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Mars Guy Fontana graduated with a Bachelor of Science followed by a Master of Science and then awarded a Doctor of Philosophy in the field of metallurgical engineering from the University of Michigan. He was known as a researcher/engineer who added to the field of knowledge in the fairly specialized area of corrosion a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Diel vertically migrating krill, salps, smaller zooplankton and fish can actively transport carbon to depth by consuming POC in the surface layer at night, and metabolising it at their daytime, mesopelagic residence depths. Depending on species life history, active transport may occur on a seasonal basis as well.
Witho... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dimer, digold hexabromide, has structural properties similar to those of the other gold trihalide dimeric compounds, such as gold(III) chloride. The gold centers exhibit square planar coordination with bond angles of roughly 90 degrees.
Calculations indicate that in the hypothetical monomeric forms of the gold trih... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers (IIChE) is the professional body for chemical engineers in India. The headquarter of IIChE is in the campus of Jadavpur University, Kolkata. The organization has 42 regional centers along with 172 student chapters spread throughout India. The institution's membership comprises... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Several inconsistencies exist between gene, enzyme, reaction databases, and published literature sources regarding the metabolic information of an organism. A reconstruction is a systematic verification and compilation of data from various sources that takes into account all of the discrepancies.
* The combination of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
T-complex protein Ring Complex (TRiC), otherwise known as Chaperonin Containing TCP-1 (CCT), is a multiprotein complex and the chaperonin of eukaryotic cells. Like the bacterial GroEL, the TRiC complex aids in the folding of ~10% of the proteome, and actin and tubulin are some of its best known substrates. TRiC is an e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to the International Standards Organization (ISO) technical specification 80004, a nanoparticle is an object with all three external dimensions in the nanoscale, whose longest and shortest axes do not differ significantly, with a significant difference typically being a factor of at least 3. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Heart rate is determined by the medulla oblongata and part of the pons, two organs located inferior to the hypothalamus on the brain stem. Heart rate is important for basal metabolic rate and resting metabolic rate because it drives the blood supply, stimulating the Krebs cycle. During exercise that achieves the anaero... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The pure rotation spectrum of water vapor extends into the microwave region.
Liquid water has a broad absorption spectrum in the microwave region, which has been explained in terms of changes in the hydrogen bond network giving rise to a broad, featureless, microwave spectrum. The absorption (equivalent to dielectric l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1976, concern over the toxicity and persistence (chemical stability) of PCBs in the environment led the United States Congress to ban their domestic production, effective January 1, 1978, pursuant to the Toxic Substances Control Act. To implement the law, EPA banned new manufacturing of PCBs, but issued regulations ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photoacoustic spectroscopy has become a powerful technique to study concentrations of gases at the part per billion or even part per trillion levels. Modern photoacoustic detectors still rely on the same principles as Bell's apparatus; however, to increase the sensitivity, several modifications have been made.
Instead ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An extreme case of intercalation is the complete separation of the layers of the material. This process is called exfoliation. Typically aggressive conditions are required involving highly polar solvents and aggressive reagents. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, a triol is an organic compound containing three hydroxyl groups ( functional groups), such as glycerol. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Methylene blue has been used as a placebo; physicians would tell their patients to expect their urine to change color and view this as a sign that their condition had improved. This same side effect makes methylene blue difficult to use in traditional placebo-controlled clinical studies, including those testing for its... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This library construction process is also similar to that of short-jump library except that transfection using the E. coli vector is required for amplification of large (40 kb) DNA fragments. In addition, the fosmids can be modified to facilitate the conversion into jumping library compatible with certain next generati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the late 1930s, the first four actinides (actinium, thorium, protactinium, and uranium) were known. They were believed to form a fourth series of transition metals, characterized by the filling of 6d orbitals, in which thorium, protactinium, and uranium were respective homologs of hafnium, tantalum, and tungsten. Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When energetic ions collide with atoms of a target material, an exchange of momentum takes place between them.
These ions, known as "incident ions", set off collision cascades in the target. Such cascades can take many paths; some recoil back toward the surface of the target. If a collision cascade reaches the surface ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the largest volume uses for ICP-MS is in the medical and forensic field, specifically, toxicology. A physician may order a metal assay for a number of reasons, such as suspicion of heavy metal poisoning, metabolic concerns, and even hepatological issues. Depending on the specific parameters unique to each patie... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
TNP refers to the chemical compound 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, also known as Picric acid. It is a primary constituent of many unexploded landmines, and is a cousin to TNT, but less stable. It is recognized as an environmental contaminant and is toxic to many organisms. It is still commonly used in the manufacturing of firew... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Fluid Dynamics Prize is a prize that has been awarded annually by the American Physical Society (APS) since 1979. The recipient is chosen for "outstanding achievement in fluid dynamics research". The prize is currently valued at . In 2004, the Otto Laporte Award—another APS award on fluid dynamics—was merged into t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biogenic silica (bSi), also referred to as opal, biogenic opal, or amorphous opaline silica, forms one of the most widespread biogenic minerals. For example, microscopic particles of silica called phytoliths can be found in grasses and other plants.
Silica is an amorphous metalloid oxide formed by complex inorganic pol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When one atom substitutes for one of the principal atomic components within the crystal structure, alteration in the electrical and thermal properties of the material may ensue. Impurities may also manifest as electron spin impurities in certain materials. Research on magnetic impurities demonstrates that substantial a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The third paper of 1864 was concerned with the kinetics of the same equilibrium system. Writing the dissociated active mass at some point in time as x, the rate of reaction was given as
Likewise the reverse reaction of A with B proceeded at a rate given by
The overall rate of conversion is the difference between these ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1920, Ingold was awarded the British Empire Medal (BEM) for his wartime research involving "great courage in carrying out work in a poisonous atmosphere, and risking his life on several occasions in preventing serious accidents," though he subsequently never discussed the award or this period in his life.
Ingold was... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In October 2022, researchers from the Japan-based Yokohama National University successfully cloned fully-grown mouse hair follicles for the first time in history. It may take 5-10 years for this technology to be tested successfully in humans. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phototropins are photoreceptor proteins (more specifically, flavoproteins) that mediate phototropism responses in various species of algae, fungi and higher plants. Phototropins can be found throughout the leaves of a plant. Along with cryptochromes and phytochromes they allow plants to respond and alter their growth i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DNP can be performed to enhance the NMR signals but also to introduce an inherent spatial dependence: the magnetization enhancement takes place in the vicinity of the irradiated electrons and propagates throughout the sample. Spatial selectivity can finally be obtained using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Norrish reaction has been studied in relation to environmental chemistry with respect to the photolysis of the aldehyde heptanal, a prominent compound in Earth's atmosphere. Photolysis of heptanal in conditions resembling atmospheric conditions results in the formation of 1-pentene and acetaldehyde in 62% chemical ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2013, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified dioxin-like PCBs as human carcinogens.
According to the U.S. EPA, PCBs have been shown to cause cancer in animals and evidence supports a cancer-causing effect in humans. Per the EPA, studies have found increases in malignant melanoma and rare l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Triptan structures were designed from the structure of 5-HT to attain affinity to 5-HT receptors, hence the identical indole structure. The hydroxyl group (-OH) on the hexane of the indole core and the alkyl-amine side chain on position C on 5-HT have been replaced with other compounds, such as sulfonamides or azol-rin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Winkler test is used to determine the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water samples. Dissolved oxygen (D.O.) is widely used in water quality studies and routine operation of water reclamation facilities to analyze its level of oxygen saturation.
In the test, an excess of manganese(II) salt, iodide (I) and hydr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The study of TOR originated in the 1960s with an expedition to Easter Island (known by the island inhabitants as Rapa Nui), with the goal of identifying natural products from plants and soil with possible therapeutic potential. In 1972, Suren Sehgal identified a small molecule, from a soil bacterium Streptomyces hygros... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hemozoin formation is an excellent drug target, since it is essential to malaria parasite survival and absent from the human host. The drug target hematin is host-derived and largely outside the genetic control of the parasite, which makes the development of drug resistance more difficult. Many clinically used drugs ar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Weismann barrier, proposed by August Weismann in 1892, distinguishes between the "immortal" germ cell lineages (the germ plasm) which produce gametes and the "disposable" somatic cells. Hereditary information moves only from germline cells to somatic cells (that is, somatic mutations are not inherited). This, befor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Clay minerals are hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates (e.g. kaolin, AlSiO(OH)), sometimes with variable amounts of iron, magnesium, alkali metals, alkaline earths, and other cations found on or near some planetary surfaces.
Clay minerals form in the presence of water and have been important to life, and many theories of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sodium methoxide, also called sodium methylate and sodium methanolate, is a white powder when pure. It is used as an initiator of an anionic addition polymerization with ethylene oxide, forming a polyether with high molecular weight. Both sodium methoxide and its counterpart prepared with potassium are frequently use... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In analytical chemistry, sample preparation (working-up) refers to the ways in which a sample is treated prior to its analyses. Preparation is a very important step in most analytical techniques, because the techniques are often not responsive to the analyte in its in-situ form, or the results are distorted by interfe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fretting in Aluminium causes black debris to be present in the contact area due to the fine oxide particles. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since its founding in 1959, EAS has become a premier venue for analysts to learn about new technologies, new applications for older technologies, and developments in such diverse fields as bioanalysis, pharmaceutical analysis, forensic science, laboratory management, and environmental analysis. Throughout the years, t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alkyltellurols are colorless liquids with strong odors. Samples usually appear yellowish owing to the presence of dialkylditelluride impurities. Near room temperature, methanetellurol degrades with loss of elemental tellurium. It is reported to ignite in air.
Aryltellurols are more robust and have been obtained as c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ASL maps can mainly be analyzed using the same tools to analyze fMRI and VBM. Many ASL-specific toolboxes have been developed to assist in ASL analysis, such as BASIL (Bayesian inference for arterial spin labelling MRI), part of the FSL neuroimaging package and also Ze Wang's ASL toolbox (using MATLAB) to assist in the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*1990 Günter Snatzke, Germany
*1991 Hannes Aiginger, Austria; Peter Wobrauschek]], Austria; Joachim Knoth]], Germany; Heinrich Schwenke]], Germany
*1992 Kurt Laqua, Germany; Arnulf Röseler]], Germany
*1993 Boris L'vov, Russia
*1994 D. Bruce Chase, United States; W. J. Orville-Thomas, Great Britain
*1995 Paul W.J.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to the adsorption behavior, the adsorption of gases on solids can be classified into three temperature ranges relative to :
1.Subcritical region (T)
2.Near-critical region (+10)
3. The region T>+10
Isotherms in the first region will show the feature of subcritical adsorption. Isotherms in the second region wi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When grown in glucose-rich media, trypanosomatid parasites degrade glucose via aerobic fermentation. In this group, this phenomenon is not a pre-adaptation to/or remnant of anaerobic life, shown through their inability to survive in anaerobic conditions. It is believed that this phenomenon developed due to the capaci... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oncometabolism is the field of study that focuses on the metabolic changes that occur in cells that make up the tumor microenvironment (TME) and accompany oncogenesis and tumor progression toward a neoplastic state.
Cells with increased growth and survivability differ from non-tumorigenic cells in terms of metabolism.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The global annual mean wind stress forces the global ocean circulation. Typical values for the wind stress are about 0.1Pa and, in general, the zonal wind stress is stronger than the meridional wind stress as can be seen in figures 2.1 and 2.2. It can also be seen that the largest values of the wind stress occur in th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The RACI is a member of the Federation of Australian Scientific and Technological Societies (FASTS), and the Federation of Asian Chemical Societies (FACS).
It has branches in all states and territories in Australia and divisions for the following areas of chemistry:
*Analytical and Environmental chemistry
*Carbon scien... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Panel methods are inviscid solutions. You will not capture viscous effects except via user "modeling" by changing the geometry.
*Solutions are invalid as soon as the flow changes locally from subsonic to supersonic (i.e. the critical Mach number has been exceeded) or vice versa. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hilaire Marin Rouelle (15 February 1718 – 7 April 1779) was an 18th-century French chemist. Commonly cited as the 1773 discoverer of urea, he was not the first to do so. Dutch scientist Herman Boerhaave had discovered this chemical as early as 1727. Rouelle is known as "le cadet" (the younger) to distinguish him from h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While less rhodium than ruthenium and palladium is formed (around 3.6% yield), the mixture of fission products still contains a significant amount of this metal. Due to the high prices of ruthenium, rhodium, and palladium, some work has been done on the separation of these metals to enable them to be used at a later da... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Wild-type p53 has been shown to repress survivin expression at the mRNA level. Using an adenovirus vector for wild-type p53, human ovarian cancer cell line 2774qw1 (which expresses mutant p53) was transfected. mRNA levels of survivin were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) and showed time-dependent down re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Uranium mining produces toxic tailings that are radioactive and may contain other toxic elements such as radon. Dust and water leaving tailing sites may carry long-lived radioactive elements that enter water sources and the soil, increase background radiation, and eventually be ingested by humans and animals. A 2013 an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gases will dissolve in liquids to an extent that is determined by the equilibrium between the undissolved gas and the gas that has dissolved in the liquid (called the solvent). The equilibrium constant for that equilibrium is:
where:
* = the equilibrium constant for the solvation process
* = partial pressure of gas ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Amorphous materials will have some degree of short-range order at the atomic-length scale due to the nature of intermolecular chemical bonding. Furthermore, in very small crystals, short-range order encompasses a large fraction of the atoms; nevertheless, relaxation at the surface, along with interfacial effects, disto... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A graph of fission product yield against the mass number of the fission fragments has two pronounced but fairly flat peaks, at around 90 to 100, and 130 to 140. With thermal neutrons, yields of fission products with mass between the peaks, such as Cd, Sn, Sn, Sn, Sb, Sn, and Sb are very low.
The higher the energy of th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The lagoon covers an area of . Created by the rise in water levels at the end of the Last Glacial Period (colloquially known as the last ice age), this small inland sea is composed of three parts: the principal body of water, the Étang de Vaïne to the east and the Étang de Bolmon to the south-east.
The Étang de Berre i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*The cytochrome P450 isozymes play important roles in metabolism and steroidogenesis.
*The multiple forms of phosphodiesterase also play major roles in various biological processes. Although more than one form of these enzymes have been found in individual cells, these isoforms of the enzyme are unequally distributed ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In materials science and soil mechanics, a slip line field or slip line field theory is a technique often used to analyze the stresses and forces involved in the major deformation of metals or soils. In essence, in some problems including plane strain and plane stress elastic-plastic problems, elastic part of the mater... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When a system undergoes a change from one state to another, it is said to traverse a path. The path can be described by how the properties change, like isothermal (constant temperature) or isobaric (constant pressure) paths.
Thermodynamics sets up an idealized conceptual structure that can be summarized by a formal sch... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biochemists are typically employed in the life sciences, where they work in the pharmaceutical or biotechnology industry in a research role. They are also employed in academic institutes, where in addition to pursuing their research they may also be involved with teaching undergraduates, training graduate students, and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Atomic-force microscopy is used to study the local roughness and mechanical properties of a surface. AFM is also used to characterize adhesion and friction properties for micro- and nano-patterned superhydrophobic surfaces. Results can be used to fit a curve to the surface topography and determine the radius of curvatu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A diazaquinone is a chemical compound that has an heterocyclic aromatic core including two consecutive doubly-bonded nitrogen atoms , with the two carbon units adjacent to the nitrogens replaced by carbonyl (ketone) groups . These carbon and nitrogen atoms then comprise a diacyl diimide unit, .
Two canonical examples ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The word "nitinol" is derived from its composition and its place of discovery: (Nickel Titanium-Naval Ordnance Laboratory). William J. Buehler along with Frederick E. Wang, discovered its properties during research at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory in 1959. Buehler was attempting to make a better missile nose cone, whic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
SVA elements are present at lower levels than SINES and LINEs in humans. The starts of SVA and Alu elements are similar, followed by repeats and an end similar to endogenous retrovirus. LINEs bind to sites flanking SVA elements to transpose them. SVA are one of the youngest transposons in great apes genome and among th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) is an electron diffraction technique where a convergent or divergent beam (conical electron beam) of electrons is used to study materials. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Moscow University in the Great Patriotic War, 4th edition, revised and supplemented. M.: Moscow State University, 2020. 65, 116, 117, 118, 551s. ISBN 978-5-19-011499-7.
* Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Article: Nesmeyanov Alexander Nikolayevich.
* Levchenkov S.I.. Great Russian Encyclopedia. Article: Nesmeyanov Alexander... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid statics, capillary pressure () is the pressure between two immiscible fluids in a thin tube (see capillary action), resulting from the interactions of forces between the fluids and solid walls of the tube. Capillary pressure can serve as both an opposing or driving force for fluid transport and is a significan... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NANOHISPA and NIMS-MANA were both ranked first, both making about 54 turns and covering 678 nm and 1054 nm, respectively. The first demonstrated a change of lane for overpassing while the latter crossed a trench and go back. StrasNanocar ranked third covering 476 nm and performing 28 turns. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
;From PCl
Phosphite esters are typically prepared by treating phosphorus trichloride with an alcohol. For alkyl alcohols the displaced chloride ion can attack the phosphite, causing dealkylation to give a dialkylphosphite and an organochlorine compound. The overall reaction is as follows:
:PCl + 3 CHOH → (CHO)P(... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since cells do not produce double-stranded RNA during normal nucleic acid metabolism, natural selection has favored the evolution of enzymes that destroy dsRNA on contact. The best known class of this type of enzymes is Dicer. It is hoped that broad-spectrum anti-virals could be synthesized that take advantage of this ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) is an experimental tool for studying electrically active defects (known as charge carrier traps) in semiconductors. DLTS establishes fundamental defect parameters and measures their concentration in the material. Some of the parameters are considered as defect "finger prints" us... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ethyl cyanohydroxyiminoacetate (oxyma) is the oxime of ethyl cyanoacetate and finds use as an additive for carbodiimides, such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) in peptide synthesis. It acts as a neutralizing reagent for the basicity or nucleophilicity of the DCC due to its pronounced acidity (pKa 4.60) and suppresses ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy (PEPICO) is a combination of photoionization mass spectrometry and photoelectron spectroscopy. It is largely based on the photoelectric effect. Free molecules from a gas-phase sample are ionized by incident vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation. In the ensuing photoionizati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Acid rain has a much less harmful effect on oceans on a global scale, but it creates an amplified impact in the shallower waters of coastal waters. Acid rain can cause the oceans pH to fall, known as ocean acidification, making it more difficult for different coastal species to create their exoskeletons that they need ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In August 2018, scientists announced the transformation of gaseous deuterium into a liquid metallic form. This may help researchers better understand giant gas planets, such as Jupiter, Saturn and related exoplanets, since such planets are thought to contain a large quantity of liquid metallic hydrogen, which may be re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This is the standard drum filter discharge. A scraper blade, which serves to redirect the filter cake into the discharge chute, removes the cake from the filter cloth just before re-entering the vat. Scraper discharge is used if the desired separation requires high filtration rate or if heavy solid slurry is used or if... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dark pigments in the substantia nigra were first described in 1838 by Purkyně, and the term neuromelanin was proposed in 1957 by Lillie, though it has been thought to serve no function until recently. It is now believed to play a vital role in preventing cell death in certain parts of the brain. It has been linked to P... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In contrast to the flux summation theorem, the concentration summation theorem sums to zero. The implications of this are that some enzymes will cause a given metabolite to increase while others, in order to satisfy the summation to zero, must cause the same metabolite to decrease. This is particularly noticeable in a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RT-PCR is commonly used in research methods to measure gene expression. For example, Lin et al. used qRT-PCR to measure expression of Gal genes in yeast cells. First, Lin et al. engineered a mutation of a protein suspected to participate in the regulation of Gal genes. This mutation was hypothesized to selectively abol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Railway electrification in Great Britain started in the late 19th century. After World War II and the nationalisation of the railways in 1948 and the 1955 Modernisation Plan, electrification commenced in earnest. After a pause, the West Coast Main Line north of Weaver Junction to just south of Glasgow was electrified b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Persistent triplet state carbenes have been prepared by photochemical decomposition of a diazomethane product via the expulsion of nitrogen gas, at a wavelength of 300 nm in benzene. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Regulatory networks allow bacteria to adapt to almost every environmental niche on earth. A network of interactions among diverse types of molecules including DNA, RNA, proteins and metabolites, is utilised by the bacteria to achieve regulation of gene expression. In bacteria, the principal function of regulatory netwo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
R-454B is not the only blend of R-32 and R-1234yf to be proposed as a refrigerant. Other blends include R-454A (35 percent R-32, 65 percent R-1234yf) and R-454C (21.5 percent R-32, 78.5 percent R1234yf). There are also several blends that include a third component. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
#Curves in the Ellingham diagrams for the formation of metallic oxides are basically straight lines with a positive slope. The slope is proportional to ΔS, which is approximately constant with temperature.
#The lower the position of a metal's line in the Ellingham diagram, the greater is the stability of its oxide. For... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Austenitization means to heat the iron, iron-based metal, or steel to a temperature at which it changes crystal structure from ferrite to austenite. The more-open structure of the austenite is then able to absorb carbon from the iron-carbides in carbon steel. An incomplete initial austenitization can leave undissolved ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The non-enzymatic glycosylation is also known as glycation or non-enzymatic glycation. It is a spontaneous reaction and a type of post-translational modification of proteins meaning it alters their structure and biological activity. It is the covalent attachment between the carbonil group of a reducing sugar (mainly gl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Before a 2007 report by Alber and coworkers, crotonyl-coA carboxylases and reductases (CCRs) were known for reducing crotonyl-coA to butyryl-coA. A report by Alber and coworkers concluded that a specific CCR homolog was able to reduce crotonyl-coA to (2S)-ethyl malonyl-coA which was a favorable reaction. The specific C... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Freundlich adsorption isotherm is mathematically expressed as
In Freundlichs notation (used for his experiments dealing with the adsorption of organic acids on coal in aqueous solutions), signifies the ratio between the adsorbed mass or adsorbate and the mass of the adsorbent , which in Freundlichs studies was co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are two types of free-radical photoinitators: A two component system where the radical is generated through abstraction of a hydrogen atom from a donor compound (also called co-initiator), and a one-component system where two radicals are generated by cleavage. Examples of each type of free-radical photoinitiator... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the regulation of heating and cooling, thermostats that operate over a wide range of temperatures are used. In these, one end of the bimetallic strip is mechanically fixed and attached to an electrical power source, while the other (moving) end carries an electrical contact. In adjustable thermostats another contact... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These processes involve high-temperature blending of iron ore and coal powder, with a little limestone to reduce the acidity of the ore. Processes such as Carl Wilhelm Siemens', based on the use of a short drum, first appeared at the end of the 19th century. The tool used then evolved into a long tubular rotary kiln, i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lamy was born in the commune of Ney in the department of Jura, France in 1820. He studied at the École Normale Supérieure, Paris. After he graduated from University in 1842 he became a teacher at Lille then at Limoges and again in Lille. In 1851 he received his Ph.D. In 1854 he became a professor at the faculty of scie... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Researchers at the Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy at the University of Copenhagen Department of Chemistry are studying the photochromic dihydroazulene–vinylheptafulvene system as a method to harvest and store solar energy. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Finally, favorable economics can be achieved by using the purged material from the calcium looping cycle in cement production. The raw feed for cement production includes ~ 85 wt% limestone with the remaining material consisting of clay and additives (e.g. SiO, AlO etc.). The first step in the process involves calcinat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The method is, to a large degree, nonintrusive. The added tracers (if they are properly chosen) generally cause negligible distortion of the fluid flow.
Optical measurement avoids the need for Pitot tubes, hotwire anemometers or other intrusive Flow measurement probes. The method is capable of measuring an entire two-d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In quantum mechanics, an absorption band is a range of wavelengths, frequencies or energies in the electromagnetic spectrum that are characteristic of a particular transition from initial to final state in a substance.
According to quantum mechanics, atoms and molecules can only hold certain defined quantities of energ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The GLD-2 protein together with 136 proteins more, is involved in the molecular process of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation, in the human proteome. This is the process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a kind of cell types including myeloid p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Proterozoic is the transition era between anoxic and oxygenated oceans. The classic model is that the end of the Banded iron formations (BIFs) was due to the injection of oxygen into the deep ocean, an approximately 0.6 billion year lag behind the Great Oxygenation Event. Canfield, however, argued that anoxia laste... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Golden rain demonstration is made by combining two colorless solutions, potassium iodide solution and Lead(II) nitrate solution at room temperature to form yellow precipitate. During the chemical reaction, golden particles gently drop from the top of Erlenmeyer flask to the bottom, similar to watching the rain through ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Patina ( or ) is a thin layer that variously forms on the surface of copper, brass, bronze, and similar metals and metal alloys (tarnish produced by oxidation or other chemical processes), or certain stones and wooden furniture (sheen produced by age, wear, and polishing), or any similar acquired change of a surface ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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