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In some cases the particles will, due to their higher density, not perfectly follow the motion of the fluid (gas/liquid). If experiments are done in water, for instance, it is easily possible to find very cheap particles (e.g. plastic powder with a diameter of ~60 µm) with the same density as water. If the density stil... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Macroscopically, the ideal gas law states that, for an ideal gas, the product of pressure and volume is proportional to the product of amount of substance and absolute temperature :
where is the molar gas constant (). Introducing the Boltzmann constant as the gas constant per molecule (being N the Avogadro constan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many atropisomers occur in nature, and some have applications to drug design. The natural product mastigophorene A has been found to aid in nerve growth.
Other examples of naturally occurring atropisomers include vancomycin isolated from an Actinobacterium, and knipholone, which is found in the roots of Kniphofia folio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The solid sample is taken in a Petri dish and melted by heating it on a standard hot plate. The bubble free liquefied sample is poured from the Petri dish and cast into the ring. The brass shouldered rings in this apparatus have 6.4 mm depth. The cast sample in the ring is kept undisturbed for one hour to solidify. Exc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1938, Pyotr Kapitsa, John Allen and Don Misener discovered that helium-4 became a new kind of fluid, now known as a superfluid, at temperatures less than 2.17 K (the lambda point). Superfluid helium has many unusual properties, including zero viscosity (the ability to flow without dissipating energy) and the existen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The term "fine chemicals" was in use as early as 1908. The emergence of the fine chemical industry as a distinct entity dates to the late 1970s, when the overwhelming success of the histamine H receptor antagonists Tagamet (cimetidine) and Zantac (ranitidine hydrochloride) created a strong demand for advanced organic c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In genetics, a master regulator gene is a regulator gene at the top of a gene regulation hierarchy, particularly in regulatory pathways related to cell fate and differentiation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because of the widespread use and importance of iron and steel products, the prevention or slowing of rust is the basis of major economic activities in a number of specialized technologies. A brief overview of methods is presented here; for detailed coverage, see the cross-referenced articles.
Rust is permeable to air ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Prior to 1971, Monsanto marketed a series of polychlorinated biphenyl-(PCB)-containing heat transfer fluids designated as Therminol FR series in the United States and Santotherm FR series in Europe. FR series Therminol heat transfer fluids contained PCBs, which imparted fire resistance. Monsanto voluntarily ceased sale... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In molecular biology and genetics, transcription coregulators are proteins that interact with transcription factors to either activate or repress the transcription of specific genes. Transcription coregulators that activate gene transcription are referred to as coactivators while those that repress are known as corepr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Physics is central to Kaṇāda's assertion that all that is knowable is based on motion. His ascribing centrality to physics in the understanding of the universe also follows from his invariance principles. For example, he says that the atom must be spherical since it should be the same in all dimensions. He asserts that... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When atoms land on a surface, there are two possibilities. First, they would diffuse on the surface and find other atoms to make a cluster, which will be discussed below. Second, they could come off of the surface or so-called desorption process. The desorption is described exactly as in the absorption process, with th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lovastatin is usually well tolerated, with the most common side effects being, in approximately descending order of frequency: creatine phosphokinase elevation, flatulence, abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhoea, muscle aches or pains, nausea, indigestion, weakness, blurred vision, rash, dizziness and muscle cramps. A... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydrogen embrittlement is a complex process involving a number of distinct contributing micro-mechanisms, not all of which need to be present. The mechanisms include the formation of brittle hydrides, the creation of voids that can lead to high-pressure bubbles, enhanced decohesion at internal surfaces and localised pl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Zinc pest (from German Zinkpest "zinc plague"), also known as zinc rot and zamak rot, is a destructive, intercrystalline corrosion process of zinc alloys containing lead impurities. While impurities of the alloy are the primary cause of the problem, environmental conditions such as high humidity (greater than 65%) may ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An early example of this bonding mode was provided by prepared from diazomethane:
Another example of this family of compounds is Tebbe's reagent. It features a methylene bridge joining titanium and aluminum. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With the advancement of tissue engineering an alternative approach was developed: the full-thickness engineered oral mucosa. Full-thickness engineered oral mucosa is a better simulation of the in vivo situation because they take the anatomical structure of native oral mucosa into account. Problems, such as tissue short... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The core histone proteins contains a characteristic structural motif termed the "histone fold", which consists of three alpha-helices (α1-3) separated by two loops (L1-2). In solution, the histones form H2A-H2B heterodimers and H3-H4 heterotetramers. Histones dimerise about their long α2 helices in an anti-parallel ori... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tethered intramolecular [2+2] reactions entail the formation of cyclobutane and cyclobutanone via intramolecular 2+2 photocycloadditions. Tethering ensures formation of a multi-cyclic system.
The length of the tether affects the stereochemical outcome of the [2+2] reaction. Longer tethers tend to generate the "straight... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Indian National Science Academy awarded Kulkarni the Young Scientist Medal in 1981, making him the first chemical engineer to receive the honor. He received another award in 1981, the Amar Dye Chem Award of the Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers; IIChE would honor him again in 1988 with the Herdillia Award for ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When carbon dioxide diffuses as a dissolved gas from the tissue capillaries, it binds to the α-amino terminus of the globulin chain, forming Carbaminohemoglobin. Carbaminohemoglobin is able to directly stabilise the T conformation as part of the carbon dioxide Bohr effect. Deoxyhemoglobin in turn subsequently increases... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The facultative lagoon in the pond sequence functions like the primary clarifier of a conventional sewage treatment system. Heavy solids will settle to the bottom of the lagoon, and lighter solids will float. This facultative lagoon lacks the sludge removal capability of a primary clarifier, so a population of anaero... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the male the LHCGR has been identified on the Leydig cells that are critical for testosterone production, and support spermatogenesis.
Normal LHCGR functioning is critical for male fetal development, as the fetal Leydig cells produce androstenedione which is converted to testosterone in fetal Sertoli cells to induc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are many different effective medium approximations, each of them being more or less accurate in distinct conditions. Nevertheless, they all assume that the macroscopic system is homogeneous and, typical of all mean field theories, they fail to predict the properties of a multiphase medium close to the percolation... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), also known as peptide transduction domains (PTDs), are short peptides (< 40 amino acids) that efficiently pass through cell membranes while being covalently or non-covalently bound to various molecules, thus facilitating these molecules' entry into cells. Cell entry occurs primarily by... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrogen cyanide is a poisonous gas that interferes with cellular respiration. Cyanide prevents the cell from producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by binding to one of the proteins involved in the electron transport chain. This protein, cytochrome c oxidase, contains several subunits and has ligands containing iron g... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An example due to photodissociation is triphenylsulfonium triflate. This colourless salt consists of a sulfonium cation and the triflate anion. Many related salts are known including those with other noncoordinating anions and those with diverse substituents on the phenyl rings.
The triphenylsulfonium salts absorb at ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Batesian mimicry is a form of mimicry where a harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a predator of them both. It is named after the English naturalist Henry Walter Bates, who worked on butterflies in the rainforests of Brazil.
Batesian mimicry is the most commonly ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
He appears as a character in the Russian film Prediction by Eldar Ryazanov and has a tiny cameo mention in The Eighth Life, the prize-winning epic novel by Nino Haratischwili. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sulfating roasting oxidizes certain sulfide ores to sulfates in a supply of air to enable leaching of the sulfate for further processing. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nucleic acid extraction apparatus based on the Tajima pipette (see Fig. 2) are one of the most widespread instruments to perform the Boom method.
The Tajima pipette was invented by Hideji Tajima, founder and president of
Precision System Sciences (PSS) Inc., a Japanese manufacturer of precision and measuring instrument... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* F. Asinger: Methanol, Chemie- und Energierohstoff. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 1987, , .
* Martin Bertau, Heribert Offermanns, Ludolf Plass, Friedrich Schmidt, Hans-Jürgen Wernicke: Methanol: The Basic Chemical and Energy Feedstock of the Future: Asingers Vision Today', 750 Seiten, Verlag Springer; 2014,
* †George A. O... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Due to the electronegativity difference between carbon and nitrogen, the nitroso group has a relatively strong -I effect, but not as strong as the nitro group. (Positively charged nitrogen atoms on alkylammonium cations and on nitro groups have a much stronger -I effect) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A limiting factor is a variable of a system that causes a noticeable change in output or another measure of a type of system. The limiting factor is in a pyramid shape of organisms going up from the producers to consumers and so on. A factor not limiting over a certain domain of starting conditions may yet be limiting ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unlike the other assimilatory pathways, the serine cycle uses carboxylic acids and amino acids as intermediates instead of carbohydrates. First, 2 molecules of formaldehyde are added to 2 molecules of the amino acid glycine. This produces two molecules of the amino acid serine, the key intermediate of this pathway. Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This reagent is not commercially available due to its short shelf life, so it must be freshly prepared in the laboratory. One common preparation involves two steps. First a few drops of dilute sodium hydroxide are added to some aqueous 0.1 M silver nitrate. The ions convert the silver aquo complex form into silver(I) ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Each tablet contains 2, 4, or 8 mg of the tert-butylamine salt of perindopril. Perindopril is also available under the trade name Coversyl Plus, containing 4 mg of perindopril combined with 1.25 mg indapamide, a thiazide-like diuretic.
In Australia, each tablet contains 2.5, 5, or 10 mg of perindopril arginine. Perindo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In eukaryote cells, RNA polymerase III (also called Pol III) is a protein that transcribes DNA to synthesize 5S ribosomal RNA, tRNA, and other small RNAs.
The genes transcribed by RNA Pol III fall in the category of "housekeeping" genes whose expression is required in all cell types and most environmental conditions. T... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In order for pathogenic bacteria to invade a cell, communication with the host cell is required. The first step for invading bacteria is usually adhesion to host cells. Strong anchoring, a characteristic that determines virulence, prevents the bacteria from being washed away before infection occurs. Bacterial cells c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Generally related to metallurgy or materials science, corrosion engineering also relates to non-metallics including ceramics, cement, composite material, and conductive materials such as carbon and graphite. Corrosion engineers often manage other not-strictly-corrosion processes including (but not restricted to) crack... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In some cases, additional functional groups will need to be added to molecules to facilitate the other separation and analysis methods. Derivatization can change the properties of an analyte; for instance, it would make a polar and non-volatile compound non-polar and more volatile, which would be necessary for analysis... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A potential socioeconomic drawback associated with solar energy conversion is a disruption to the electric utility business model. In America, the economic viability of regional “monopoly” utilities is based on the large aggregation of local customers who balance out each other's variable load. Therefore, the widesprea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is often required to optimize several glass properties simultaneously, including production costs.
This can be performed, e.g., by simplex search, or in a spreadsheet as follows:
# Listing of the desired properties;
# Entering of models for the reliable calculation of properties based on the glass composition, incl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Similar to mineralization processes that take place within rocks, mineralization can also occur under the sea. The rate of dissolution of carbon dioxide from atmosphere to oceanic regions is determined by the circulation period of the ocean and buffering ability of subducting surface water. Researchers have demonstrate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The history of ferrous metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent began in the 2nd millennium BC. Archaeological sites in Gangetic plains have yielded iron implements dated between 1800 and 1200 BC. By the early 13th century BC, iron smelting was practiced on a large scale in India. In Southern India (present day Mysore) ir... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2001, a cow named Bessie gave birth to a cloned Asian gaur, an endangered species, but the calf died after two days. In 2003, a banteng was successfully cloned, followed by three African wildcats from a thawed frozen embryo. These successes provided hope that similar techniques (using surrogate mothers of another sp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a 1964 New York Times piece science fiction author Isaac Asimov speculated what the 2014 World's Fair would look like. He deemed the Underground World Home a "sign of the future" with controlled temperatures which allowed occupants to live free from the weather. The home was not a draw, however, and was scarcely to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Levosulpiride is a substituted benzamide derivative and a selective dopamine D antagonist with antipsychotic and antidepressant activity. Other benzamide derivatives include metoclopramide, tiapride, and sultopride. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
TCF4 proteins act as transcription factors which will bind to the immunoglobulin enhancer mu-E5/kappa-E2 motif. TCF4 activates transcription by binding to the E-box (5’-CANNTG-3’) found usually on SSTR2-INR, or somatostatin receptor 2 initiator element. TCF4 is primarily involved in neurological development of the fetu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The binding of oxygen is affected by molecules such as carbon monoxide (for example, from tobacco smoking, exhaust gas, and incomplete combustion in furnaces). CO competes with oxygen at the heme binding site. Hemoglobins binding affinity for CO is 250 times greater than its affinity for oxygen, meaning that small amou... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A venturi scrubber is a converging/diverging section of duct. The converging section accelerates the gas stream to high velocity. When the liquid stream is injected at the throat, which is the point of maximum velocity, the turbulence caused by the high gas velocity atomizes the liquid into small droplets, which create... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Nysted reagent is a reagent used in organic synthesis for the methylenation of a carbonyl group. It was discovered in 1975 by Leonard N. Nysted in Chicago, Illinois. It was originally prepared by reacting dibromomethane and activated zinc in THF. A proposed mechanism for the methenylation reaction runs as follows... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reductive elimination of square planar complexes can progress through a variety of mechanisms: dissociative, nondissociative, and associative. Similar to octahedral complexes, a dissociative mechanism for square planar complexes initiates with loss of a ligand, generating a three-coordinate intermediate that undergoes ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The experimental setup to perform Raman spectroelectrochemistry consists of a light source, a spectrometer, a potentiostat, a spectroelectrochemical cell, a three-electrode system, radiation beam conducting devices, data collection and analysis devices. Nowadays, there are commercial instruments that integrate all thes... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Old Copper Complex in North America has been radiometrically dated to 9500 BP—i.e., about 7480 BCE—making it one of the oldest known examples of copper extraction in the world. The earliest evidence of the cold-hammering of native copper comes from the excavation at Çayönü Tepesi in eastern Anatolia, which dates be... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Defect sites can interfere with the stability of metal oxide surfaces, so it is important to locate and determine methods to control these sites. Oxides exhibit an abundance of point defect sites. In rocksalt surfaces, oxygen and metal cation vacancies are the most common point defects. The vacancies are produced by el... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oxazolidinone auxiliaries, popularized by David A. Evans, have been applied to many stereoselective transformations, including aldol reactions, alkylation reactions, and Diels-Alder reactions. The oxazolidinones are substituted at the 4 and 5 positions. Through steric hindrance, the substituents direct the direction of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Due to increased blood glucose levels, methylglyoxal has higher concentrations in diabetics and has been linked to arterial atherogenesis. Damage by methylglyoxal to low-density lipoprotein through glycation causes a fourfold increase of atherogenesis in diabetics. Methylglyoxal binds directly to the nerve endings an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Inhibiting only three proteins, interferon-β, STAT2, and EIF2AK2 is sufficient to rescue human fibroblasts from the cell death caused by frequent transfection with long, protein-encoding RNA. Inhibiting interferon signaling disrupts the positive-feedback loop that normally hypersensitizes cells exposed to exogenous lon... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Born in 1879 in Livorno, Italy to a wealthy Jewish family, Mieli was raised in Chianciano, a small spa town in Tuscany, to which his family moved in 1880.
In 1904 he obtained a degree in chemistry, followed by six months of study at the University of Leipzig, attending the lectures of the chemist Wilhelm Ostwald. His c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Units of activity (the curie and the becquerel) also refer to a quantity of radioactive atoms. Because the probability of decay is a fixed physical quantity, for a known number of atoms of a particular radionuclide, a predictable number will decay in a given time. The number of decays that will occur in one second in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The principle can be stated in two ways, formally different, but substantially equivalent, and, in a sense, mutually reciprocal. The two ways illustrate the Maxwell relations, and the stability of thermodynamic equilibrium according to the second law of thermodynamics, evident as the spread of energy amongst the state ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Asemota was born in Nigeria. She earned a Bachelor of Science from the University of Benin, a Master of Science from Ahmadu Bello University, and a Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Benin/Frankfurt University. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ellipsometry is an optical technique for investigating the dielectric properties (complex refractive index or dielectric function) of thin films. Ellipsometry measures the change of polarization upon reflection or transmission and compares it to a model.
It can be used to characterize composition, roughness, thickness ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because most gases are difficult to observe directly, they are described through the use of four physical properties or macroscopic characteristics: pressure, volume, number of particles (chemists group them by moles) and temperature. These four characteristics were repeatedly observed by scientists such as Robert Boyl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Birch won a scholarship to attend the University of Sydney graduating with a BSc in 1937 and a MSc in 1938. He travelled to the University of Oxford to undertake his D.Phil., graduating in 1940. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of its early professors, Victor Grignard, obtained the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1912 for his invention of the organo-metallic compounds known as "Grignard's reagents". After the Second World War, ENSIC introduced to France chemical engineering principles developed in the English-speaking world.
The school create... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polyurethane foam has been widely used to insulate fuel tanks on Space Shuttles. However, it requires a perfect application, as any air pocket, dirt or an uncovered tiny spot can knock it off due to extreme conditions of liftoff. Those conditions include violent vibrations, air friction and abrupt changes in temperatur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Materials used in the construction of an in vivo bioreactor space vary widely depending on the type of substrate, type of tissue, and mechanical demands of said tissue being grown. At its simplest, a bioreactor space will be created between tissue layers through the use of hydrogel injections to create a bioreactor spa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Recently, real-time applications of NMR in liquid media have been developed using specifically designed flow probes (flow cell assemblies) which can replace standard tube probes. This has enabled techniques that can incorporate the use of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or other continuous flow sample in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The applications of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) have expanded tremendously in the last 25 years, and the technique has become a staple in many biological and biophysical fields. FRET can be used as a spectroscopic ruler to measure distance and detect molecular interactions in a number of systems and h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Antonella Buccianti (born 1960) is an Italian statistician and earth scientist, known for her work on the statistics of compositional data and its applications in geochemistry and geostatistics. She is an associate professor in the department of earth sciences at the University of Florence. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Attempts to establish rates of vancomycin-induced ototoxicity are even more difficult due to the scarcity of quality evidence. The current consensus is that clearly related cases of vancomycin ototoxicity are rare. The association between vancomycin serum levels and ototoxicity is also uncertain. While cases of ototox... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Compression fittings use a soft metal or thermoplastic ring (the compression ring or "ferrule") which is squeezed onto the pipe and into the fitting by a compression nut. The soft metal conforms to the surface of the tubing and the fitting, and creates a seal. Compression connections do not typically have the long life... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
meta-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA or mCPBA) is a peroxycarboxylic acid. It is a white solid often used widely as an oxidant in organic synthesis. mCPBA is often preferred to other peroxy acids because of its relative ease of handling. mCPBA is a strong oxidizing agent that may cause fire upon contact with flammable... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The BioCyc website contains a variety of software tools for searching, visualizing, comparing, and analyzing genome and pathway information. It includes a genome browser, and browsers for metabolic and regulatory networks. The website also includes tools for painting large-scale ("omics") datasets onto metabolic and re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Opposite to false positives, false negative biosignatures arise in a scenario where life may be present on another planet, but some processes on that planet make potential biosignatures undetectable. This is an ongoing problem and area of research in preparation for future telescopes that will be capable of observing e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pirkle and co-workers pioneered the development of a variety of CSPs based on charge-transfer complexation and simultaneous hydrogen bonding. These phases are also referred to as Brush-type CSPs. The Pirkle phases are based on aromatic π-acid (3,5-dinitrobenzoyI ring) and π- basic (naphthalene) derivative. In addition... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In electronics, one of the earliest devices using the principle are ultrasonic distance-measuring devices, which emit an ultrasonic pulse and are able to measure the distance to a solid object based on the time taken for the wave to bounce back to the emitter. The ToF method is also used to estimate the electron mobili... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Attempts at treatment for cancer cells with constitutively phosphorylated STAT5 have included both indirect and direct inhibition of STAT5 activity. While more medicinal work has been done in indirect inhibition, this approach can lead to increased toxicity in cells and can also result in non-specific effects, both of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alvaro Alonso Barba was a secular Catholic priest and metallurgist born in Lepe in 1569.
Antonio (1786) says, "Baeticus ex oppido Lepe, apud Potosi"; hence Barba is assumed to be of Andalusian origin, from the ancient Roman province of Baetica.
He lived at Potosí during the period when its silver mines were most produ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The earliest known writing about medicine was a 110-page Egyptian papyrus. It was supposedly written by the god Thoth in about 16 BC. The Ebers papyrus is an ancient recipe book dated to approximately 1552 BC. It contains a mixture of magic and medicine with invocations to banish disease and a catalogue of useful plant... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Water quality deteriorate due to corrosion of metal pipe surfaces and connections in distribution systems. Pipe corrosion shows in water as color, taste and odor, any of which may cause health concerns.
Health issues relate to releases of trace metals such as lead, copper or cadmium into the water. Lead exposure can ca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Prairie restoration is a conservation effort to restore prairie lands that were destroyed due to industrial, agricultural, commercial, or residential development. The primary aim is to return areas and ecosystems to their previous state before their depletion. The mass of SOC able to be stored in these restored plots i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The word neo-organ comes from the Greek word "neos," which means new. Organ transplants have been successfully used for medical purposes since 1954. The difficulty with the traditional process of organ transplants is that it requires waiting for a viable donor to donate an organ. The process of matching the organ to ma... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The dynamics of the particles in complex fluids are an area of current research. Energy lost due to friction may be a nonlinear function of the velocity and normal forces. The topological inhibition to flow by the crowding of constituent particles is a key element in these systems. Under certain conditions, includin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For simplicity consider a two-level atomic system with ground and excited states and , respectively (using the Dirac bracket notation). Let the energy difference between the states be so that is the transition frequency of the system. Then the unperturbed Hamiltonian of the atom can be written as
Suppose the atom ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biological carbon fixation or сarbon assimilation is the process by which inorganic carbon (particularly in the form of carbon dioxide) is converted to organic compounds by living organisms. The compounds are then used to store energy and as structure for other biomolecules. Carbon is primarily fixed through photosynth... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The limit of quantification (LoQ, or LOQ) is the lowest value of a signal (or concentration, activity, response...) that can be quantified with acceptable precision and accuracy.
The LoQ is the limit at which the difference between two distinct signals / values can be discerned with a reasonable certainty, i.e., when t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Sinyan Shen, Surface Second Sound in Superfluid Helium. PhD Dissertation (1973). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973PhDT.......142S
* V. Peshkov, "Second Sound in Helium II," J. Phys. (Moscow) 8, 381 (1944)
* U. Piram, [http://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/fcellier/MS/piram_ms.pdf "Numerical investigation of second sound ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
X-ray fluorescence holography (XFH) is a holography method with atomic resolution based on atomic fluorescence. It is a relatively new technique that benefits greatly from the coherent high-power X-rays available from synchrotron sources, such as the Japanese SPring-8 facility. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1992, Ülgen joined the faculty at Boğaziçi University as in instructor in the department of chemical engineering. She was promoted to assistant professor in 1994, associate professor in 1996, and professor in 2002. She served as head of the chemical engineering department from 2009 to 2011. Ülgen served as associate... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Maximum catalytic current density for CO reduction that can be achieved in aqueous media is only 10 mA cm based solubility of CO and diffusion limitations. The integrated maximum photocurrent under Air Mass 1.5 illumination, in the conventional Shockley-Quiesser limit for solar energy conversion for p-Si (1.12 eV), p-I... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Interleukin-15 stimulates fat oxidation, glucose uptake, mitochondrial biogenesis and myogenesis in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. In humans, basal concentrations of IL-15 and its alpha receptor (IL-15Rα) in blood have been inversely associated with physical inactivity and fat mass, particularly trunk fat mass. Mo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Under specific assumptions, the GEBIK and GEBIF equations become equivalent to the equation for steady-state kinetic isotope fractionation in both chemical and biochemical reactions. Here two mathematical treatments are proposed: (i) under biomass-free and enzyme-invariant (BFEI) hypothesis and (ii) under quasi-steady-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Landau–Placzek ratio is a ratio of the integrated intensity of Rayleigh scattering to the combined integrated intensity of Brillouin scattering of a triplet frequency spectrum of light scattered by homogenous liquids or gases. The triplet consists of two frequency shifted Brillouin scattering and a central unshifted Ra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oil sampling is a procedure for collecting a volume of fluid from lubricated or hydraulic machinery for the purpose of oil analysis. Much like collecting forensic evidence at a crime scene, when collecting an oil sample, it is important to ensure that procedures are used to minimize disturbance of the sample during and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are at least three stages involve in the operation of a vacuum disc filter:
Stage 1: Cake formation
The discs rotate in a slurry trough, compartmentalized to reduce the volume held in it at any one time, and therefore to reduce the residence time of slurry in the trough. The time available for this stage depends ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Major families of biopolymers are polysaccharides (carbohydrates), peptides, and polynucleotides. Many variants of each are known. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Few rocks were visible on the surface where Opportunity landed, but bedrock that was exposed in craters was examined by the suite of instruments on the Rover. Bedrock rocks were found to be sedimentary rocks with a high concentration of sulfur in the form of calcium and magnesium sulfates. Some of the sulfates that m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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