitrary types of functional groups. Random graphs can be used to derive analytical expressions for simple polymerisation mechanisms, such as step-gr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unbound bilirubin (Bf) levels can be used to predict the risk of neurodevelopmental handicaps within infants. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in a newborn can lead to accumulation of bilirubin in certain brain regions (particularly the basal nuclei) with consequent irreversible damage to these areas manifesting as var... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The steps for naming molecules using the CIP system are often presented as:
# Identification of stereocenters and double bonds;
# Assignment of priorities to the groups attached to each stereocenter or double-bonded atom; and
# Assignment of R/S and E/Z descriptors. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimate for 2017, the world consumes 98.8 million barrels of oil each day.
This table orders the amount of petroleum consumed in 2011 in thousand barrels (1000 bbl) per day and in thousand cubic metres (1000 m) per day:
Source: [http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdb... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unlike conventional evolutionary and biochemical approaches to studying proteins, i.e. the so-called horizontal comparison of related protein homologues from different branch ends of the tree of life; ASR probes the statistically inferred ancestral proteins within the nodes of the tree – in a vertical manner (see diagr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metro and light rail sides of operation vary and might not match railways or roads in their country. Some systems where the metro matches the side of the national rail network but not the roads include those in Bilbao, Buenos Aires, Cairo, Catania, Jakarta, Lisbon, Lyon, Naples, and Rome. A small number of cities, in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The G-less cassette transcription assay is a method used in molecular biology to determine promoter strength in vitro. The technique involves quantification of an mRNA product with the use of a plasmid. The G-less cassette is part of a pre-constructed vector, usually containing a multiple cloning site (MCS) upstream of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An inhibitor is usually a material added in a small quantity to a particular environment that reduces the rate of corrosion. They may be classified a number of ways but are usually 1) Oxidizing; 2) Scavenging; 3) Vapor-phase inhibitors; Sometimes they are called Volatile corrosion inhibitor 4) Adsorption inhibitors; 5)... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
His first academic appointment was at the University of Adelaide and then in 1958 he rejoined Dwyer at the Australian National University.
Sargeson was best known as a coordination chemist with an interest in bioinorganic chemistry. In early work with Dwyer and throughout his career, he studied stereochemistry. His r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
All monosaccharides are reducing sugars because they either have an aldehyde group (if they are aldoses) or can tautomerize in solution to form an aldehyde group (if they are ketoses). This includes common monosaccharides like galactose, glucose, glyceraldehyde, fructose, ribose, and xylose.
Many disaccharides, like ce... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photoreceptor proteins are light-sensitive proteins involved in the sensing and response to light in a variety of organisms. Some examples are rhodopsin in the photoreceptor cells of the vertebrate retina, phytochrome in plants, and bacteriorhodopsin and bacteriophytochromes in some bacteria. They mediate light respons... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ECS publishes peer-reviewed technical journals, proceedings, monographs, conference abstracts, and a quarterly news magazine. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the United States, the ECOTOX, ERED (sediment) and Toxicity Residue Databases are used by many regulatory agencies such as state environmental quality agencies and the EPA to determine regulatory environmental toxicant concentration levels. Under the Clean Water Act the EPA has used the ECOTOX database among other i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gestonorone caproate, also known as norhydroxyprogesterone caproate, 17α-hydroxy-19-norprogesterone 17α-hexanoate, or 17α-hydroxy-19-norpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione 17α-hexanoate, is a synthetic norpregnane steroid and a derivative of progesterone. It is specifically a combined derivative of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and 19-no... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Exact solutions to the Boltzmann equations have been proven to exist in some cases; this analytical approach provides insight, but is not generally usable in practical problems.
Instead, numerical methods (including finite elements and lattice Boltzmann methods) are generally used to find approximate solutions to the v... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Exenatide is a 39-amino-acid peptide that is a synthetic version of exendin-4, a hormone found in the saliva of the Gila monster. It is used to treat Type II Diabetes as an adjunct to insulin and other drugs. It is GLP-1 receptor agonist that was first isolated by John Eng in 1992 while working at the Veterans Administ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that are crucial in all cells and viruses. They are composed of nucleotides, which are the monomer components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). If the sugar i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Flutamide was studied for the treatment of advanced breast cancer in two phase II clinical trials but was found to be ineffective. Out of a total of 47 patients, only three short-term responses occurred. However, the patients in the studies were selected irrespective of AR, , , or HER2 status, which were all unknown. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The simplest materials characterization is the residue remaining after a reaction. For example, a combustion reaction could be tested by loading a sample into a thermogravimetric analyzer at normal conditions. The thermogravimetric analyzer would cause ion combustion in the sample by heating it beyond its ignition te... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DMSO is a widely used solvent.
The sulfoxide functional group occurs in several drugs. Notable is esomeprazole, the optically pure form of the proton-pump inhibitor omeprazole. Another commercially important sulfoxides include armodafinil.
Methionine sulfoxide forms from the amino acid methionine and its accumulation i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbon satellites in physics and spectroscopy, are small peaks that can be seen shouldering the main peaks in the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum. These peaks can occur in the NMR spectrum of any NMR active atom (e.g. F or P NMR) where those atoms adjoin a carbon atom (and where the spectrum is not C-decouple... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Animal and human data have revealed evidence of harm to the embryo and teratogenicity associated with ACE inhibitors. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nanofluids poses the following advantages as compared to conventional fluids which makes them suitable for use in solar collectors:
*Absorption of solar energy will be maximized with change of the size, shape, material and volume fraction of the nanoparticles.
*The suspended nanoparticles increase the surface area but ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Spectrum analysis can be used at audio frequencies to analyse the harmonics of an audio signal. A typical application is to measure the distortion of a nominally sinewave signal; a very-low-distortion sinewave is used as the input to equipment under test, and a spectrum analyser can examine the output, which will have ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
His first post was with the Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE) near the village of Harwell where he lived, working at the Wantage Research Laboratory, then in Berkshire. His early work started an interest in radioisotopes and trace elements that he maintained throughout his working life. While at AERE, he spen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, alkylimino-de-oxo-bisubstitution is the organic reaction of carbonyl compounds with amines to imines. The reaction name is based on the IUPAC Nomenclature for Transformations. The reaction is acid catalyzed and the reaction type is nucleophilic addition of the amine to the carbonyl compound follow... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The concept dates to the 1950s, and was strongly advocated by Hans Bethe during the 1970s. At that time the first powerful fusion experiments were being built, but it would still be many years before they could be economically competitive. Hybrids were proposed as a way of greatly accelerating their market introduction... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Solar-blind imaging can be used to detect corona discharge, in electrical infrastructure. Missile exhaust can be detected from the troposphere or ground. Also when looking down on the Earth from space, the Earth appears dark in this range, so rockets can be easily detected from above once they pass the ozone layer.
Isr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When the analysis is looking for bacterial species that grow poorly in air, the initial analysis is done by mixing serial dilutions of the sample in liquid nutrient agar which is then poured into bottles which are then sealed and laid on their sides to produce a sloping agar surface. Colonies that develop in the body o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ability of an engineered biomaterial to induce a physiological response that is supportive of the biomaterials function and performance is known as bioactivity. Most commonly, in bioactive glasses and bioactive ceramics this term refers to the ability of implanted materials to bond well with surrounding tissue in e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Maxwell Garnett Equation describes optical properties of nanocomposites which consist in a collection of perfectly spherical nanoparticles. All these nanoparticles must have the same size. However, due to confinement effect, the optical properties can be influenced by the nanoparticles size distribution. As shown by Ba... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Resonance (or delocalization) energy is the amount of energy needed to convert the true delocalized structure into that of the most stable contributing structure. The empirical resonance energy can be estimated by comparing the enthalpy change of hydrogenation of the real substance with that estimated for the contribut... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The largest natural contributor to public radiation dose is radon, a naturally occurring, radioactive gas found in soil and rock, which comprises approximately 55% of the annual background dose.
Radon gas levels vary by locality and the composition of the underlying soil and rocks.
Radon (at concentrations encountered ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The funeral was large. The newspapers carried tributes and subsequently lengthier obituaries from learned societies were published, such as that in the Australian Medical Journal and elsewhere. The Melbourne Leader described the funeral: "The coffin was drawn by four horses. Four mourning coaches contained the chief mo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The charge of proteins is determined by the pKa of its amino acid side chains, and the terminal amino acid and carboxylic acid. Proteins with isoelectric point (pI) above physiological conditions have a positive charge and proteins with pI below physiological conditions have a negative charge. The net charge of the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An Environmental hazard can be defined as any condition, process, or state adversely affecting the environment. These hazards can be physical or chemical, and present in air, water, and/or soil. These conditions can cause extensive harm to humans and other organisms within an ecosystem. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The principal environmental issues associated with runoff are the impacts to surface water, groundwater and soil through transport of water pollutants to these systems. Ultimately these consequences translate into human health risk, ecosystem disturbance and aesthetic impact to water resources. Some of the contaminants... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In June 2021, Josh Carpenter was [https://www.al.com/news/birmingham/2021/05/southern-research-selects-new-president-and-ceo.html named president and CEO of Southern Research.] Before joining Southern Research, Carpenter served as director of the Innovation and Economic Opportunity Department for the City of Birmingham... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In synthetic allosteric systems there are typically two or more conformers with stability differences due to strain contributions. Positive cooperativity for example results from increased binding of a substrate A to a conformer C2 which is produced by binding of an effector molecule E. If the conformer C2 has a simila... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thiourea per se has few applications. It is mainly consumed as a precursor to thiourea dioxide, which is a common reducing agent in textile processing. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The perovskite structure, ABO, is the most widespread ternary phase. The perovskite structure is frequently found for ternary oxides formed with one large (A) and one small cation (B). In this structure, there is a simple cubic array of B cations, with the A cations occupying the center of the cube, and the oxide atoms... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The discovery of isofagomine and related glycosidase inhibitors, the discovery of stereoelectronic substituent effects and superarmed glycosyl donors, the creation of artificial enzymes that cause large rate increases., and writing the book "Carbohydrate Building Blocks" about using carbohydrates as a chirality source ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Coal pollution mitigation, sometimes labeled as clean coal, is a series of systems and technologies that seek to mitigate health and environmental impact of burning coal for energy. Burning coal releases harmful substances, including mercury, lead, sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and carbon dioxide (CO2), ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Precious metals are rare, naturally occurring metallic chemical elements of high economic value. Chemically, the precious metals tend to be less reactive than most elements. They include gold and silver, but also the so-called platinum group metals: ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum (see prec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* History of organic chemistry
* IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry
* Organic reaction
* Organic compound
* Organic synthesis
** Retrosynthetic analysis | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) or ion chromatography (IC) is an analytical technique for the separation and determination of ionic solutes in aqueous samples from environmental and industrial origins such as metal industry, industrial waste water, in biological systems, pharmaceutical samples, food, etc. Retention i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oceans take up 15 – 40% of anthropogenic CO, and so far roughly 40% of the carbon from fossil fuel combustion has been taken up into the oceans. Because the Revelle factor increases with increasing CO, a smaller fraction of the anthropogenic flux will be taken up by the ocean in the future. Current annual increase in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The situation becomes more complex when the form of energy does not remain constant. In this context Ohta formulated the question of energy quality in terms of the conversion of energy of one form into another, that is the transformation of energy. Here, energy quality is defined by the relative ease with which the ene... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bacterial bioluminescence is seen in Photobacterium species, Vibrio fischeri, Vibrio haweyi, and Vibrio harveyi. Light emission in some bioluminescent bacteria utilizes antenna such as lumazine protein to accept the energy from the primary excited state on the luciferase, resulting in an excited lulnazine chromophore w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the narrowest sense, a nocebo response occurs when a drug-trial subjects symptoms are worsened by the administration of an inert, sham, or dummy (simulator) treatment, called a placebo. According to current pharmacological knowledge and the current understanding of cause and effect, a placebo contains no chemical (o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Numerous challenges limit the use of natural products for drug discovery, resulting in 21st century preference by pharmaceutical companies to dedicate discovery efforts toward high-throughput screening of pure synthetic compounds with shorter timelines to refinement. Natural product sources are often unreliable to acce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nitrates are used as oxidizing agents, most notably in explosives, where the rapid oxidation of carbon compounds liberates large volumes of gases (see gunpowder for an example). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a conventional n-type DSSC, sunlight enters the cell through the transparent SnO:F top contact, striking the dye on the surface of the TiO. Photons striking the dye with enough energy to be absorbed create an excited state of the dye, from which an electron can be "injected" directly into the conduction band of the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thallium-doped sodium iodide (NaI(Tl)) has two principal advantages:
# It can be produced in large crystals, yielding good efficiency, and
# it produces intense bursts of light compared to other spectroscopic scintillators.
NaI(Tl) is also convenient to use, making it popular for field applications such as the identifi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Eukaryotic Rad51 and its related family members are homologous to the archaeal RadA and bacterial RecA recombinases. Rad51 is highly conserved from yeast to humans. It has a key function in the recombinational repair of DNA damages, particularly double-strand damages such as double-strand breaks. In humans, over- or... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While at PAEC, Qureshi joined the chemistry department of Quaid-e-Azam University as an associate professor. In the 1990s, he joined the Punjab University to teach post-graduate course on physical chemistry. In the 2000s, he joined the Lahore University of Management Sciences's School of Science and Engineering as dire... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Applications of phase change materials include, but are not limited to:
* Thermal energy storage, such as the FlexTherm Eco by Flamco.
* Solar cooking
* Cold Energy Battery
* Conditioning of buildings, such as ice-storage
* Cooling of heat and electrical engines
* Cooling: food, beverages, coffee, wine, milk products, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Two dimensional space has the same number of crystal systems, crystal families, and lattice systems. In 2D space, there are four crystal systems: oblique, rectangular, square, and hexagonal. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Trifluoroperacetic acid can be easily prepared by an Organic Syntheses process of treating trifluoroacetic anhydride with a concentrated (90%) aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide:
:trifluoroacetic anhydride| + hydrogen peroxide| → + trifluoroacetic acid|
As the anhydride will form trifluoroacetic acid in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*2011 – Elected Fellow, Royal Society of Canada
*2012 – Elected Fellow, Mineralogical Society of America
*2013 – Island Arc Award, the Geological Society of Japan
*2022 – Takeo Kato Gold Medal, the Society of Resource Geology
*2022 – International Exchange Lecturer, Society of Economic Geologists
*2023 – Distinguishe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many alloys of elements that resemble each other chemically will form a structure at higher temperatures where the two elements occupy similar positions in the lattice at random. At lower temperatures ordering may occur where crystallographic positions are no longer equivalent because one element preferentially occupie... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gravimetric analysis usually only provides for the analysis of a single element, or a limited group of elements, at a time. Comparing modern dynamic flash combustion coupled with gas chromatography with traditional combustion analysis will show that the former is both faster and allows for simultaneous determination o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oxidation state localized orbitals (OSLOs) is a new concept used to determine the oxidation states of each fragment for the coordination complexes. Based on the result of density functional theory (DFT), all the occupied molecular orbitals are remixed to get the oxidation state localized orbitals. These orbitals are as... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
These are the second stage product of protein hydrolysis obtained by treatment with slightly stronger acids and alkalies. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is known that aluminum improves the sulfidation resistance of iron alloys.
The sulfidation of tungsten is a multiple step process. The first step is an oxidation reaction, converting the tungsten to a tungsten bronze on the surface of the object. The tungsten bronze coating is then converted to a sulfide.
One commo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) established Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for calcium in 1997 and updated those values in 2011. See table. The
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) uses the term Population Reference Intake (PRIs) instead of RDAs and sets slightly different numbers: ages 4–10 800 mg, ages ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 12.388. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TFB is recruited by another translation factor, TBP, after it recognizes the TATA box and bends the DNA so transcription can initiate. TFB stabilizes the TBP-DNA complex so that the proteins can recruit RNA Polymerase and melt the DNA via a yet-unknown mechanism. This opening of the DNA is not an energy-dependent proce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Resource productivity is the quantity of good or service (outcome) that is obtained through the expenditure of unit resource. This can be expressed in monetary terms as the monetary yield per unit resource.
For example, when applied to crop irrigation it is the yield of crop obtained through use of a given volume of ir... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Matter is classified as solid, liquid, gaseous, energy, fine Karmic materials and extra-fine matter i.e. ultimate particles. Paramāṇu or ultimate particle (atoms or sub-atomic particles) is the basic building block of all matter. It possesses at all times four qualities, namely, a color (varna), a taste (rasa), a smell... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The optical band gap (see below) determines what portion of the solar spectrum a photovoltaic cell absorbs. Strictly, a semiconductor will not absorb photons of energy less than the band gap; whereas most of the photons with energies exceeding the band gap will generate heat. Neither of them contribute to the efficien... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2) reactions are concerted reactions where both the nucleophile and substrate are involved in the rate limiting step. Since this reaction is concerted, the reaction occurs in one step, where the bonds are broken, while new bonds are formed. Therefore, to interpret this reaction,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Conserved signature inserts and deletions (CSIs) in protein sequences provide an important category of molecular markers for understanding phylogenetic relationships. CSIs, brought about by rare genetic changes, provide useful phylogenetic markers that are generally of defined size and they are flanked on both sides b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In December 2021, the FDA came up with a draft guidance for the use of ASO drug products. This draft guidance was directed towards sponsor-investigators who are developing individualized investigational antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) drug products for severely debilitating or life threatening diseases. Severely debil... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To measure the IMFP, one well known method is elastic-peak electron spectroscopy (EPES). This method measures the intensity of elastically backscattered electrons with a certain energy from a sample material in a certain direction. Applying a similar technique to materials whose IMFP is known, the measurements are comp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sensor-based sorting installations normally comprise the following basic units; crusher, screen, sensor-based sorter and compressor. There are principally two different kinds of installations that are described in the following paragraphs – stationary and semi-mobile installations. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Radium Dial Company was started in 1917 and was in full production of painted dials by 1918. The company was a division of the Standard Chemical Company based in the Marshall Field Annex building in Chicago. In 1920 the company relocated to Peru, Illinois to closer proximity to the clock manufacturer and major cust... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Overhead power lines transfer electrical energy from electricity producers to consumers. Those power lines have a nonzero resistance and therefore are subject to Joule heating, which causes transmission losses.
The split of power between transmission losses (Joule heating in transmission lines) and load (useful energy ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By multiplying the top and bottom of the Shields parameter by D, you can see that it is proportional to the ratio of fluid force on the particle to the weight of the particle. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In pulse arterial spin labeling (PASL), blood water is inverted as it passes through a labeling slab (of 15 to 20 cm) instead of a plane. There are different variations of this implementations, including EPISTAR and PICORE and PULSAR. Most scanners have been designed to have PASL work out-of-the-box for research use. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Miyata's distance is based on 2 physicochemical properties: volume and polarity.
Distance between amino acids a and a is calculated as where is value of polarity difference between replaced amino acids and and is difference for volume; and are standard deviations for and | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPR) are lectins which bind asialoglycoprotein and glycoproteins from which a sialic acid has been removed to expose galactose residues. The receptors, which are integral membrane proteins and are located on mammalian hepatocytes (liver cells), remove target glycoproteins from circu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vigilant caution should be taken while using TRIzol (due to the phenol and chloroform).
TRIzol is labeled as acute oral, dermal, and inhalation toxicity besides skin corrosion/irritation in the manufacturer MDS.
Exposure to TRIzol can be a serious health hazard. Exposure can lead to serious chemical burns, permanent s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemurgy demonstrated its worth during World War II, particularly in alleviating the rubber shortage caused when Japan cut off most of America's supply. Corn was used as raw material in much of the synthetic rubber produced during the war. Various other plants, including guayule and kok-saghyz (Russian dandelion), were... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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