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In order for a cell to be transformed by a virus, the viral DNA must be entered into the host cell. The simplest consideration is viral transformation of a bacterial cell. This process is called lysogeny. As shown in Figure 2, a bacteriophage lands on a cell and pins itself to the cell. The phage can then penetrate... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
AR gene mutations in the LBD that alter ligand specificity and/or functional activity exist and are thought to contribute to the conversion of some AR antagonists into agonists, which explains the paradoxical temporary improvement sometimes observed in patients when antiandrogen therapy is stopped. These mutations can ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The measurement of the angles can be used to determine crystal structure, see x-ray crystallography for more details. As a simple example, Bragg's law, as stated above, can be used to obtain the lattice spacing of a particular cubic system through the following relation:
where is the lattice spacing of the cubic cryst... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In addition to minimising construction cost, other factors influence the placement of cut or filled sections.
For example, air pollutants can concentrate in the valleys created by the cut section. Conversely, noise pollution is mitigated by cut sections since an effective blockage of line-of-sight sound propagation is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ore is comminuted and the cobalt rich oxides are separated by froth flotation. The cobalt-bearing concentrate is then mixed with lime and coal, and then melted in a reducing atmosphere. Iron and lighter impurities float to the surface as solid dross or are expelled from the melt as gas. The remaining liquid is comp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stochastic effects do not have a threshold of irradiation, are coincidental, and cannot be avoided. They can be divided into somatic and genetic effects. Among the somatic effects, secondary cancer is the most important. It develops because radiation causes DNA mutations directly and indirectly. Direct effects are thos... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DNA-directed RNA interference (ddRNAi) is a gene-silencing technique that utilizes DNA constructs to activate an animal cell's endogenous RNA interference (RNAi) pathways. DNA constructs are designed to express self-complementary double-stranded RNAs, typically short-hairpin RNAs, that bring about the silencing of a ta... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Liu Yuanfang (; born February 1931) is a Chinese nuclear chemist. He is a chemist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), who is now Professor of Chemistry at Shanghai University. He has studied nuclear chemistry and radiochemistry for forty years and pioneered education in that field in China. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Combination therapy or polytherapy is therapy that uses more than one medication or modality. Typically, the term refers to using multiple therapies to treat a single disease, and often all the therapies are pharmaceutical (although it can also involve non-medical therapy, such as the combination of medications and tal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A southwestern blot is based on Southern blot and is used to identify and characterize DNA-binding proteins by their ability to bind to specific oligonucleotide probes. The proteins are separated by gel electrophoresis and are subsequently transferred to nitrocellulose membranes similar to other types of blotting. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Quinapril is indicated for the treatment of high blood pressure (hypertension) and as adjunctive therapy in the management of heart failure. It may be used for the treatment of hypertension by itself or in combination with thiazide diuretics, and with diuretics and digoxin for heart failure. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When looking at data related to individual molecules, one usually can construct propagators, and jumping time probability density functions, of the first order, the second order and so on, whereas from bulk experiments, one usually obtains the decay of a correlation function. From the information contained in these uni... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As first shown in 2003, the auxiliary function of carotenoids as quenchers of singlet oxygen contributes to the photoprotective role of OCP has also been demonstrated under strong orange-red light, which are conditions where OCP cannot be photoactivated for its energy-quenching role. This is significant because all ox... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Fellow of the Royal Society (1869)
* Rumford Medal, Royal Society of London (1874)
* Janssen Medal, Paris Academy of Sciences (1889)
* Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (1897)
* President, British Association (1903 – 1904)
* The crater Lockyer on the Moon and the crater Lockyer on Mars are both named af... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In sensory neurons, an external signal such as pressure, temperature, light, or sound is coupled with the opening and closing of ion channels, which in turn alter the ionic permeabilities of the membrane and its voltage. These voltage changes can again be excitatory (depolarizing) or inhibitory (hyperpolarizing) and, i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Recently, LIBS has been investigated as a fast, micro-destructive food analysis tool. It is considered a potential analytical tool for qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis, making it suitable as a PAT (Process Analytical Technology) or portable tool. Milk, bakery products, tea, vegetable oils, water, cereals,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In addition to a material being certified as biocompatible, biomaterials must be engineered specifically to their target application within a medical device. This is especially important in terms of mechanical properties which govern the way that a given biomaterial behaves. One of the most relevant material parameters... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TET enzymes are dioxygenases in the family of alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases. A TET enzyme is an alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG) dependent dioxygenase that catalyses an oxidation reaction by incorporating a single oxygen atom from molecular oxygen (O) into its substrate, 5-methylcytosine in DNA (5mC), to produc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Beginning in 1927, researchers attempted to apply quantum mechanics to fields instead of single particles, resulting in quantum field theories. Early workers in this area include P.A.M. Dirac, W. Pauli, V. Weisskopf, and P. Jordan. This area of research culminated in the formulation of quantum electrodynamics by R.P. F... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biuret is also used as a non-protein nitrogen source in ruminant feed, where it is converted into protein by gut microorganisms. It is less favored than urea, due to its higher cost and lower digestibility but the latter characteristic also slows down its digestion and so decreases the risk of ammonia toxicity. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Taking the natural logarithm of Arrhenius equation yields:
Rearranging yields:
This has the same form as an equation for a straight line:
where x is the reciprocal of T.
So, when a reaction has a rate constant that obeys the Arrhenius equation, a plot of ln k versus T gives a straight line, whose gradient and intercept... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Captopril's main uses are based on its vasodilation and inhibition of some renal function activities. These benefits are most clearly seen in:
* Hypertension
* Cardiac conditions such as congestive heart failure and after myocardial infarction
* Preservation of kidney function in diabetic nephropathy.
Additionally, it... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A reducing sugar is any sugar that is capable of acting as a reducing agent. In an alkaline solution, a reducing sugar forms some aldehyde or ketone, which allows it to act as a reducing agent, for example in Benedict's reagent. In such a reaction, the sugar becomes a carboxylic acid.
All monosaccharides are reducing s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The software imports 3-D geometry from CAD data in the form of STL files. It has geometry Conformal Adaptive Binary-Tree mesh generation tool which creates 3-D grid from CAD surfaces. For liquid devices, PumpLinx has a cavitation model to account for the effect of liquid vapor, free/dissolved gas, and liquid compressib... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The du Noüy–Padday method is a minimized version of the du Noüy ring method replacing the large platinum ring with a thin rod that is used to measure equilibrium surface tension or dynamic surface tension at an air–liquid interface. In this method, the rod is oriented perpendicular to the interface, and the force exert... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
AOAC International has 18 active [https://www.aoac.org/membership/sections/ sections]; eight in North America, and ten in the rest of the world, China, India, Japan, Southeast Asia (excluding Thailand), Taiwan, Thailand, Europe (excluding Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg), the Low Countries, Sub-Saharan Africa, and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the case of two mirrors, in planes at an angle α, looking through both from the sector which is the intersection of the two halfspaces, is like looking at a version of the world rotated by an angle of 2α; the points of observations and directions of looking for which this applies correspond to those for looking thro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The boat conformations have higher energy than the chair conformations. The interaction between the two flagpole hydrogens, in particular, generates steric strain. Torsional strain also exists between the C2–C3 and C5–C6 bonds (carbon number 1 is one of the two on a mirror plane), which are eclipsed — that is, these tw... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Euxinic conditions have nearly vanished from Earth's open-ocean environments, but a few small scale examples still exist today. Many of these locations share common biogeochemical characteristics. For example, low rates of overturning and vertical mixing of the total water column is common in euxinic bodies of water. S... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the primary uses of shock polars is in the field of shock wave reflection. A shock polar is plotted for the conditions before the incident shock, and a second shock polar is plotted for the conditions behind the shock, with its origin located on the first polar, at the angle through which the incident shock wave... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Epigenetic Therapy is the use of drugs or other epigenome-influencing techniques to treat medical conditions.
It is recently regarded as promising therapy to NSCLC.
As can be seen in the above, SFRP1 was downregulated epigenetically in NSCLC and was recently proposed as one of epigenetic therapy target. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
T7 DNA helicase (gp4) is a hexameric motor protein encoded by T7 phages that uses energy from dTTP hydrolysis to process unidirectionally along single stranded DNA, separating (helicase) the two strands as it progresses. It is also a primase, making short stretches of RNA that initiates DNA synthesis. It forms a comple... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Niludipine is a calcium channel blocker of the dihydropyridine class. It is a vasodilator that acts upon the coronary arteries of the heart-lung. It was found to produce a calcium antagonistic effect on the smooth muscle of hearts of canines and guinea pigs inhibiting myocardial oxidative metabolism. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Illicit use of the drug is thought to be a major factor in the success of the Boko Haram terrorist organization. When used at higher doses, the drug "can produce similar effects to heroin." One former member said, "whenever we took tramadol, nothing mattered to us anymore except what we were sent to do because it made ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The main tools are proton and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy, IR Spectroscopy, Mass spectrometry, UV/Vis Spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The biosphere is 22% oxygen by volume, present mainly as a component of organic molecules (CHNO) and water. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MFA is a convulsant poison. It causes severe convulsions in poisoned victims. Death results from respiratory failure.
For a variety of animals, the toxicity of methyl fluoroacetate has been determined orally and through subcutaneous injection. The dosage ranges from 0.1 mg/kg in dogs to 10–12 mg/kg in monkeys indicatin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Rapid/high throughput: In multiplex analysis, a 100-plex assay can be analyzed in every 30 seconds. The recent reported high-throughput flow cytometry can sample a 96-well plate in 1 minute, and theoretically, the 100-plex assay with this system can be analyzed in less than 1 second, or potentially deliver 12 million... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photoexcitation is the first step in a photochemical process where the reactant is elevated to a state of higher energy, an excited state. The first law of photochemistry, known as the Grotthuss–Draper law (for chemists Theodor Grotthuss and John W. Draper), states that light must be absorbed by a chemical substance in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metals have been used in treatments since ancient times. The Ebers Papyrus from 1500BC is the first written account of the use of metals for treatment and describes the use of Copper to reduce inflammation and the use of iron to treat anemia. Sodium vanadate has been used since the early 20th century to treat rheumatoi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Measuring floral scent both qualitatively (identification of VOCs) and quantitatively (absolute and/or relative emission of VOCs) requires the use of analytical chemistry techniques. It requires collecting floral VOCs, and then analyzing them. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1999, an Austin, Texas, woman was awarded $32 million when she sued her insurer over mold damage in her 22-room mansion.
In 2001, a jury awarded a couple and their eight-year-old son $2.7 million, plus attorney's fees and costs, in a toxic mold-related personal injury lawsuit against the owners and managers of their... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Unsteady forces due to a change of the relative velocity of a body submerged in a fluid can be divided into two parts: the virtual mass effect and the Basset force.
The origin of the force is that the fluid will gain kinetic energy at the expense of the work done by an accelerating submerged body.
It can be shown that ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When sufficient salt export is not taking place from a river basin to the sea in an attempt to harness the river water fully, it leads to river basin closure, and the available water in the downstream area of the river basin closer to the sea becomes saline and/ or alkaline water. Land irrigated with saline or alkaline... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*The Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD) in its definition of "inorganic" carbon compounds, states that such compounds may contain either C-H or C-C bonds, but not both.
*The book series Inorganic Syntheses does not define inorganic compounds. The majority of its content deals with metal complexes of organic li... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Krüppel associated box (KRAB) domain is a category of transcriptional repression domains present in approximately 400 human zinc finger protein-based transcription factors (KRAB zinc finger proteins). The KRAB domain typically consists of about 75 amino acid residues, while the minimal repression module is approxim... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the US, tolerances for the amount of pesticide residue that may remain on food are set by the EPA, and measures are taken to keep pesticide residues below the tolerances. The US EPA has a web page for the allowable tolerances. In order to assess the risks associated with pesticides on human health, the EPA analyzed... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Maxwell Garnett equation reads:
where is the effective dielectric constant of the medium, of the inclusions, and of the matrix; is the volume fraction of the inclusions.
The Maxwell Garnett equation is solved by:
so long as the denominator does not vanish. A simple MATLAB calculator using this formula is as fo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In general, the spontaneity of a process only determines whether or not a process can occur and makes no indication as to whether or not the process will occur. In other words, spontaneity is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for a process to actually occur. Furthermore, spontaneity makes no implication as to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2018 the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) published a drinking water standard for PFNA. Public water systems in New Jersey are required to meet an MCL standard of 13 ppt. In 2020 the state set a PFOA standard at 14 ppt and a PFOS standard at 13 ppt.
In 2019 NJDEP filed lawsuits against the o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unsaturated carbohydrates are desired as they are versatile building blocks that can be used in a variety of reactions. For example, they can be used as intermediates in the synthesis of natural products, or as dienophiles in the Diels-Alder reaction, or as precursors in the synthesis of oligosaccharides. The Tipson–Co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Humans and other mammals have chitinase and chitinase-like proteins that can degrade chitin; they also possess several immune receptors that can recognize chitin and its degradation products, initiating an immune response.
Chitin is sensed mostly in the lungs or gastrointestinal tract where it can activate the innate i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Medications can adjust the release of brain neurotransmitters in cases of depression, anxiety disorder, schizophrenia and other mental disorders because an imbalance within neurotransmitter systems can emerge as consistent characteristics in behaviour compromising people's lives. All people have a weaker form of such i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermal irradiation is the rate at which radiation is incident upon a surface per unit area. It is measured in watts per square meter. Irradiation can either be reflected, absorbed, or transmitted. The components of irradiation can then be characterized by the equation
where, represents the absorptivity, reflectivity... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydroxide mineralizers are also used to control the alumina/silica ratio of zeolites. A typical recipe for the production of a zeolite includes the mineralizer, the solvent, the seed crystal, a nutrient consisting of silica (SiO) and alumina (AlO), and a template. Templates are cations that direct the polymerization of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*2021, Holds 80+ patents
*2021, Women of Technology Award, Connected World magazine
*2018, Technology Pioneer Award, World Economic Forum
*2018, INC. Top 100 Female Founders
*2018, Frost & Sullivan North American Lithium-Ion Industrial and Electric Vehicle Battery Technology Innovation Award
* 2015, CT Technology Counc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most naturally occurring nuclides are stable (about 251; see list at the end of this article), and about 35 more (total of 286) are known to be radioactive with sufficiently long half-lives (also known) to occur primordially. If the half-life of a nuclide is comparable to, or greater than, the Earth's age (4.5 billion ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some metals, such as platinum, readily adsorb carbon monoxide, which is usually undesirable as it results in catalyst poisoning.
However, the strong affinity of CO to such catalysts also presents an opportunity: since carbon monoxide is a small molecule with a strong affinity to the catalyst, a large enough amount of C... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photoinhibition occurs in all organisms capable of oxygenic photosynthesis, from vascular plants to cyanobacteria. In both plants and cyanobacteria, blue light causes photoinhibition more efficiently than other wavelengths of visible light, and all wavelengths of ultraviolet light are more efficient than wavelengths of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
X-ray analysis indicates certain important bond lengths and angles of the first diphosphene, bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)diphosphene: P-P = 2.034 (2) Å; P-C = 1.826 (2) Å; P-P-C = 102.8 (1); C-P-P-C = 172.2 (1). Compared with the bond length of a P-P single bond in HPPH (2.238 Å), the P-P bond distance is much short... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This method is an acid heap leaching method like that of the copper method in that it utilises sulfuric acid instead of cyanide solution to dissolve the target minerals from crushed ore. The amount of sulfuric acid required is much higher than for copper ores, as high as 1,000 kg of acid per tonne of ore, but 500 kg is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Each school of Hinduism has its own treatises on epistemology, with different number of Pramanas. For example, compared to Nyāya schools four pramanas', Carvaka school has just one (perception), while Advaita Vedanta school recognizes six means to reliable knowledge. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One program that has integrated green infrastructure into construction projects worldwide is the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification. This system offers a benchmark rating for green buildings and neighborhoods, credibly quantifying a project's environmental responsibility. The LEED progr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Great Oxygenation Event (GOE) is characterized by the disappearance of sulfur isotope mass-independent fractionation (MIF) in the sedimentary records at around 2.45 billion years ago (Ga). The MIF of sulfur isotope (ΔS) is defined by the deviation of measured δS value from the δS value inferred from the measured δ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An open-label clinical study for infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy evaluating long-term evaluation of efficacy, safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of deulinoleate ethyl, which, when taken with food, can protect the neuronal cells from degeneration, started in the Summer 2018. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This book consists of the arguments used against the art and Agricolas counter arguments. He explains that mining and prospecting are not just a matter of luck and hard work; there is specialized knowledge that must be learned. A miner should have knowledge of philosophy, medicine, astronomy, surveying, arithmetic, arc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Atomic-scale imaging of graphene, semiconductor surfaces and adsorbed organic molecules were obtained in ultra high-vacuum. Angstrom-resolution images of hydration layers formed on proteins and Young's modulus map of a metal-organic frame work, purple membrane and a lipid bilayer were reported in aqueous solutions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Exome sequencing is especially effective in the study of rare Mendelian diseases, because it is an efficient way to identify the genetic variants in all of an individual's genes. These diseases are most often caused by very rare genetic variants that are only present in a tiny number of individuals; by contrast, techni... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Targeted drug delivery is one of many ways researchers seek to improve drug delivery systems' overall efficacy, safety, and delivery. Within this medical field is a special reversal form of drug delivery called chemotactic drug targeting. By using chemical agents to help guide a drug carrier to a specific location with... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The functionality of a monomer molecule is the number of functional groups which participate in the polymerization. Monomers with functionality greater than two will introduce branching into a polymer, and the degree of polymerization will depend on the average functionality f per monomer unit. For a system containing ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In order to link sequence read abundance to the expression of a particular gene, transcript sequences are aligned to a reference genome or de novo aligned to one another if no reference is available. The key challenges for alignment software include sufficient speed to permit billions of short sequences to be aligned i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pyroelectric materials have been used to generate large electric fields necessary to steer deuterium ions in a nuclear fusion process. This is known as pyroelectric fusion. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After hits are identified from a high throughput screen, the hits are confirmed and evaluated using the following methods:
* Confirmatory testing: compounds that were found active against the selected target are re-tested using the same assay conditions used during the HTS to make sure that the activity is reproducible... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In crystallography, goniometers are used for measuring angles between crystal faces. They are also used in X-ray diffraction to rotate the samples. The groundbreaking investigations of physicist Max von Laue and colleagues into the atomic structure of crystals in 1912 involved a goniometer. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Ferrocene: bis(η-cyclopentadienyl)iron
*Uranocene: bis(η-1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene)uranium
*W(CO)(PPr)(η-H): the first compound to be synthesized with a dihydrogen ligand.
*IrCl(CO)[P(CH)](η-O): the dioxygen derivative which forms reversibly upon oxygenation of Vaska's complex. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phosgene was synthesized by the Cornish chemist John Davy (1790–1868) in 1812 by exposing a mixture of carbon monoxide and chlorine to sunlight. He named it "phosgene" from Greek (, light) and (, to give birth) in reference of the use of light to promote the reaction. It gradually became important in the chemical ind... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The term was first coined by Russian chemist V. Pletz in 1935 and originally mistranslated in some articles as plosophore. Also of note is an auxoexplose concept (similar to chromophore and auxochrome concept), which is a group that modifies the explosive capability of the molecule.
The term explosophore has been used... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plants growing at high light invest less of their biomass in leaves and stems, and more in roots. They grow faster, per unit leaf area (ULR) and per unit total plant mass (RGR), and therefore high-light grown plants generally have more biomass. They have shorter internodes, with more stem biomass per unit stem length, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In developed urban areas, naturally occurring depressions where storm water would pool are typically covered by impermeable surfaces, such as asphalt, pavement, or concrete, and are leveled for automobile use. Stormwater is directed into storm drains which may cause overflows of combined sewer systems or pollution, ero... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
oligo - oligodeoxyribonucleotide - oligonucleotide - oligosaccharide-transporting ATPase - oncogene - oncovirus - open reading frame - operator - operon - origin of replication - ornithine(lysine) transaminase - osteomimicry | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In some simplest cases, the state of condensed particles can be described with a nonlinear Schrödinger equation, also known as Gross–Pitaevskii or Ginzburg–Landau equation. The validity of this approach is actually limited to the case of ultracold temperatures, which fits well for the most alkali atoms experiments.
Thi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A major issue is how many embryos should be transferred, since placement of multiple embryos carries a risk of multiple pregnancy. While the past physicians placed multiple embryos to increase the chance of pregnancy, this approach has fallen out of favor. Professional societies, and legislatures in many countries, hav... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Compared to concentration dependent bactericidal antibiotics like aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones, the antibacterial activity of β-lactam antibiotics are generally more time dependent. Unlike the former, when piperacillin-tazobactam concentrations exceed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of a pathogen by fiv... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In physics, emission is the process by which a higher energy quantum mechanical state of a particle becomes converted to a lower one through the emission of a photon, resulting in the production of light. The frequency of light emitted is a function of the energy of the transition.
Since energy must be conserved, the e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An important reaction is the acid/base equilibrium, yielding transition metal nitrite complexes:
:[LMNO] + 2OH LMNO + HO
This equilibrium serves to confirm that the linear nitrosyl ligand is, formally, NO, with nitrogen in the oxidation state +3
:NO + 2 OH NO + HO
Since nitrogen is more electronegative than carbon, m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Wursters blue is the trivial name given to the radical cation of the colorless chemical N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-p'-phenylenediamine, also known as TMPD. This is an easily oxidised phenylenediamine, which loses two electrons in one-electron oxidation steps; the radical cation is a characteristic blue-violet colour, which ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Professor Reddi discovered that bone induction is a sequential multistep cascade involving chemotaxis, mitosis, and differentiation. Early studies in his laboratory at the University of Chicago and National Institutes of Health unraveled the sequence of events involved in bone matrix-induce bone morphogenesis. Using ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The melting point of iron is experimentally well defined for pressures less than 50 GPa.
For greater pressures, published data (as of 2007) put the γ-ε-liquid triple point at pressures that differ by tens of gigapascals and 1000 K in the melting point. Generally speaking, molecular dynamics computer simulations of iron... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
By the late 18th century, the useful practices of engineering and technology began to influence philosophical explanations of the composition of matter. Those who speculated on the ultimate nature of matter began to verify their "thought experiments" with some repeatable demonstrations, when they could.
Ragusan polymat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Upon graduation, Floriana completed her postdoctoral research in Molecular Magnetism with Dr. Jean-Pascal Sutter at Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeauxwith (ICMCB), France and also as a visiting Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD) Fellow at University of Heidelberg, Germany. She then recei... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, an anti-Bredt molecule is a bridged molecule with a double bond at the bridgehead. Bredts rule is the empirical observation that such molecules can only form in large enough ring systems. For example, two of the following norbornene isomers violate Bredts rule, and are too unstable to prepare:
T... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Drospirenone is marketed in combination with an estrogen under a variety of brand names throughout the world. Among others, it is marketed in combination with ethinylestradiol under the brand names Yasmin and Yaz, in combination with estetrol under the brand name Nextstellis, and in combination with estradiol under the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The main use of pyridine is as a precursor to the herbicides paraquat and diquat. The first synthesis step of insecticide chlorpyrifos consists of the chlorination of pyridine. Pyridine is also the starting compound for the preparation of pyrithione-based fungicides. Cetylpyridinium and laurylpyridinium, which can be p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gap junctions are the main site of cell-cell signaling or communication that allow small molecules to diffuse between adjacent cells. In vertebrates, gap junctions are composed of transmembrane proteins called connexins. They form hexagonal pores or channels through which ions, sugars, and other small molecules can pa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The values of I, I, R, and R are dependent upon the physical size of the solar cell. In comparing otherwise identical cells, a cell with twice the junction area of another will, in principle, have double the I and I because it has twice the area where photocurrent is generated and across which diode current can flow. B... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Jean Rey (c. 1583 – c. 1645) or (in English) John Rey was a French physician and chemist.
Born in Le Bugue, in the Périgord (Dordogne département), he studied medicine at the University of Montpellier. He practised medicine in his native town and corresponded with René Descartes and Marin Mersenne.
He discovered that t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A RecQ helicase is one of a family of helicases that helps reduce sister chromatid exchange during meiosis to lower mutation rates. RecQ helicases are found in many organisms, ranging from E. coli to humans. One of these helicases, the Bloom syndrome protein, contains an arginine finger which assists in its hydrolysis ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electrodeionization (EDI) is a water treatment technology that utilizes DC power, ion exchange membranes, and ion exchange resin to deionize water. EDI is typically employed as a polishing treatment following reverse osmosis (RO), and is used in the production of ultrapure water. It differs from other RO polishing meth... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DGGE of small ribosomal subunit coding genes was first described by Gerard Muyzer, while he was Post-doc at Leiden University, and has become a widely used technique in microbial ecology.
PCR amplification of DNA extracted from mixed microbial communities with PCR primers specific for 16S rRNA gene fragments of bacteri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Solvent extraction – electrowinning (often referred to as "SX–EW") is a process frequently applied for recovering copper from low-grade and/or oxidised copper ore. It involves leaching the copper from the ore using an acidic solution, collecting the leach liquor containing the copper and contacting this solution with a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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