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In physics, circulation is the line integral of a vector field around a closed curve. In fluid dynamics, the field is the fluid velocity field. In electrodynamics, it can be the electric or the magnetic field.
Circulation was first used independently by Frederick Lanchester, Martin Kutta and Nikolay Zhukovsky. It is us... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lithotrophic bacteria cannot use, of course, their inorganic energy source as a carbon source for the synthesis of their cells. They choose one of three options:
* Lithoheterotrophs do not have the ability to fix carbon dioxide and must consume additional organic compounds in order to break them apart and use their car... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The reduced folate carrier protein (RFC) is a transmembrane protein responsible for the transport of folate, or vitamin B9, into cells. It uses the large gradient of organic phosphate to move folate into the cell against its concentration gradient. The RFC protein can transport folates, reduced folates, the derivatives... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ichnofacies are assemblages of individual trace fossils that occur repeatedly in time and space. Palaeontologist Adolf Seilacher pioneered the concept of ichnofacies, whereby geologists infer the state of a sedimentary system at its time of deposition by noting the fossils in association with one another. The principal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ecology
Calanus spp. are abundantly distributed copepods, particularly in the polar and temperate North Atlantic. Studies attempting to quantify the lipid pump have primarily focused on the cousin species of C. finmarchicus, Calanus glacialis and Calanus helgolandicus, C. hyperboreus. C. hyperboreous, the largest of th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Berg-Barrett topography uses a narrow incident beam that is reflected from the surface of the sample under study under conditions of high asymmetry (grazing incidence, steep exit). To achieve sufficient spatial resolution, the detector (film) needs to be placed rather close to the sample surface. Berg-Barrett topograph... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Particulate pollution is pollution of an environment that consists of particles suspended in some medium. There are three primary forms: atmospheric particulate matter, marine debris, and space debris. Some particles are released directly from a specific source, while others form in chemical reactions in the atmosphere... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Formulated drugs are stored in container closure systems for extended periods of time. These include blisters, bottles, vials, ampules, syringes, and cartridges. The containers can be made from a variety of materials including glass, plastic, and metal. The drug may be stored as a solid, liquid, or gas.
It's important ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An amperostat delivers a constant current of about 6—8 mA to the generator electrodes for the titration of the solution, and a digital timer is started. A second pair of silver electrodes are used as a detector to measure the conductance of the solution. The same constant current is known to titrate a given number of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hani Abdulaziz Al Hussein is a Kuwaiti engineer and politician. He served as chief executive officer of the Kuwait Petroleum Corporation from 2004 to 2007 and oil minister from February 2012 to May 2013. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When determining the stability constants of metal-ligand complexes, it is common practice to fix ligand protonation constants at values that have been determined using data obtained from metal-free solutions. Hydrolysis constants of metal ions are usually fixed at values which were obtained using ligand-free solutions.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The heterokontophytes, also known as the stramenopiles, are a very large and diverse group of eukaryotes. The photoautotrophic lineage, Ochrophyta, including the diatoms and the brown algae, golden algae, and yellow-green algae, also contains red algal derived chloroplasts.
Heterokont chloroplasts are very similar to h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Enone–alkene cycloadditions can produce two isomers, depending on the orientation of substituents on the alkene and the enone carbonyl group. When the enone carbonyl and substituent of highest priority are proximal, the isomer is termed "head-to-head." When the enone carbonyl and substituent are distal, the isomer is c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In computational biology, protein pK calculations are used to estimate the pK values of amino acids as they exist within proteins. These calculations complement the pK values reported for amino acids in their free state, and are used frequently within the fields of molecular modeling, structural bioinformatics, and com... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The pan-ErbB inhibitor Neratinib was approved in the US in 2017 and in the EU in 2018 for the extended adjuvant treatment of adult patients with early-stage HER2-overexpressed/amplified breast cancer after trastuzumab-based therapy. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the Rawal synthesis (1994, racemic) amine 1 and enone 2 were combined in an amine-carbonyl condensation followed by methyl chloroformate quench to triene 3 which was then reacted in a Diels–Alder reaction (benzene 185 °C) to hexene 4. The three ester groups were hydrolyzed using iodotrimethylsilane forming pentacycl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Prastarika: metal trader
*Sulbhadhatusastra: science of metals
*panchaloha, sarva loha: the five base metals (tin, lead, iron, copper, silver) | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PubMeth is a database that contains information about DNA hypermethylation in cancer. It can be queried either by searching a list of genes, or cancer (sub)types.
It was created at the lab for bioinformatics and computational genomics in the Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering at Gh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defined secondary treatment based on the performance observed at late 20th-century bioreactors treating typical United States municipal sewage. Secondary treated sewage is expected to produce effluent with a monthly average of less than 30 mg/L BOD and less than 3... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Professor Mukherjee's first work was done independently, while he was a MSc student of the Presidency College, his work on colloids was published in the Journal
of the American Chemical Society in 1915. In 1919 he and Jnan Chandra Ghosh joined the University College, London to work in the Physical Chemistry Laboratory... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CCCTC-Binding factor or CTCF was initially discovered as a negative regulator of the chicken c-myc gene. This protein was found to be binding to three regularly spaced repeats of the core sequence CCCTC and thus was named CCCTC binding factor. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* "Smiley" gels - this edge effect is caused when the voltage applied is too high for the gel concentration used.
* Overloading of DNA - overloading of DNA slows down the migration of DNA fragments.
* Contamination - presence of impurities, such as salts or proteins can affect the movement of the DNA. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TPCK-treated trypsin is used to improve infection yield in laboratory tissue culture of some wild virus isolates that are not well-adapted to growth in vitro, such as some low-pathogenic avian influenza strains or fresh clinical isolates of SARS-CoV-2. The trypsin performs the maturation cleavage of the viral envelope ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rieke metals are usually prepared by a reduction of an anhydrous metal chloride with an alkali metal, in a suitable solvent. For example, Rieke magnesium can be prepared from magnesium chloride with potassium as the reductant:
:MgCl + 2 K → Mg + 2 KCl
Rieke originally described three general procedures:
* Reaction wit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Patterson power cell is an electrolysis device invented by chemist James A. Patterson, which he said created 200 times more energy than it used, and neutralizes radioactivity without emitting any harmful radiation. It is one of several cells that some observers classified as cold fusion; cells which were the subjec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The structure of P680 consists of a heterodimer of two distinct chlorophyll molecules,
referred to as P and P. This “special pair” forms an excitonic dimer that functions as a single unit, excited by light energy as if they were a single molecule. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In analytical chemistry, sub-sampling is a procedure by which a small, representative sample is taken from a larger sample. Good sub-sampling technique becomes important when the large sample is not homogeneous. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Using the convexity of the log function appearing in the exact perturbation analysis result, together with Jensen's inequality, gives an inequality in the linear level; combined with the analogous result for the B ensemble one gets the following version of the Gibbs-Bogoliubov inequality:
Note that the inequality agre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The diffusive theory of bainite's transformation process is based on the assumption that a bainitic ferrite plate grows with a similar mechanism as Widmanstätten ferrite at higher temperatures. Its growth rate thus depends on how rapidly carbon can diffuse from the growing ferrite into the austenite. A common misconcep... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Proper names of oxidoreductases are formed as "donor:acceptor oxidoreductase"; however, other names are much more common.
* The common name is "donor dehydrogenase" when possible, such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase for the second reaction above.
* Common names are also sometimes formed as "acceptor reduct... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MLST is highly unambiguous and portable. Materials required for ST determination can be exchanged between laboratories. Primer sequences and protocols can be accessed electronically. It is reproducible and scalable. MLST is automated, combines advances in high throughput sequencing and bioinformatics with established p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The analogy applies to other shapes besides tetrahedral and octahedral geometries. The derivations used in octahedral geometry are valid for most other geometries. The exception is square-planar because square-planar complexes typically abide by the 16-electron rule. Assuming ligands act as two-electron donors the meta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Originally developed in the 1970s by French neuroscientist Michel Jouvet and Lafon Laboratories, modafinil has been prescribed in France since 1994, and was approved for medical use in the United States in 1998.
Concerns have been raised about the growing use of modafinil as a "smart drug" or cognitive enhancer among h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Sieder–Tate correlation for turbulent flow is an implicit function, as it analyzes the system as a nonlinear boundary value problem. The Sieder–Tate result can be more accurate as it takes into account the change in viscosity ( and ) due to temperature change between the bulk fluid average temperature and the heat ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Skimwing ("Tsurak" in Navi) is a large Flying Fish like creature. They are primarily ridden by the Metkayina Clan in place of Banshee into battle. They do not form long-term bonds like the Mountain Banshee. They are first introduced in Avatar: The Way of Water', where Jake Sully tames one for battle. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As with all gene therapies, a number of safety and toxicity issues need to be evaluated during the development of DDRNAI therapeutics.
Oncogene activation by viral insertion: Some gene therapy vectors integrate into the host genome, thereby acting as insertional mutagens. This was a particular issue with early retrovir... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Switzerland has one of Europes oldest green roofs, created in 1914 at the Moos lake water-treatment plant, Wollishofen, Zürich. Its filter tanks have of flat concrete roofs. To keep the interior cool and prevent bacterial growth in the filtration beds, a drainage layer of gravel and a layer of soil was spread over ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Using 2 drugs at the same time can sometimes affect each others fraction unbound. For example, assume that Drug A and Drug B are both protein-bound drugs. If Drug A is given, it will bind to the plasma proteins in the blood. If Drug B is also given, it can displace Drug A from the protein, thereby increasing Drug As... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Combined with certain metallic species, amorphous films can crystallize in a process known as metal-induced crystallization (MIC). The effect was discovered in 1969, when amorphous germanium (a-Ge) films crystallized at surprisingly low temperatures when in contact with Al, Ag, Cu, or Sn. The effect was also verified i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Products containing dexmethylphenidate have a side effect profile comparable to those containing methylphenidate. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
He joined the faculty of University of Oviedo as Professor of Chemistry in 1975 and became Emeritus Professor in 2010 after 35 years of service at the university.
He has supervised 120 Ph.D. students of whom 18 have hold positions as Professors of Chemistry at different Spanish universities. His laboratory has been act... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The standard ISO 7 - Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads consists of the following parts:
* ISO 7-1:1994 Dimensions, tolerances and designation
* ISO 7-2:2000 Verification by means of limit gauges | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In addition to their main use in agriculture, pesticides have a number of other applications. Pesticides are used to control organisms that are considered to be harmful, or pernicious to their surroundings. For example, they are used to kill mosquitoes that can transmit potentially deadly diseases like West Nile virus,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Due to the binding of metal ions being essential for various enzymes to maintain their enzymatic activity, thiomers are potent reversible enzyme inhibitors. Many non-invasively administered drugs such as therapeutic peptides or nucleic acids are degraded on the mucosa by membrane bound enzymes strongly reducing their b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first appearance of the term ‘safety pharmacology’ in the published literature dates back to 1980. The term was certainly in common usage in the 1980s within the pharmaceutical industry to describe nonclinical pharmacological evaluation of unintended effects of candidate drugs for regulatory submissions. Back then,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first total synthesis of torreyanic acid was reported by Porco an co-workers in 2000. This total synthesis aimed to employ and confirm the Diels–Alder genesis proposed by Lee et al. To synthesize the monomers required for Diels–Alder dimerization, 1,3-dioxane intermediate 4 was lithiated with BuLi, brominated wit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Often, the largest source of error in a study that depends on the natural abundance of carbon is the slight variation in natural C abundance itself. Such variations arise because the starting materials used in the reaction are themselves products of some other reactions that have kinetic isotope effects and correspondi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ropB protein binding location lies adjacent to speB promoter 1 that is also located within the highly repetitive intergenic region, however the ropB gene and the speB gene are transcribed in opposite directions. The -10 and -35 regions of speB promoter 1 have poor consensus; in order to ameliorate this, the ropB a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Recent research suggests that cAMP affects the function of higher-order thinking in the prefrontal cortex through its regulation of ion channels called hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (HCN). When cAMP stimulates the HCN, the channels open, This research, especially the cognitive deficits in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
We can define a long-time average of the expectation value of the operator according to the expression
If we use the explicit expression for the time evolution of this expectation value, we can write
The integration in this expression can be performed explicitly, and the result is
Each of the terms in the second sum w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dehydration of alcohols affords ethers:
: 2 R–OH → R–O–R + HO at high temperature
This direct nucleophilic substitution reaction requires elevated temperatures (about 125 °C). The reaction is catalyzed by acids, usually sulfuric acid. The method is effective for generating symmetrical ethers, but not unsymmetrical ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The absorption of methyl orange on the UV/vis spectrum is between 350-550 nm, with its peak at 464 nm. This is in the green-purple visible light range and explains why methyl orange is, in fact, orange. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Uhlenhuth test, or the antigen–antibody precipitin test for species, was invented by Paul Uhlenhuth in 1901 and could distinguish human blood from animal blood, based on the discovery that the blood of different species had one or more characteristic proteins. The test represented a major breakthrough and came to h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The formation of a complex between a metal ion, M, and a ligand, L, is in fact usually a substitution reaction. For example, In aqueous solutions, metal ions will be present as aquo ions, so the reaction for the formation of the first complex could be written as
:[M(HO)] + L [M(HO)L] + HO
However, since water is in va... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Self-assembly of nanoparticles is driven by either maximization of packing density or minimization of the contact area between particles according to hard or soft nanoparticles. Examples of hard nanoparticles are: silica, fullerenes; soft nanoparticles are often organic nanoparticles, block copolymer micelles, DNA nano... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Topochemical polymerization is a polymerization method performed by monomers aligned in the crystal state. In this process, the monomers are crystallised and polymerised under external stimuli such as heat, light, or pressure. Compared to traditional polymerisation, the movement of monomers was confined by the crystal ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fermented water contains a similar alcoholic content of wines as both beverages are fermented on yeast, however fermented water differs from wine and other fermented beverages in that it contains no fruit juice or residual sugar after manufacture.
Kilju can be produced by fermenting sugar, yeast, and water, but it was ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chloromethane was a widely used refrigerant, but its use has been discontinued. It was particularly dangerous among the common refrigerants of the 1930s due to its combination of toxicity, flammability and lack of odor as compared with other toxic refrigerants such as sulfur dioxide and ammonia. Chloromethane was also ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ERH has been used for over 15 years for treatment of unconsolidated soils in both the vadose and saturated zones. Recent advancements and results show that ERH can be an effective treatment method for bedrock. At an ERH site, the primary electrical current path is on the thin layer of water immediately adjacent to the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In scientific literature, porous glass is a porous material containing approximately 96% silica, which is produced by an acidic extraction or a combined acidic and alkaline extraction respectively, of phase separated alkali borosilicate glasses, and features a three-dimensional interconnected porous microstructure. For... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Synchrotron radiation circular dichroism spectroscopy, commonly referred to as SRCD and also known as VUV-circular dichroism or VUVCD spectroscopy, is a powerful extension to the technique of circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, often used to study structural properties of biological molecules such as proteins and nuc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Gouy-Stodola theorem is often applied to refrigeration cycles. These are thermodynamic cycles or mechanical systems where external work can be used to move heat from low temperature sources to high temperature sinks, or vice versa. Specifically, the theorem is useful in analyzing vapor compression and vapor absorpt... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biodistribution is a method of tracking where compounds of interest travel in an experimental animal or human subject. For example, in the development of new compounds for PET (positron emission tomography) scanning, a radioactive isotope is chemically joined with a peptide (subunit of a protein). This particular cla... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first explanation of the attraction between noble gas atoms was given by Fritz London in 1930. He used a quantum-mechanical theory based on second-order perturbation theory. The perturbation is because of the Coulomb interaction between the electrons and nuclei of the two moieties (atoms or molecules). The second-o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Neurophysins are carrier proteins which transport the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin to the posterior pituitary from the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, respectively. Inside the neurosecretory granules, the analogous neurophysin I and II form stabilizing complexes via covalent interaction... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*G are involved in Rho family GTPase signaling (see Rho family of GTPases). This is through the RhoGEF superfamily involving the RhoGEF domain of the proteins' structures). These are involved in control of cell cytoskeleton remodeling, and thus in regulating cell migration. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
All the lifting surfaces of an aircraft are divided into some number of quadrilateral panels, and a horseshoe vortex and a collocation point (or control point) are placed on each panel. The transverse segment of the vortex is at the 1/4 chord position of the panel, while the collocation point is at the 3/4 chord posit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first observations of a different behavior of water molecules, close to the walls of its container, date back to late 1960s and early 1970s, when Drost-Hansen, upon reviewing many experimental articles, came to the conclusion that interfacial water shows structural difference.
In 1986 Deryagin and his colleagues ob... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
(-)-C-demethyl arteannuin B is a structural analog of the antimalarial artemisinin. It exhibits potent antimalarial activity even against a drug-resistant strain. Little and coworkers obtained the alkylated hydrazone in diastereomerically pure form (de > 95%) through the Enders' alkylation reaction. This intermediate w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Wire arc spray is a form of thermal spraying where two consumable metal wires are fed independently into the spray gun. These wires are then charged and an arc is generated between them. The heat from this arc melts the incoming wire, which is then entrained in an air jet from the gun. This entrained molten feedstock i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Crevice corrosion refers to corrosion occurring in occluded spaces such as interstices in which a stagnant solution is trapped and not renewed. These spaces are generally called crevices. Examples of crevices are gaps and contact areas between parts, under gaskets or seals, inside cracks and seams, spaces filled with ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Recalescence is an increase in temperature that occurs while cooling metal when a change in structure with an increase in entropy occurs. The heat responsible for the change in temperature is due to the change in entropy. When a structure transformation occurs the Gibbs free energy of both structures are more or less t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Methane has a very light δC signature: biogenic methane of −60‰, thermogenic methane −40‰. The release of large amounts of methane clathrate can impact on global δC values, as at the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum.
More commonly, the ratio is affected by variations in primary productivity and organic burial. Organis... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ethenium has been observed in rarefied gases subjected to radiation. Another preparation method is to react certain proton donors such as trihydrogen cation|, helium hydride ion|, diazenylium|, and with ethane at ambient temperature and pressures below 1 mmHg. (Other donors such as methanium| and form ethanium prefer... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Other flow-type batteries include the zinc–cerium battery, the zinc–bromine battery, and the hydrogen–bromine battery. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Processing of mRNA differs greatly among eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea. Non-eukaryotic mRNA is, in essence, mature upon transcription and requires no processing, except in rare cases. Eukaryotic pre-mRNA, however, requires several processing steps before its transport to the cytoplasm and its translation by the rib... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Studies have reported that: 1) the levels of CMTM5-v1 in the malignant tissues of patients with prostate cancer are lower than the levels in their nearby normal prostate gland tissues as well as in the tissues of patients with benign prostate hyperplasia; 2) patients with lower prostate cancer tissue levels of CMTM5-v... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In genetics and cell biology, repression is a mechanism often used to decrease or inhibit the expression of a gene. Removal of repression is called derepression. This mechanism may occur at different stages in the expression of a gene, with the result of increasing the overall RNA or protein products. Dysregulation of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fluorapatite (Ca(PO)F) is mined along with other apatites for its phosphate content and is used mostly for production of fertilizers. Most of the Earth's fluorine is bound in this mineral, but because the percentage within the mineral is low (3.5%), the fluorine is discarded as waste. Only in the United States is there... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a rat model of premature aging, oxidative stress induced DNA damage in the neocortex and hippocampus was substantially higher than in normally aging control rats. Numerous studies have shown that the level of 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine, a product of oxidative stress, increases with age in the brain and muscle DNA of th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The reflection operation is carried out with respect to symmetry elements known as planes of symmetry or mirror planes. Each such plane is denoted as (sigma). Its orientation relative to the principal axis of the molecule is indicated by a subscript. The plane must pass through the molecule and cannot be completely ou... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Deflocculation is the exact opposite of flocculation, also sometimes known as peptization. Sodium silicate (NaSiO) is a typical example. Usually in higher pH ranges in addition to low ionic strength of solutions and domination of monovalent metal cations the colloidal particles can be dispersed.
The additive that preve... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Battens – the horizontal elements on "board and batten" shutters. Strap hinges usually mount centered on the battens. This is the standard construction approach for most barn doors.
Butt mounted – hinges that mortise into the sides of the hinges – only the barrel of the hinge is visible when the shutter is in the close... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
By the time of his retirement in 1906 he had published some 65 chemical papers, most of them in the Spanish language, on such diverse topics as the chemical compositions of Argentine rivers, the medicinal plants of Córdoba Province, Argentina, the incrustation of locomotive boilers, the presence of organic matter in d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Apamin is an 18 amino acid globular peptide neurotoxin found in apitoxin (bee venom). Dry bee venom consists of 2–3% of apamin. Apamin selectively blocks SK channels, a type of Ca-activated K channel expressed in the central nervous system. Toxicity is caused by only a few amino acids, in particular cysteine, lysine, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because the coiled shells of gastropods are asymmetric, they possess a quality called chirality–the "handedness" of an asymmetric structure.
Over 90% of gastropod species have shells in which the direction of the coil is dextral (right-handed). A small minority of species and genera have shells in which the coils are a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fumaric acid was developed as a medicine to treat the autoimmune condition psoriasis in the 1950s in Germany as a tablet containing 3 esters, primarily dimethyl fumarate, and marketed as Fumaderm by Biogen Idec in Europe. Biogen would later go on to develop the main ester, dimethyl fumarate, as a treatment for multiple... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Direct reduced iron is highly susceptible to oxidation and rusting if left unprotected, and is normally quickly processed further to steel. The bulk iron can also catch fire since it is pyrophoric. Unlike blast furnace pig iron, which is almost pure metal, DRI contains some siliceous gangue (if made from scrap, not fro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In nuclear physics, resonance escape probability is the probability that a neutron will slow down from fission energy to thermal energies without being captured by a nuclear resonance. A resonance absorption of a neutron in a nucleus does not produce nuclear fission. The probability of resonance absorption is called t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
At sawmills, unless reprocessed into particleboard, burned in a sawdust burner, or used to make heat for other milling operations, sawdust may collect in piles and add harmful leachates into local water systems, creating an environmental hazard. This has placed small sawyers and environmental agencies in a deadlock.
Qu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ocean dynamics are governed by Newtons equations of motion expressed as the Navier-Stokes equations for a fluid element located at (x,y,z') on the surface of our rotating planet and moving at velocity (u,v,w) relative to that surface:
* the zonal momentum equation:
* the meridional momentum equation:
* the vertical m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Serine is the first amino acid in this family to be produced; it is then modified to produce both glycine and cysteine (and many other biologically important molecules). Serine is formed from 3-phosphoglycerate in the following pathway:
3-phosphoglycerate → phosphohydroxyl-pyruvate → phosphoserine → serine
The conversi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the history of thermodynamics, the initial explanations of heat were thoroughly confused with explanations of combustion. After J. J. Becher and Georg Ernst Stahl introduced the phlogiston theory of combustion in the 17th century, phlogiston was thought to be the substance of heat.
There is one version of the calori... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
White phosphorus, yellow phosphorus or simply tetraphosphorus () exists as molecules of four phosphorus atoms in a tetrahedral structure, joined by six phosphorus—phosphorus single bonds. The tetrahedral arrangement results in ring strain and instability. Although both are called "white phosphorus", in fact two differ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Comparing the two contributing structures of benzene, all single and double bonds are interchanged. Bond lengths can be measured, for example using X-ray diffraction. The average length of a C–C single bond is 154 pm; that of a C=C double bond is 133 pm. In localized cyclohexatriene, the carbon–carbon bonds should be a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Beta-carotene, found in pumpkins, sweet potato, carrots and winter squash, is responsible for their orange-yellow colors. Dried carrots have the highest amount of carotene of any food per 100-gram serving, measured in retinol activity equivalents (provitamin A equivalents). Vietnamese gac fruit contains the highest kno... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ellipsometry has a number of advantages compared to standard reflection intensity measurements:
* Ellipsometry measures at least two parameters at each wavelength of the spectrum. If generalized ellipsometry is applied up to 16 parameters can be measured at each wavelength.
* Ellipsometry measures an intensity ratio in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Euler momentum equation is a Cauchy momentum equation with the Pascal law being the stress constitutive relation:
in nondimensional Lagrangian form is:
Free Euler equations are conservative. The limit of high Froude numbers (low external field) is thus notable and can be studied with perturbation theory. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A number of these anions known. Some have attracted interest as components in fast ion conductors for use in solid state batteries. The binary thiophosphates do not exhibit the extensive diversity of the analogous oxyanions but contain similar structural features, for example P is 4 coordinate, P−S−P links form and the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cyclopropyl cyanide is prepared by the reaction of 4-chlorobutyronitrile with a strong base, such as sodium amide in liquid ammonia. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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