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The near-absence of genetic recombination in mitochondrial DNA makes it a useful source of information for studying population genetics and evolutionary biology. Because all the mitochondrial DNA is inherited as a single unit, or haplotype, the relationships between mitochondrial DNA from different individuals can be r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The isomerization of unsubstituted azulene to naphthalene was the first reported thermal transformation of an aromatic hydrocarbon, and has consequently been the most widely studied rearrangement. However, the following mechanisms are generalized to all thermal isomerizations of aromatic hydrocarbons. Many mechanisms h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Meromictic lakes are poorly mixed and anoxic bodies of water with strong vertical stratification. While meromictic lakes are frequently categorized as bodies of water with the potential for euxinic conditions, many do not exhibit euxinia. Meromictic lakes are infamous for limnic eruptions. These events usually coincide... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ram pressure is a pressure exerted on a body moving through a fluid medium, caused by relative bulk motion of the fluid rather than random thermal motion. It causes a drag force to be exerted on the body. Ram pressure is given in tensor form as
where is the density of the fluid; is the momentum flux per second in th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lichens have been shown to degrade polyester resins, as can be seen in archaeological sites in the Roman city of Baelo Claudia in Spain. Lichens can accumulate several environmental pollutants such as lead, copper, and radionuclides. Some species of lichen, such as Parmelia sulcata (called a hammered shield lichen, amo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Glycal is a name for cyclic enol ether derivatives of sugars having a double bond between carbon atoms 1 and 2 of the ring. The term "glycal" should not be used for an unsaturated sugar that has a double bond in any position other than between carbon atoms 1 and 2. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The detectors used in surface plasmon resonance convert the photons of light reflected off the metallic film into an electrical signal. A position sensing detector (PSD) or charged-coupled device (CCD) may be used to operate as detectors. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*cis-1,4-polyisoprene (synthetic analogue of rubber) and trans-1,4-polyisoprene (synthetic analogue of gutta percha) are obtained by coordination polymerisation using suitable Ziegler-Natta catalysts.
* Polyhydroxoalkanoates such as poly(3-hydroxobutyrate), poly(hydroxovaleric acid) etc. obtained by polycondensation an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For very short time scales, a time derivative of flux may be added to Darcys law, which results in valid solutions at very small times (in heat transfer, this is called the modified form of Fouriers law),
where is a very small time constant which causes this equation to reduce to the normal form of Darcy's law at "nor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The competitive hybridization assay is similar to a traditional competitive immunoassay. Like other hybridization assays, it relies on complementarity, where the capture probe competes between the analyte and the tracer–a labelled oligonucleotide analog to the analyte. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Frequency domain (FD) sensor is an instrument developed for measuring soil moisture content. The instrument has an oscillating circuit, the sensing part of the sensor is embedded in the soil, and the operating frequency will depend on the value of soil's dielectric constant. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An index of biological integrity (IBI), also called an index of biotic integrity, is a scientific tool typically used to identify and classify water pollution problems, although there have been some efforts to apply the idea to terrestrial environments. An IBI associates anthropogenic influences on a water body with bi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* 2023 Analytical Scientist the Power List - Leaders and Advocates
* 2020 Society for Glycobiology Molecular and Cellular Proteomics (MCP) / American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB) Lectureship Award
* 2019 inaugural winner of the US Human Proteome Organization Lifetime Achievement in Proteomics ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Let be primitive translation vectors (shortly called primitive vectors) of a crystal lattice , where atoms are located at lattice points described by with , , and as any integers. (So indicating each lattice point is an integer linear combination of the primitive vectors.)
Let be the wave vector of an incoming (in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1982, a diver discovered a shipwreck off the shore of Uluburun, Turkey. The ship contained 317 copper ingots in the normal oxhide shape, 36 with only two corner protrusions, 121 shaped like buns, and five shaped like pillows. The oxhide ingots (ingots with two or four protrusions) range in weight from after being c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Double stranded breaks (DSB) are a threat to all organisms as they can cause cell death and cancer. They can be caused exogenously as a result of radiation and endogenously from errors in replication or encounters with DNA lesions by the replication fork. DSB repair occurs through a variety of different pathways and me... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A siphon (; also spelled syphon) is any of a wide variety of devices that involve the flow of liquids through tubes. In a narrower sense, the word refers particularly to a tube in an inverted "U" shape, which causes a liquid to flow upward, above the surface of a reservoir, with no pump, but powered by the fall of the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This can be prevented by using sodium phosphate () instead of sodium carbonate as softening reagents. What happens is that its molecules will get inside the hair-line crack and block it, as a result of which sodium hydroxide, even if it is there, will not be able to come in contact with iron, and no reaction will be th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1934, Hansgirg arrived in the Empire of Japanm where he worked with industrialist Shitagau Noguchi to set up a magnesium plant at the Chosen Nitrogen fertilizer complex in what is now the northern Korean city of Hungnam. Noguchi (through his company Nichitsu) and Winter (American Magnesium Metals corporation) establ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a variety of animal models, PEA seems to have some promise; researchers have been able to demonstrate relevant clinical efficacy in a variety of disorders, from multiple sclerosis to neuropathic pain.
In the mouse forced swimming test, palmitoylethanolamide was comparable to fluoxetine for depression. An Italian stu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The College of Chemical Sciences is an institute in Sri Lanka. It was established 25 January 2001 during the Diamond Jubilee celebration of the Institute of Chemistry Ceylon.
As per by law 15 of the Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, the College of Chemical Sciences was established to conduct all the educational and traini... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The most convenient way of expressing the composition of a generic mixture is by using the mole fractions (written in the gas phase) of the different components (or chemical species: atoms or molecules) present in the system, where
: with , the number of moles of the component i, and , the total number of moles of al... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Atomic nuclei consist of protons and neutrons bound together by the residual strong force. Because protons are positively charged, they repel each other. Neutrons, which are electrically neutral, stabilize the nucleus in two ways. Their copresence pushes protons slightly apart, reducing the electrostatic repulsion betw... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1904, scientists were working to piece together the series of products as a radioactive atom disintegrates, and understand which elements are related by the process. At this time, Boltwood showed that old geological samples contain a constant ratio of radium and uranium, and he set out to prove the two are connected... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RNA polymerase II holoenzyme stability determines the number of base pairs that can be transcribed before the holoenzyme loses its ability to transcribe. The length of the CTD is essential for RNA polymerase II stability. RNA polymerase II stability has been shown to be regulated by post-translation proline hydroxylati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Archaeal translation is the process by which messenger RNA is translated into proteins in archaea. Not much is known on this subject, but on the protein level it seems to resemble eukaryotic translation.
Most of the initiation, elongation, and termination factors in archaea have homologs in eukaryotes. Shine-Dalgarno s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mammalian cells are well known for their ability to perform therapeutically essential post-translational modifications and express properly folded, glycosylated and functionally active proteins. However, efficacy of mammalian cells may be limited by epigenetic gene silencing and aggresome formation (recombinant protein... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are several implications of an excess of reducing equivalents: regulation of cellular signaling pathways by decreasing cell growth responses, modification of transcriptional activity, perturbs disulfide bond formation within proteins, increase of mitochondrial malfunction, decrease in cellular metabolism, and cyt... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
UV light can be used to harden particular glues, resins and inks by causing a photochemical reaction inside those substances. This process of hardening is called ‘curing’. UV curing is adaptable to printing, coating, decorating, stereolithography, and in the assembly of a variety of products and materials. In compariso... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The thermal pressure coefficient can be considered as a fundamental property; it is closely related to various properties such as internal pressure, sonic velocity, the entropy of melting, isothermal compressibility, isobaric expansibility, phase transition, etc. Thus, the study of the thermal pressure coefficient prov... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The hydration reaction of sulfuric acid is highly exothermic, dilution.
As indicated by its acid dissociation constant, sulfuric acid is a strong acid:
: K = 1000 (pK = −3)
The product of this ionization is , the bisulfate anion. Bisulfate is a far weaker acid:
: K = 0.01 (pK = 2)
The product of this second dissociat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ballast tanks on ships contain the fuels for corrosion. Water is one and air is usually present too and the water can become stagnant. Structural integrity is important for safety and to avoid marine pollution. Coatings have become the solution of choice to reduce the amount of corrosion in ballast tanks. Impressed cur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organisms that perform oxygenic photosynthesis, excess light may lead to photoinhibition, or photoinactivation of the reaction centers, a process that does not necessarily involve chemical damage. When photosynthetic antenna pigments such as chlorophyll are excited by light absorption, unproductive reactions may ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1990.
*Elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1962.
*American Academy of Arts and Sciences | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It has recently been shown that the lamellar phase of the APFN/2HO system form multilamellar vesicles under shear rate. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In NMR systems, the following relation holds absolute true . In most situations (but not in principle) is greater than . The cases in which are rare, but not impossible. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hypothermia can happen in most mammals in cold weather and can be fatal. Baby mammals such as kittens are unable to regulate their body temperatures and have a risk of hypothermia if they are not kept warm by their mothers.
Many animals other than humans often induce hypothermia during hibernation or torpor.
Water bea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The effect is detected by NMR spectroscopy, usually using H NMR spectrum, as enhanced absorption or emission signals ("negative peaks"). The effect arises when unpaired electrons (radicals) are generated during a chemical reaction involving heat or light within the NMR tube. The magnetic field in the spectrometer inter... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Matte is a term used in the field of pyrometallurgy given to the molten metal sulfide phases typically formed during smelting of copper, nickel, and other base metals. Typically, a matte is the phase in which the principal metal being extracted is recovered prior to a final reduction process (usually converting) to pro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid mechanics, added mass or virtual mass is the inertia added to a system because an accelerating or decelerating body must move (or deflect) some volume of surrounding fluid as it moves through it. Added mass is a common issue because the object and surrounding fluid cannot occupy the same physical space simulta... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electric heat tracing, heat tape or surface heating, is a system used to maintain or raise the temperature of pipes and vessels using heat tracing cables. Trace heating takes the form of an electrical heating element run in physical contact along the length of a pipe. The pipe is usually covered with thermal insulati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The property of hotness is a concern of thermodynamics that should be defined without reference to the concept of heat. Consideration of hotness leads to the concept of empirical temperature. All physical systems are capable of heating or cooling others. With reference to hotness, the comparative terms hotter and colde... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fine chemicals account for about 4% of the universe of chemicals. The latter, valued at $2,500 billion, is dominated mainly by oil-, gas-, and mineral-derived commodities (~40%) on one hand and a large variety of specialty chemicals at the interface between industry and the public on the other hand (~55%). The global p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
László Tisza (July 7, 1907 – April 15, 2009) was a Hungarian-born American physicist who was Professor of Physics Emeritus at MIT. He was a colleague of famed physicists Edward Teller, Lev Landau and Fritz London, and initiated the two-fluid theory of liquid helium. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In healthy persons, the intra-individual variation of TSH and thyroid hormones is considerably smaller than the inter-individual variation. This results from a personal set point of thyroid homeostasis. In hypothyroidism, it is impossible to directly access the set point, but it can be reconstructed with methods of sys... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Miraculin is a taste modifier, a glycoprotein extracted from the fruit of Synsepalum dulcificum. The berry, also known as the miracle fruit, was documented by explorer Chevalier des Marchais, who searched for many different fruits during a 1725 excursion to its native West Africa.
Miraculin itself does not taste sweet.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although many of Photaki's important contributions were related to peptide synthesis, her scientific work touched on a large number of topics within organic synthesis. In total she published around 50 papers in international English- or German-language chemical journals. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Quick clay is found only in countries close to the north pole, such as Russia; Canada; Norway; Sweden; and Finland; and in Alaska, United States; since they were glaciated during the Pleistocene epoch. In Canada, the clay is associated primarily with the Pleistocene-era Champlain Sea, in the modern Ottawa Valley, the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An intergenic region is a stretch of DNA sequences located between genes. Intergenic regions may contain functional elements and junk DNA. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because there are a limited number of photosystems in the electron transport chain, organisms that are photosynthetic must find a way to combat excess light and prevent photo-oxidative stress, and likewise, photoinhibition, at all costs. In an effort to avoid damage to the D1 subunit of PSII and subsequent formation of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The use of alloys by humans started with the use of meteoric iron, a naturally occurring alloy of nickel and iron. It is the main constituent of iron meteorites. As no metallurgic processes were used to separate iron from nickel, the alloy was used as it was. Meteoric iron could be forged from a red heat to make object... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
α-Ketoisovalerate undergoes hydroxymethylation to give ketopantoate:
:(CH)CHC(O)CO + CHO → HOCH(CH)CC(O)CO
This conversion is catalyzed by ketopantoate hydroxymethyltransferase.
Like many α-ketoacids, α-ketoisovaleric acid is prone to decarboxylation to give isobutyraldehyde:
:(CH)CHC(O)COH → (CH)CHCHO + CO
Genet... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The pitch drop experiment at Trinity College Dublin in Ireland was started in October 1944 by an unknown colleague of the Nobel Prize winner Ernest Walton while he was in the physics department of Trinity College. This experiment, like the one at University of Queensland, was set up to demonstrate the high viscosity of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When excretion of bilirubin glucuronide by the kidney is detected in the urine through urine examination, meaning that a conspicuous amount of conjugated bilirubin is present and circulating in the blood. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ellipsometry measures the complex reflectance ratio of a system, which may be parametrized by the amplitude component and the phase difference . The polarization state of the light incident upon the sample may be decomposed into an s and a p component (the s component is oscillating perpendicular to the plane of inci... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the sintering of ceramic materials, abnormal grain growth is often viewed as an undesirable phenomenon because rapidly growing grains may lower the hardness of the bulk material through Hall-Petch-type effects. However, the controlled introduction of dopants to bring about controlled AGG may be used to impart fibre-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Receptor-linked tyrosine kinases, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), are activated by extracellular ligands, such as the epidermal growth factor (EGF). Binding of EGF to the EGFR activates the tyrosine kinase activity of the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor. The EGFR becomes phosphorylated on tyrosi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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The measurement of contact angles with the captive bubble method could also be useful in the surface analysis of the reverse osmosis membrane in the study of membrane performances. Through the analysis of contact angles, properties of membranes, such as roughness, can be determined. The roughness of membranes, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The tin belt of Southeast Asia extends all the way down to Tasmania, but metals were not exploited in Australia until the arrival of Europeans in the 1780s. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With the development of microfabrication and nanotechnology, the study of microfluidics and nanofluidics is drawing more attention. Research on microfluidic found its advantages in DNA analysis, lab-on-a-chip, and micro-TAS. Devices in a microfluidic system include channels, valves, mixers, and pumps. Integration of th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Molecular glue refers to a class of chemical compounds or molecules that play a crucial role in binding and stabilizing protein-protein interactions in biological systems. These molecules act as "glue" by enhancing the affinity between proteins, ultimately influencing various cellular processes. Molecular glue compound... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In addition to gold and silver, Fusarium oxysporum has been used to synthesize zirconia, titanium, cadmium sulfide and cadmium selenide nanosize particles. Cadmium sulfide nanoparticles have also been synthesized by Trametes versicolor, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and Candida glabrata. The white-rot fungus Phanerochaete... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are six operational steam traction engines on the grounds, with a 1913 Buffalo-Pitts steamroller and a 1909 20 horsepower Case undergoing restoration. The operational steam tractors are an 1895 Russell & Co. 15-30 steam tractor, a 1902 Advance 16-30 steam tractor, a 1912 J.I. Case steam tractor, a 1920 Minneapol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rasagiline was tested for efficacy in people with multiple system atrophy in a large randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind disease-modification trial; the drug failed.
Teva conducted clinical trials attempting to prove that rasagiline did not just treat symptoms, but was a disease-modifying drug - that it actual... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pradeep Mathur (born 1955) is an Indian organometallic and cluster chemist and the founder director of the Indian Institute of Technology, Indore. He is a former professor of the Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai and is known for his studies on mixed metal cluster compounds. He is an elected fellow of the Indian A... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*ERH is adaptable to all soil types and sedimentary bedrock. ERH is also effective in both the vadose and saturated zones. Certain lithologies can limit traditional methods of remediation by preventing a reliable removal/destruction pathway for the contamination of concern. Because electricity can and does travel thr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
15-Crown-5 is a crown ether with the formula (CHO). It is a cyclic pentamer of ethylene oxide that forms complex with various cations, including sodium (Na) and potassium (K); however, it is complementary to Na and thus has a higher selectivity for Na ions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an endogenous fatty acid amide, and lipid modulator PEA has been studied in in vitro and in vivo systems using exogenously added or dosed compound; there is evidence that it binds to a nuclear receptor, through which it exerts a variety of biological effects, some related to chronic infl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Perfluorotributylamine (PFTBA), also referred to as FC43, is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is a colorless liquid. A molecule of this chemical compound consists of three butyl groups connected to one nitrogen atom, in which all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced with fluorine atoms. The compound is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A patented cultivar of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3060) marketed as Sel-Plex® has been approved for use in animal fodder:
* U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for use as a supplement to feed for chickens, turkeys, swine, goats, sheep, horses, dogs, bison, and beef and dairy cows.
* Organic Materials... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Despite their modern abundance, due to their small size and fragility, copepods are extremely rare in the fossil record. The oldest known fossils of copepods are from the late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) of Oman, around 303 million years old, which were found in a clast of bitumen from a glacial diamictite. The copep... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An antiporter (also called exchanger or counter-transporter) is an integral membrane protein involved in secondary active transport. It is a type of cotransporter, which means that uses the movement of one In the case of an antiporter, two or more different molecules or ions are moved across a phospholipid membrane, su... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several conditions are needed to produce foam: there must be mechanical work, surface active components (surfactants) that reduce the surface tension, and the formation of foam faster than its breakdown.
To create foam, work (W) is needed to increase the surface area (ΔA):
where γ is the surface tension.
One of the way... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glycosidic bonds of the form discussed above are known as O-glycosidic bonds, in reference to the glycosidic oxygen that links the glycoside to the aglycone or reducing end sugar. In analogy, one also considers S-glycosidic bonds (which form thioglycosides), where the oxygen of the glycosidic bond is replaced with a su... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Secondary structures in the DNA can result in folding or knotting of DNA template or primers, leading to decreased product yield or failure of the reaction. Hairpins, which consist of internal folds caused by base-pairing between nucleotides in inverted repeats within single-stranded DNA, are common secondary structure... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cyro-EM presents special challenges to model-builders as the observed electron density is frequently insufficient to resolve individual atoms, leading to a higher likelihood of errors.
Geometry-based validation tools similar to those used in X-ray crystallography can be used to highlight implausible modeling choices an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An MTC provides traceability and assurance to the end user about the quality of the steel used and the process used to produce it.
Typically a European MTC will be produced to EN 10204. High quality steels for pressure vessel of structural purposes will be declared to 2.1 or 2.2 or certificated to 3.1 or 3.2. (EDIT: t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An isolated electron has an angular momentum and a magnetic moment resulting from its spin. While an electrons spin is sometimes visualized as a literal rotation about an axis, it cannot be attributed to mass distributed identically to the charge. The above classical relation does not hold, giving the wrong result by t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A study published in 2016, by researchers from the University of South Florida, Canada and the Netherlands, used GRACE satellite data to estimate freshwater flux from Greenland. They concluded that freshwater runoff is accelerating, and could eventually cause a disruption of AMOC in the future, which would affect Europ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If the shock absorbers of a vehicle's suspension are filled with magnetorheological fluid instead of a plain oil or gas, and the channels which allow the damping fluid to flow between the two chambers is surrounded with electromagnets, the viscosity of the fluid, and hence the critical frequency of the damper, can be v... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The J-coupling or indirect nuclear spin-spin coupling (sometimes also called "scalar" coupling despite the fact that J is a tensor quantity) describes the interaction of nuclear spins through chemical bonds. J-couplings are not always resolved in solids owing to the typically large linewdiths observed in solid state NM... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a gridless ion source, ions are generated by a flow of electrons (no grids). The most common gridless ion source is the end-Hall ion source. Here, the discharge current and the gas flow are used to control the beam current. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Debye length arises naturally in the thermodynamic description of large systems of mobile charges. In a system of different species of charges, the -th species carries charge and has concentration at position . According to the so-called "primitive model", these charges are distributed in a continuous medium th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Geminal halide hydrolysis is an organic reaction. The reactants are geminal dihalides with a water molecule or a hydroxide ion. The reaction yields ketones from secondary halides or aldehydes from primary halides. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first full synthesis of apixaban was published in 2007. The key step of this reaction is a (3+2)cycloaddition of a p-methoxyphenylchlorohydrazon derivate and a p-iodophenyl-morpholin-dihydropyridin derivate. After the following elimination of HCl and morpholine, the iodine is substituted by 2-piperidinone by copper... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Aggregates can form under varying conditions and differ from each other in soil horizon and structure
* Natural aggregates results in what are called peds, whereas artificial aggregates are called clods.
* Clods are formed due to disturbance of the field by ploughing or digging.
* Microbial activity also influences t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During the submerged arc welding process, not all flux turns into slag. Depending on the welding process, 50% to 90% of the flux can be reused. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The S-N bond in sulfenamides are labile in a variety of ways. The sulfur atom tends to be the more electrophilic center of the S-N bond. Nucleophilic attack on sulfur can occur by amines, by thiols, and by alkyl-magnesium halides which leads to either new sulfenamide compounds or back to starting compounds such as sul... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first reverberatory furnaces were perhaps in the medieval period, and were used for melting bronze for casting bells. They were first applied to smelting metals in the late 17th century. Sir Clement Clerke and his son Talbot built cupolas or reverberatory furnaces in the Avon Gorge below Bristol in about 1678. In ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The damage to the cell can be lethal (the cell dies) or sublethal (the cell can repair itself). Cell damage can ultimately lead to health effects which can be classified as either Tissue Reactions or Stochastic Effects according to the International Commission on Radiological Protection. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stereotactic radiation is a specialized type of external beam radiation therapy. It uses focused radiation beams targeting a well-defined tumor using extremely detailed imaging scans. Radiation oncologists perform stereotactic treatments, often with the help of a neurosurgeon for tumors in the brain or spine.
There are... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Understanding of electrical matters began in the sixteenth century. During this century, the English scientist William Gilbert spent 17 years experimenting with magnetism and, to a lesser extent, electricity. For his work on magnets, Gilbert became known as the "Father of Magnetism." He discovered various methods for p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An important use of MLPA is to determine relative ploidy. For example, probes may be designed to target various regions of chromosome 21 of a human cell. The signal strengths of the probes are compared with those obtained from a reference DNA sample known to have two copies of the chromosome. If an extra copy is prese... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If taken together with drugs that induce the CYP3A4 cytochrome P450 liver enzyme, levonorgestrel may be metabolized faster and may have lower effectiveness.
These include, but are not limited to barbiturates, bosentan, carbamazepine, felbamate, griseofulvin, oxcarbazepine, phenytoin, rifampin, St. John's wort and topi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RingGUI allows for an automated processing of ring diffraction images of polycrystalline or powder samples. It can be used to identify the diffraction rings, quantify the interplanar distances and thus characterize or identify the sample material. With known material, it can assist in microscope calibration. The input ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An important example of chemisorption is in heterogeneous catalysis which involves molecules reacting with each other via the formation of chemisorbed intermediates. After the chemisorbed species combine (by forming bonds with each other) the product desorbs from the surface. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Yeast, and yeast nutrition, is mixed in the syrup. One gram pure yeast consumes approximately 0.2 grams sugar.
Yeasts will usually die out once the alcohol level reaches about 15% due to the toxicity of alcohol on the yeast cells physiology while the more alcohol tolerant Saccharomyces species take over. In addition to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Allysine is a derivative of lysine that features a formyl group in place of the terminal amine. The free amino acid does not exist, but the allysine residue does. It is produced by aerobic oxidation of lysine residues by the enzyme lysyl oxidase. The transformation is an example of a post-translational modification.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The transcriptomes of stem cells and cancer cells are of particular interest to researchers who seek to understand the processes of cellular differentiation and carcinogenesis. A pipeline using RNA-seq or gene array data can be used to track genetic changes occurring in stem and precursor cells and requires at least th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sanitation workers are the people responsible for cleaning, maintaining, operating, or emptying a sanitation technology at any step of the sanitation chain. These workers contribute to safe fecal sludge management. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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