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Blue MX-R or Reactive Blue 4 has a formula of CHClNOS and a molecular weight of 637.4 g/mol. It contains dichlorotriazine ring to the chromophore unlike Cibacron Blue F3GA. For a large scale protein purification, Blue MX-R can be used to purify protein such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). In fast-protein liquid chroma... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In addition to his joint recognition for the discovery of oxygen, Scheele is argued to have been the first to discover other chemical elements such as barium (1772), manganese (1774), molybdenum (1778), and tungsten (1781), as well as several chemical compounds, including citric acid, lactic acid, glycerol, hydrogen cy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TSE or Tris/Saline/EDTA, is a buffer solution containing a mixture of Tris base, Sodium chloride and EDTA.
In molecular biology, TSE buffers are often used in procedures involving nucleic acids. Tris-acid solutions are effective buffers for slightly basic conditions, which keep DNA deprotonated and soluble in water. Th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In polymers, such as plastics, thermal degradation refers to a type of polymer degradation where damaging chemical changes take place at elevated temperatures, without the simultaneous involvement of other compounds such as oxygen. Simply put, even in the absence of air, polymers will begin to degrade if heated high en... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In bionanotechnology, intrinsic properties of the clusters (for example, fluorescence) can be made available for bionanotechnological applications by linking them with biomolecules through the process of bioconjugation. The protected gold particles' stability and fluorescence makes them efficient emitters of electromag... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*[[9-Borabicyclo(3.3.1)nonane|9-Borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane]] (9-BBN).
* Thexylborane ((1,1,2-trimethylpropyl)borane, ThxBH), a primary borane obtained by hydroboration of tetramethylethylene. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Protide, deuteride and tritide are used to describe ions or compounds that contain enriched hydrogen-1, deuterium or tritium, respectively.
In the classic meaning, hydride refers to any compound hydrogen forms with other elements, ranging over groups 1–16 (the binary compounds of hydrogen). The following is a list of t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a cylindrical vessel stirred by a central rotating paddle, turbine or propeller, the characteristic dimension is the diameter of the agitator . The velocity is where is the rotational speed in rad per second. Then the Reynolds number is:
The system is fully turbulent for values of above . | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
From the beginning, the cyclol reaction was considered as a covalent analog of the hydrogen bond. Therefore, it was natural to consider hybrid models with both types of bonds. This was the subject of Wrinch's fourth paper on the cyclol model (1936), written together with Dorothy Jordan Lloyd, who first proposed that gl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the spinodal region of the phase diagram, the free energy can be lowered by allowing the components to separate, thus increasing the relative concentration of a component material in a particular region of the material. The concentration will continue to increase until the material reaches the stable part of the pha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, fine chemicals are complex, single, pure chemical substances, produced in limited quantities in multipurpose plants by multistep batch chemical or biotechnological processes. They are described by exacting specifications, used for further processing within the chemical industry and sold for more than $10/... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An optical delay-line is implemented using a movable stage to vary the path length of one of the two beam paths. A delay stage uses a moving retroreflector to redirect the beam along a well-defined output path but following a delay. Movement of the stage holding the retroreflector corresponds to an adjustment of path l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Addition of an allylsilane to an aldehyde is used in an efficient synthesis of tagetol.
Iminium ions generated in situ may be trapped by intramolecular allysilanes. The cyclization below has been used in syntheses of isoretronecanol and epilupinine. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It has been discovered that this protein has a catalytic activity, in other words, it has the ability to increase the speed of chemical reactions which would not occur so fast. It is known to catalysis the following reaction (which requires the following cofactor: Mg(2+)):
ATP + RNA(n) ⇄ ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
From the 1920s to the 1950s, there were a number of authors who discussed the concept of rate-limiting steps, also known as master reactions. Several authors have stated that the concept of the rate-limiting step is incorrect. Burton (1936) was one of the first to point out that: "In the steady state of reaction chains... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cytoplasmic transfer was originally developed in the 1980s in the course of basic research conducted with mice to study the role that parts of the cell outside of the nucleus played in embryonic development. In this technique, cytoplasm, including proteins, messenger RNA (mRNA), mitochondria and other organelles, is ta... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For a compressible fluid, with a barotropic equation of state, the unsteady momentum conservation equation
With the irrotational assumption, namely, the flow velocity can be described as the gradient of a velocity potential . The unsteady momentum conservation equation becomes
which leads to
In this case, the above eq... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Kodesomes are liposomes that have been decorated with FSL Kode constructs. These have been used to deposit FSL constructs onto microplates to create diagnostic assays. They also have the potential for therapeutic use. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Neither SbOCl nor the latter compound occur naturally. However, onoratoite is a known Sb-O-Cl mineral, its composition being SbClO. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Somatic tissue can be stored in vitro for short periods of time. This is done in a light and temperature controlled environment that regulates the growth of cells. As an ex situ conservation technique tissue culture is primary used for clonal propagation of vegetative tissue or immature seeds. This allows for the proli... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Supramolecular chemistry has found many applications, in particular molecular self-assembly processes have been applied to the development of new materials. Large structures can be readily accessed using bottom-up synthesis as they are composed of small molecules requiring fewer steps to synthesize. Thus most of the bo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A bioeffector is a viable microorganism or active natural compound which directly or indirectly affects plant performance (biofertilizer), and thus has the potential to reduce fertilizer and pesticide use in crop production. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cutting is a collection of processes wherein material is brought to a specified geometry by removing excess material using various kinds of tooling to leave a finished part that meets specifications. The net result of cutting is two products, the waste or excess material, and the finished part. In woodworking, the wa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For a redox reaction
R O + e, without mass-transfer limitation, the relationship between the current density and the electrode overpotential is given by the Butler–Volmer equation:
with
is the exchange current density and and are the symmetry factors.
The curve vs. is not a straight line (Fig. 1), therefore a red... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diphosphene is a type of organophosphorus compound that has a phosphorus–phosphorus double bond, denoted by R-P=P-R'. These compounds are not common but are of theoretical interest. Normally, compounds with the empirical formula RP exist as rings. However, like other multiple bonds between heavy main-group elements, P=... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The thermodynamic solubility constant is defined for large monocrystals. Solubility will increase with decreasing size of solute particle (or droplet) because of the additional surface energy. This effect is generally small unless particles become very small, typically smaller than 1 μm. The effect of the particle size... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* IMRET 1, Frankfurt, Germany, February 1997
* IMRET 2, New Orleans, United States, March 1998
* IMRET 3, Frankfurt, Germany, April 1999
* IMRET 4, Atlanta, United States, March 2000
* IMRET 5, Strasbourg, France, May 2001
* IMRET 6, New Orleans, United States, March 2002
* IMRET 7, Lausanne, Switzerland, September... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While tubulin and related structural proteins also bind and hydrolyze GTP as part of their function to form intracellular tubules, these proteins utilize a distinct tubulin domain that is unrelated to the G domain used by signaling GTPases.
There are also GTP-hydrolyzing proteins that use a P-loop from a superclass oth... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Potassium thioacetate, which is commercially available, can be prepared by combining acetyl chloride and potassium hydrogen sulfide:
It arises also by the neutralization of thioacetic acid with potassium hydroxide. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As of 2006, the most precise measurement of R had been obtained by measuring the speed of sound c(P, T) in argon at the temperature T of the triple point of water at different pressures P, and extrapolating to the zero-pressure limit c(0, T). The value of R is then obtained from the relation:
where:
*γ is the heat cap... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lanthanum cuprate usually refers to the inorganic compound with the formula CuLaO. The name implies that the compound consists of a cuprate (CuO]) salt of lanthanum (La). In fact it is a highly covalent solid. It is prepared by high temperature reaction of lanthanum oxide and copper(II) oxide follow by annealing und... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the eighth chapter, Kanada dwells on nature of cognition and reality, arguing that cognition is a function of the object (substance) and subject. Some sutras are unclear, such as one on Artha, which Kanada states is applicable only to "substance, quality and action" per his chapter one. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To generate a nonthermal plasma at atmospheric pressure, a working gas (molecular or inert gas, e.g. air, nitrogen, argon, helium) is passed through an electric field. Electrons originating from ionization processes can be accelerated in this field to trigger impact ionization processes. If more free electrons are prod... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
C5a is a powerful inflammatory mediator, and seems to be a key factor in the development of pathology of many inflammatory diseases involving the complement system such as sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythemotosis, psoriasis. The inhibitor of C5a that can block its effects w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A glycinergic agent (or drug) is a chemical which functions to directly modulate the glycine system in the body or brain. Examples include glycine receptor agonists, glycine receptor antagonists, and glycine reuptake inhibitors. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The journal is run by an Ownership Board, on which all the member societies have equal representation. The eighteen participating societies are:
* Canadian Society for Chemistry
* Deutsche Bunsen-Gesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie (Germany)
* Institute of Chemistry of Ireland
* Israel Chemical Society
* Kemian Seura... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*[http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.html AP 42, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors] US Environmental Protection Agency
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080328084843/http://reports.eea.europa.eu/EMEPCORINAIR5/en/page002.html EMEP/CORIMAIR 2007 Emission Inventory Guidebook].
*[https://web.archive.org/web/... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To make a solder connection, a chemical flux is applied to the inner sleeve of a joint and the pipe is inserted. The joint is then heated, typically by using a propane or MAPP gas torch, although electrically heated soldering tools are sometimes used. Once the fitting and pipe have reached sufficient temperature, solde... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plenty of radioactive ruthenium-103, ruthenium-106, and stable ruthenium are formed by the fission process. The ruthenium in PUREX raffinate can become oxidized to form volatile ruthenium tetroxide which forms a purple vapour above the surface of the aqueous liquor. The ruthenium tetroxide is very similar to osmium tet... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Atoms in molecules analysis of ((Dipp)P)Ge suggests that there is a double bond between P1-Ge. Bond order can be assessed by measuring the ellipticity, a measure of anisotropic electron density, at the bond critical point. For example, butane, ethylene, and ethyne have a bond ellipticity of 0.01, 0.30, and 0.00 respe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
the US National Institutes of Health state there is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against using vitamin D supplementation to prevent or treat COVID-19. The UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) does not recommend to offer a vitamin D supplement to people solely to prevent or treat COVI... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chiral auxiliaries are incorporated into synthetic routes to control the absolute configuration of stereogenic centers. David A. Evans' synthesis of the macrolide cytovaricin, considered a classic, utilizes oxazolidinone chiral auxiliaries for one asymmetric alkylation reaction and four asymmetric aldol reactions, sett... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Of the three common types of radiation given off by radioactive materials, alpha, beta and gamma, beta has the medium penetrating power and the medium ionising power. Although the beta particles given off by different radioactive materials vary in energy, most beta particles can be stopped by a few millimeters of alumi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most critical aspect in biomass fermentation processes is related to its productivity. The ABE fermentation via Clostridium beijerinckii or Clostridium acetobutylicum for instance is characterized by product inhibition. This means that there is a product concentration threshold that cannot be overcome, resulting in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the mechanical stream of thinking about closed systems, heat transferred is defined as a calculated residual amount of energy transferred after the energy transferred as work has been determined, assuming for the calculation the law of conservation of energy, without reference to the concept of temperature. There ar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
"Southwestern blot mapping" is a time-efficient way of identifying DNA-binding proteins and specific sites on the genomic DNA that they interact with.
# First, proteins are prepared with a mixture that exposes them to the denaturing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) agent. This exposure not only converts the proteins from a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Compacted oxide layers can form due to sliding at low temperatures and offer some wear protection, however, in the absence of heat as a driving force (either due to frictional heating or higher ambient temperature), they cannot sinter together to form more protective glaze layers. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Also known as reductive Friedel–Crafts reaction, the Fischer–Hafner synthesis entails treatment of metal chlorides with arenes in the presence of aluminium trichloride and aluminium metal. The method was demonstrated in the 1950s with the synthesis of bis(benzene)chromium by Walter Hafner and his advisor E. O. Fischer... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1994, Dunne was appointed as a Postdoctoral research associate in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manchester (UMIST), before being appointed a Research Fellowship at Hertford College, Oxford and the Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford from 1996 until 2012. He became the de... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One of the widely used ways to excite emission of excimer molecules is an electric discharge. There are a lot of discharge types used for pumping excimer lamps. Some examples are glow discharge, pulsed discharge, capacitive discharge, longitudinal and transverse discharges, volume discharge, spark discharge, and microh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
TaqMan probe-based assays are widely used in quantitative PCR in research and medical laboratories:
*Gene expression assays
*Pharmacogenomics
*Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) genotyping
*Determination of viral load in clinical specimens (HIV, Hepatitis)
*Bacterial Identification assays
*DNA quantification
*SNP genotyping... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Ross Gyre is located in the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica, just outside of the Ross Sea. This gyre is characterized by a clockwise rotation of surface waters, driven by the combined influence of wind, the Earth's rotation, and the shape of the seafloor. The gyre plays a crucial role in the transport of heat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photo-reflectance is an optical technique for investigating the material and electronic properties of thin films. Photo-reflectance measures the change in reflectivity of a sample in response to the application of an amplitude modulated light beam. In general, a photo-reflectometer consists of an intensity modulated "p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Later in his life in 1900, Becquerel measured the properties of beta particles, and he realized that they had the same measurements as high speed electrons leaving the nucleus. In 1901 Becquerel made the discovery that radioactivity could be used for medicine. Henri made this discovery when he left a piece of radium i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In B. anthracis, petrobactin is produced by a nonribosomal peptide synthetase independent siderophore (NIS) synthetase pathway. The enzyme sequences used are anthrax siderophore biosynthesis (Asb) A through F, in alphabetical order. These gene clusters are identical to those used in M. hydrocarbonclasticus biosynthesis... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Microencapsulated pheromones (MECs) are small droplets of pheromone enclosed within polymer capsules. The capsules control the release rate of the pheromone into the surrounding environment. The capsules are small enough to be applied in the same method as used to spray insecticides. The effective field longevity of th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates (MACs) are carbohydrates that are resistant to digestion by a hosts metabolism, and are made available for gut microbes, as prebiotics, to ferment or metabolize into beneficial compounds, such as short chain fatty acids. The term, ‘‘microbiota-accessible carbohydrate’’ contributes to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thus, although many zinc salts have different formulas and different crystal structures, these salts behave very similarly in aqueous solution. For example, solutions prepared from any of the polymorphs of , as well as other halides (bromide, iodide), and the sulfate can often be used interchangeably for the preparatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Superfluid helium-4 (helium II or He-II) is the superfluid form of helium-4, an isotope of the element helium. A superfluid is a state of matter in which matter behaves like a fluid with zero viscosity. The substance, which resembles other liquids such as helium I (conventional, non-superfluid liquid helium), flows wit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In population ecology, a regulating factor, also known as a limiting factor, is something that keeps a population at equilibrium (neither increasing nor decreasing in size over time). Common limiting factor resources are environmental features that limit the growth, abundance, or distribution of an organism or a popula... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
5-methylcytosine, commonly abbreviated as "mC", is a chemical modification first identified in tRNA. Since its initial identification, 5-methylcytosine has been found in a variety of different cellular structures ranging from a variety of RNAs and even DNA. Two different kinds of RNA mC "writers" have been identified: ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1917, the purely scientific interest in the study of radium was replaced by the practical need to use it for military purposes - the military department and defense organizations received information that radium was used for the production of light compounds. The necessity of radium extraction from domestic raw mate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Sauter diameter (SD, also denoted D[3,2] or d_{32}) for a given particle is defined as:
where d is the so-called surface diameter and d is the volume diameter, defined as:
The quantities A and V are the ordinary surface area and volume of the particle, respectively.
The equation may be simplified further as:
This i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For high energy photons it is useful to distinguish between small and large angle scattering. For large angles, where , the scatter ratio is large and
showing that the (large angle) differential cross section is inversely proportional to the photon energy.
The differential cross section has a constant peak in the forw... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The primary UK legislation is the Food Safety Act 1990. All local authorities are required to appoint a Public Analyst, although there have always been fewer Public Analysts and their laboratories than local authorities, most being shared by a number of local authorities. On the UK mainland there has always been a mixt... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Integrated discrete Multiple Organ Culture (IdMOC) is an in vitro, cell culture based experimental model for the study of intercellular communication. In conventional in vitro systems, each cell type is studied in isolation ignoring critical interactions between organs or cell types. IdMOC technology is based on the c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DNA profiling (also called DNA fingerprinting and genetic fingerprinting) is the process of determining an individual's deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) characteristics. DNA analysis intended to identify a species, rather than an individual, is called DNA barcoding.
DNA profiling is a forensic technique in criminal investig... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Members of the HNF1 subfamily contain a POU-homeodomain and bind to DNA as homodimers.
* HNF1α/TCF1/MODY3 (related disease: MODY 3)
* HNF1β/TCF2/MODY5 (related disease: MODY 5) | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Contrary to form-based restoration, which consists of improving a streams conditions by modifying its structure, process-based restoration focuses on restoring the hydrological and geomorphological processes (or functions) that contribute to the streams alluvial and ecological dynamics. This type of stream restoration ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The hybrid difference scheme is a method used in the numerical solution for convection–diffusion problems. It was introduced by Spalding (1970). It is a combination of central difference scheme and upwind difference scheme as it exploits the favorable properties of both of these schemes. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sedimentation velocity experiments render the shape and molar mass of the analytes, as well as their size-distribution. The size resolution of this method scales approximately with the square of the particle radii, and by adjusting the rotor speed of the experiment size-ranges from 100 Da to 10 GDa can be covered. Se... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In geochemistry, a version of Henry's law applies to the solubility of a noble gas in contact with silicate melt. One equation used is
where
:C is the number concentrations of the solute gas in the melt and gas phases,
:β = 1/kT, an inverse temperature parameter (k is the Boltzmann constant),
:µ is the excess chemical ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The word placebo was used in a medicinal context in the late 18th century to describe a "commonplace method or medicine" and in 1811 it was defined as "any medicine adapted more to please than to benefit the patient". Although this definition contained a derogatory implication, it did not necessarily imply that the rem... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is believed he became a naturalised English citizen in 1662. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) on 20 May 1663. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Being a widely available reagent, TsCl has been heavily examined from the perspective of reactivity. It is used in dehydrations to make nitriles, isocyanides and diimides. In an unusual reaction focusing on the sulfur center, zinc reduces TsCl to the sulfinate, CHCHSONa. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transfer of genes makes possible the horizontal transfer of genes from one organism to another. Thus plants can receive genes from humans or algae or any other organism. This provides limitless opportunities in breeding crop plants. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This effect is significantly less common in ceramics which are typically more resilient to chemical attack. Although phase changes are common in ceramics under stress these usually result in toughening rather than failure (see Zirconium dioxide). Recent studies have shown that the same driving force for this toughening... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Due to the similarity with polyketide synthases (PKS), many secondary metabolites are, in fact, fusions of NRPs and polyketides. In essence, this occurs when PK modules follow NRP modules, and vice versa. Although there is high degree of similarity between the Carrier (PCP/ACP) domains of both types of synthetases, t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are several ways to target integrase but strand transfer inhibition is the most intuitively obvious and readily pursued to date. Other targets include, for example, the protein domains beyond the active site of IN. The domains interact with viral or host DNA and are important for binding to the enzyme. It is poss... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Different types of corrosion inhibitor exist. Among them, oxidizing species such as chromate () and nitrite () were the first used to re-establish the state of passivation in the protective oxide layer. In the specific case of steel, the cation being a relatively soluble species, it contributes to favor the dissolutio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1995, Smith and his co-workers reported the second total synthesis of (-)-discodermolide. Smith adapted the triply convergent strategy of the Schreiber synthesis. In Smith's strategy, all three fragments shared a common precursor, which was the product of a highly efficient 50g scale five-step conversion from 3-hydr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Water vapor is the most important greenhouse gas overall, being responsible for 41–67% of the greenhouse effect, but its global concentrations are not directly affected by human activity. While local water vapor concentrations can be affected by developments such as irrigation, it has little impact on the global scale ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Self-assembled rolled-up micro coils with diameters down to 50 µm have been developed for NMR microscopy. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tritium is an important fuel for controlled nuclear fusion in both magnetic confinement and inertial confinement fusion reactor designs. The National Ignition Facility (NIF) uses deuterium–tritium fuel, and the experimental fusion reactor ITER will also do so. The deuterium–tritium reaction is favorable since it has th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydrolysis of DNA occurs at a significant rate in vivo. For example, it is estimated that in each human cell 2,000 to 10,000 DNA purine bases turn over every day due to hydrolytic depurination, and that this is largely counteracted by specific rapid DNA repair processes. Hydrolytic DNA damages that fail to be accuratel... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In March 1951, the British Tabulating Machine Company (BTM) sent a team to Andrew Booths workshop. They then used his design to create the Hollerith Electronic Computer 1 (HEC 1) before the end of 1951. The computer was a direct copy of Andrew Booths circuits with extra Input/output interfaces. The HEC 2 was the HEC 1 ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Resin acids are protectants and wood preservatives that are produced by parenchymatous epithelial cells that surround the resin ducts in trees from temperate coniferous forests. The resin acids are formed when two-carbon and three-carbon molecules couple with isoprene building units to form monoterpenes (volatile), ses... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For steel, the first step will be the volatilization of the inhibitor into the airspace. This may entail simple evolution of the molecule or the chemical may dissociate first and then volatilize. The molecules will then diffuse through the enclosed airspace until some of the molecules reach the metallic surface to be p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For each amino acid in a gene, the weight of each of its codons represented by a parameter termed relative adaptiveness (), is computed from a reference sequence set, as the ratio between the observed frequency of the codon and the frequency of the most frequent synonymous codon for that amino acid.
The CAI of a gene... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The salt balances are calculated for each reservoir separately. They are based on their water balances, using the salt concentrations of the incoming and outgoing water. Some concentrations must be given as input data, like the initial salt concentrations of the water in the different soil reservoirs, of the irrigation... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In addition to RNA, proteins can undergo splicing. Although the biomolecular mechanisms are different, the principle is the same: parts of the protein, called inteins instead of introns, are removed. The remaining parts, called exteins instead of exons, are fused together.
Protein splicing has been observed in a wide r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Liquid is the primary component of hydraulic systems, which take advantage of Pascal's law to provide fluid power. Devices such as pumps and waterwheels have been used to change liquid motion into mechanical work since ancient times. Oils are forced through hydraulic pumps, which transmit this force to hydraulic cylind... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Laser Doppler velocimetry can be useful in automation, which includes the flow examples above. It can also be used to measure the speed of solid objects, like conveyor belts. This can be useful in situations where attaching a rotary encoder (or a different mechanical speed measurement device) to the conveyor belt is im... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The development, differentiation and growth of cells and tissues require precisely regulated patterns of gene expression. Enhancers work as cis-regulatory elements to mediate both spatial and temporal control of development by turning on transcription in specific cells and/or repressing it in other cells. Thus, the par... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, aerodynamic potential flow codes or panel codes are used to determine the fluid velocity, and subsequently the pressure distribution, on an object. This may be a simple two-dimensional object, such as a circle or wing, or it may be a three-dimensional vehicle.
A series of singularities as sources, s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electron ionization mass spectrometry (EIMS) are two analytical techniques that, in principle, seem to be incompatible. However, because these two approaches share a great deal of applications in the analysis of suitable molecules, typically less than 1000 u, a large ef... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The search for antifungal agents with acceptable toxicity profiles led first to the discovery of ketoconazole, the first azole-based oral treatment of systemic fungal infections, in the early 1980s. Later, triazoles fluconazole and itraconazole, with a broader spectrum of antifungal activity and improved safety profile... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Approval by an Institutional Review Board (IRB), or Independent Ethics Committee (IEC), is necessary before all but the most informal research can begin. In commercial clinical trials, the study protocol is not approved by an IRB before the sponsor recruits sites to conduct the trial. However, the study protocol and pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many glycan binding proteins (GBPs) are oligomeric and typically contain multiple sites for glycan binding (also called carbohydrate-recognition domains). The ability to form multivalent protein-ligand interactions significantly enhances the strength of binding: while values for individual CRD-glycan interactions may ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Stark effect is the shifting and splitting of spectral lines of atoms and molecules due to the presence of an external electric field. It is the electric-field analogue of the Zeeman effect, where a spectral line is split into several components due to the presence of the magnetic field. Although initially coined f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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